Zambia
Mine Ban Policy
Policy
The Republic of Zambia signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 12 December 1997 and ratified it on 23 February 2001, becoming a State Party on 1 August 2001. Zambia enacted comprehensive domestic implementation legislation on 12 December 2003, which includes penal sanctions.[1]
At the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in June 2008, Zambia reported that its national legislation directly covers matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1 and 2.[2] It stated that it joins others in calling for a common understanding that any mine that can be set off unintentionally by a person, thereby functioning as an antipersonnel mine, is banned, including antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or sensitive anti-handling devices. It also stated its understanding that transit of antipersonnel mines is prohibited, and that participation in joint military operations must be in adherence with the convention.[3]
Zambia submitted its ninth Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report in 2011, which covers calendar year 2010.[4] The submission consisted of a cover sheet that marked every form as “unchanged” or “not applicable” since a specified reporting period.[5]
Zambia attended the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in November–December 2010, where it proposed the creation of a new Standing Committee on Cooperation and Assistance. Zambia also attended the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in June 2011 and served as co-rapporteur of the Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies.
Zambia is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
Production, Transfer, Stockpile Destruction, and Retained Mines
Zambia has not produced or exported antipersonnel mines. Zambia completed the destruction of a stockpile of 3,345 antipersonnel mines in October 2004.[6]
Zambia’s 2011 Article 7 report notes that all the information on its mines retained for training remains unchanged since the 2009 report.[7] It retains 2,120 mines: 100 ALPHER-120 (China); 100 AUPS-24 (Italy); 100 POMZ-2 (Russia); 200 MAUS (Russia); 230 T69 (China); 383 T59 (Russia); 702 T58 (China); 100 T. VARS-40 (Italy); and 205 T. VARS-50 (Italy).[8] Zambia has not reported on the intended purposes and actual uses of its retained mines in recent years.
[1] Act No. 16 of 2003, short-title: “Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines Act, 2003,” date of assent 11 December 2003, enacted by the Parliament of Zambia on 12 December 2003. The act “became effective” in August 2004. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form A, 30 March 2005.
[2] The legislation is explicit about a prohibition on antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices which function as antipersonnel mines. It states that “transfer” includes “the transit of anti-personnel mines into, out of, or through Zambia by any means,” and says that members of the armed forces can participate in operations or other military activities with the armed forces of a state not party to the Convention, “Provided that the operation, exercise or military activity is not in contravention of the Convention and that such participation does not amount to active assistance in any activity prohibited by the Convention and this Act.”
[3] Statement of Zambia, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 6 June 2008. Notes by the Monitor.
[4] Previous Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 reports were submitted in 2010 (for the period 1 January to 31 December 2009); and on 3 April 2009, 17 April 2008, 10 April 2007, 30 March 2006, 13 April 2005, 9 February 2004, and 31 August 2001.
[5] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for the period 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010). The forms were marked as follows: Form A (unchanged since 2004); Form B (unchanged since 2004); Form C (unchanged since 2009); Form D (unchanged since 2008); Form E (not applicable); Form F (not applicable); Form G (not applicable); Form H (not applicable); Form I (unchanged since 2009); and Form J (not applicable).
[6] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form F, 13 April 2005.
[7] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for the period 1 January 2010 to 31 December 2010). There were discrepancies in the number and types of mines retained and consumed for training purposes reported in Zambia’s 2007 and 2008 Article 7 reports. In its 2009 Article 7 report, Zambia stated that its previous report included “arithmetic and typographical errors.” Zambia cited 3,346 as the original number of mine retained for training purposes, with 1,226 of those mines used during training in 2007, leaving 2,120 mines retained.
[8] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form D, 3 April 2009.
Cluster Munition Ban Policy
Commitment to the Convention on Cluster Munitions
|
Convention on Cluster Munitions status |
State Party |
|
National implementation measures |
Legislation in preparation since 2010 |
|
Participation in Convention on Cluster Munitions meetings |
Hosted the Fourth Meeting of States Parties in Lusaka, Zambia in September 2013; attended intersessional meetings in Geneva in April 2014 and a regional meeting in Lomé, Togo in May 2013 |
|
Key developments |
President-elect of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties since September 2013 |
Policy
The Republic of Zambia signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008 and ratified on 12 August 2009. It was among the first 30 ratifications that triggered entry into force of the convention on 1 August 2010.
Zambia has been in the process of preparing national legislation to enforce the provisions of the Convention on Cluster Munitions since 2010. It reported in April 2014 that the process of domestication of the convention into national law had reached “an advanced stage” as draft legislation “is in the process of finalization before submitting to Parliament.”[1] In 2013, Zambian officials stated that draft implementation legislation was in the process of being prepared for submission to parliament.[2]
Zambia submitted its initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 21 January 2011 and provided annual updated reports in 2012, 2013, and on 30 April 2014.[3]
Zambia played an influential leadership role during the Oslo Process that created the Convention on Cluster Munitions, including by hosting an African regional conference in Livingstone in March–April 2008 that helped generate broad and united support from many African states for a comprehensive convention.[4]
Zambia has continued to play an active role in work of the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It hosted and has served as the President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties of the convention held in Lusaka on 9–13 September 2013. A total of 106 countries participated in the meeting as well as representatives from international organizations and the CMC. In opening the meeting, the President of Zambia, Michael Chilufya Sata, said that cluster munitions “have no place in the modern era” as the weapons are “indiscriminate” and can “act as de-facto traps once they are fired and fail to explode.”[5] The Fourth Meeting of States Parties concluded with the adoption of a “Lusaka Progress Report” detailing progress made on the convention’s implementation and universalization since 2010 and especially since the previous Meeting of States Parties in September 2012.[6]
Zambia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Wylbur Simuusa served as President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties during the meeting and promised to use the platform to highlight the need for universalization of the convention, particularly throughout the African continent.[7] In March 2014, Simuusa visited State Party Lao PDR in his capacity as President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, where he witnessed clearance operations and met cluster munitions survivors.[8]
In March 2014, Henry Kalaba replaced Simuusa as Zambia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs and has continued to promote universalization of the convention in his capacity as President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties. In early June 2014, Kalaba visited Mauritius, where he met with the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Arvin Boolell, to encourage the government to accede to the convention.[9] During a June 2014 visit to Harare, Kalaba met with Zimbabwe’s Minister of Foreign Affairs Simbarashe Mumbengegwi, who told him that Zimbabwe is committed to acceding to the convention, as well as Zimbabwe’s Minister of Defence, Dr Sydney Sekeramayi, who also reaffirmed the government’s commitment to accede.[10]
In 2012–2013, Zambia served as co-coordinator on the General Status and Operation of the convention together with Costa Rica.
Zambia has attended every Meeting of States Parties of the convention as well as participated in the convention’s intersessional meetings held in Geneva.
At the April 2014 intersessional meetings, Zambia made statements on stockpile destruction and national implementation measures and provided a detailed presentation on its preparations for the Fourth Meeting of States Parties. Zambia’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs assisted Togo to hold a regional seminar on the convention in Lomé in May 2013.
In its capacity as President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Zambia has condemned the use of cluster munitions in South Sudan.[11] It has not condemned the Syrian government’s use of cluster munitions.
Interpretive issues
Zambia has expressed its views on a number of important matters related to the interpretation and implementation of the convention. In May 2008, during the convention’s negotiations, Zambia expressed concern about the proposed article on “interoperability” (joint military operations with states not party) and stated that it understood that the provisions for interoperability in Article 21 did not provide a loophole for States Parties to allow the transit or indefinite stockpiling of cluster munitions in their territories.[12] In April 2009, the Minister of Foreign Affairs stated that Zambia does not believe that States Parties to the convention should “in any way assist the use [or] transfer of cluster bombs within or without their territories in the name of joint operations.”[13] In 2009, the director of the Zambia Mine Action Centre (ZMAC) stated that Zambia believed that the prohibition on assistance prohibits investment in the production of cluster munitions.[14]
Zambia is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling
Zambia has declared that it “has never produced cluster munitions,” has no production facilities for cluster munitions, and “does not stockpile cluster munitions” including for training or research.[15] Zambia has also stated that it has not transferred cluster munitions.[16]
[1] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form A, 30 April 2014.
[2] See, for example: statement of Zambia, Lomé Regional Seminar on the Universalization of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Lomé, Togo, 22 May 2013; and statement of Zambia, Convention on Cluster Munitions Intersessional Meetings, Geneva, 19 April 2013.
[3] A range of time periods are covered by the reports provided on 21 January 2011 (covering the period from 1 August 2010 to 21 January 2011), 30 April 2012 (for the period from 22 January 2011 to 30 April 2012), 30 August 2013 (for the period from 30 April 2012 to 39 August 2013), and 30 April 2014 (for the period from 30 April 2013 to 30 April 2014). All cover sheets on the annual updated reports state that information contained in the initial report remains unchanged.
[4] For details on Zambia’s cluster munition policy and practice through early 2009, see Human Rights Watch and Landmine Action, Banning Cluster Munitions: Government Policy and Practice (Ottawa: Mines Action Canada, May 2009), pp. 181–183.
[5] Statement by President Michael Chilufya Sata, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Lusaka, 9 September 2013.
[6] Convention on Cluster Munitions Lusaka Progress Report, 13 September 2013.
[7] Statement by Wylbur Simuusa, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Zambia and President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Convention on Cluster Munitions Fourth Meeting of States Parties, Lusaka, 10 September 2013.
[8] CMC web post, “Zambian President of the Convention on Cluster Munitions Visits Most Heavily Affected Country Laos,” 2 April 2014.
[9] Alick Banda, “Kalaba lobbies Mauritius to accede to Convention on Cluster Munitions,” The Independent Observer (Zambia), 6 June 2014.
[10] “Sign convention on cluster bombs – Kalaba,” Zambia Daily Mail, 6 June 2014; and Abel Mboozi, “Kalaba urges Africa to sign cluster munition convention,” The Post Online, 6 June 2014.
[11] Statement by Zambia’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Wylbur C. Simuusa, President of the Fourth Meeting of States Parties of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, 14 February 2014.
[12] Statement of Zambia, Committee of the Whole, Dublin Diplomatic Conference on Cluster Munitions, 30 May 2008. Notes by Landmine Action.
[13] Letter MFA/104/22/148 from Kabinga Jacus Pande, Minister of Foreign Affairs, 9 April 2009.
[14] Statement by Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, National Committee on Anti-Personnel Landmines meeting, Lusaka, 11 September 2009. Notes by the Zambian Campaign to Ban Landmines (ZCBL).
[15] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Forms A to E (inclusive), 21 January 2011. In 2009, ZMAC’s director stated that Zambia had never produced and did not possess a stockpile of cluster munitions. Statement by Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, National Committee on Anti-Personnel Landmines meeting, Lusaka, 11 September 2009. Notes by the ZCBL.
[16] Statement of Zambia, Accra Regional Conference on the Universalization of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Accra, 28 May 2012.
Mine Action
Contamination and Impact
Mines
The Republic of Zambia was suspected to be contaminated with mines as a result of non-state armed groups from neighboring countries having used Zambia as a haven in the 1970s and 1980s.[1]A nationwide survey completed by Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) in September 2009 found no mined areas containing antipersonnel mines; as a result, Zambia declared at the Second Review Conference it was in full compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty (see Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty section below).[2]
Cluster munition remnants
The NPA survey found two areas containing cluster munition remnants in Zambia’s North-Western and Western provinces.[3] In June 2010, the Zambian army, with the assistance of NPA, completed clearance of both areas, covering a total of 484,000m2, destroying 22 CB-470 Alpha submunitions in the process.[4]
Other explosive remnants of war
Other areas are confirmed or suspected to contain explosive remnants of war (ERW), including both abandoned explosive ordnance (AXO) and unexploded ordnance. The NPA survey confirmed three hazardous areas in Lyamunene village, Shangombo district, with a population of 120 people; the area is on bush land and said to have been marked.
A further 15 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) believed to contain ERW were identified in Luapula, Lusaka, Southern, and Western provinces, impacting 15 communities in seven districts. These SHAs have not been marked because community members were unable to indicate the perimeters of the suspected contamination.[5]An additional SHA believed to contain AXO in Sioma Ngwezi National Park, the home to more than 3,000 elephants and several endangered species and where the Patriotic Front once had a base, was not accessible to the survey due to the absence of roads in the park, thick vegetation, heavy rainfall, and general restrictions on people entering the park. After the rainy season the survey team entered the area with Zambian wildlife rangers and completed the survey.[6]
The areas have been recorded in the national database at the Zambia Mine Action Centre (ZMAC).[7] Subsequent survey of 12 of the 15 SHAs canceled nine of them (see Survey in 2010 section below) and the other six were cleared by 31 May 2010.[8]
In 2010, ZMAC received one report of ERW (60mm mortar bomb) discovered by women collecting firewood in Luangwa district and one new report of a suspected mine. The mine turned out to be a tin can. As of 30 April 2011 there were four new reports of three hand grenades, one suspected rocket, and an unknown number of munitions fired from canons. All the reports were investigated and any items found were destroyed. ZMAC expects a residual ERW problem to continue into the foreseeable future.[9]
Mine Action Program
Key institutions and operators
|
Body |
Situation on 1 January 2011 |
|
National Mine Action Authority |
NCAL |
|
Mine action center |
ZMAC |
|
International demining operators |
None |
|
National demining operators |
Zambian army |
|
International risk education (RE) operators |
None |
|
National RE operators |
ZMAC; Ministry of Education |
Mine action in Zambia is managed by the National Committee on Anti-Personnel Landmines (NCAL), with ZMAC playing an important coordination role.[10]The director of ZMAC represents Zambia at international fora and mobilizes resources at both the national and international level.
Zambia maintains a residual demining/explosive ordnance disposal capacity through the army and the Police Service.[11]
Land Release
The nationwide survey in 2009 did not identify any areas containing antipersonnel mines. As a result, previously suspected regions were canceled through non-technical survey. The survey found that the Zambian army had already cleared all known mined areas and some ERW.[12]
Survey in 2010
As a result of the NPA survey conducted between August 2008 and June 2009 across seven (Central, Eastern, Luapula, Lusaka, North-Western, Southern, and Western) of Zambia’s nine provinces, 4.65km² of SHAs impacting farming, grazing, and housing was canceled. In addition, NPA verified 37km of road and destroyed a total of 1,449 ERW.[13] The survey identified 15 SHAs, of which incidents were reported in eight. Of the 15 SHAs, nine were canceled and the remaining six SHAs were cleared by 31 May 2010 of 22 unexploded submunitions and 1,427 other ERW. No mined areas were found.[14]
In addition, after June 2010, a previously inaccessible SHA in Sioma Ngwezi National Park was surveyed with assistance from the Zambia Wildlife Authority and the surrounding communities. Non-technical survey found no evidence of contamination and the SHA was canceled.[15]
Clearance in 2010
In 2010, the Zambian army cleared 376,000m2 of area containing cluster munition remnants, destroying four unexploded submunitions in the process.[16]
In 2010, ZMAC destroyed one 60mm mortar bomb found in Luangwa district and, by 30 April 2011, destroyed three hand grenades, one suspected rocket, and an unknown number of other artillery-fired munitions.[17]
Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty
At the Second Review Conference in Cartagena in December 2009, Zambia announced it was fully compliant with Article 5, more than 20 months ahead of its deadline of 1 August 2011. Also in Cartagena, Zambia said that even though it was not mine-affected, ERW contamination was still a major concern and, as a result, RE activities would continue.[18]
Compliance with Article 4 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions
Under Article 4 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Zambia was required to complete clearance of all areas affected by cluster munition remnants under its jurisdiction or control by 1 August 2020. As noted above, Zambia conducted a baseline survey to identify the affected areas. In June 2010 the Zambian army, with assistance from NPA, completed clearance of both contaminated areas.[19]
Other Risk Reduction Measures
ZMAC has continued to conduct RE in communities near international borders considered to be most at risk of injury due to the presence of ERW. In 2010, this included the districts of Sesheke, Kalomo, Katete, Petauke, and Luangwa.[20]
ZMAC coordinates RE training for refugees from Angola and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) in Meheba (Solwezi), Kala (Kawambwa), Mwange (Mporokoso), and Mayukwayukwa (Kaoma) refugee camps through a tripartite agreement between the government of the Republic of Zambia, the Office of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) in the DRC and UNHCR in Angola. RE is provided by “volunteer communicators.” At the end of 2010, there were 20 volunteers in the four refugee camps.[21]
[1] See, for example, UN, “2008 Portfolio of Mine Action Projects,” New York, November 2007, p. 467.
[2] Statement of Zambia, Second Review Conference, Cartagena, 4 December 2009.
[3] NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, Annex 3, p. 2.
[4] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form F, 21 January 2011.
[5] NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 5, and Annex 3, p. 2.
[6] Email from Sheila Mweemba, Director, ZMAC, 5 May 2011.
[7] NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 5, and Annex 3, p. 2.
[8] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form F, 21 January 2011.
[9] Email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 5 May 2011.
[10] Government of Zambia/UNDP, “Terms of Reference, Landmine and ERW Survey in Zambia,” Lusaka, 16 August 2007, p. 4.
[11] Email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 20 April 2011.
[12] NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 5.
[13] NPA, “ERW Clearance in Zambia, Final Report,” 29 June 2010, p. 7.
[14] Email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 20 April 2011.
[15] Ibid.
[16] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form F, 21 January 2011.
[17] Email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 5 May 2011.
[18] Statement of Zambia, Second Review Conference, Cartagena, 4 December 2009.
[19] NPA, “ERW Clearance Programme in Zambia,” February 2010, received by email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 18 April 2010.
[20] Report by Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, to NCAL, Lusaka, 2 February 2011.
[21] Ibid.
Casualties and Victim Assistance
Victim assistance commitments
The Republic of Zambia is responsible for landmine survivors and survivors of other explosive remnants of war (ERW). Zambia has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty, and is also a State Party to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.
Casualties
No mine/ERW casualties were reported in Zambia in 2013.[1] The last ERW casualty was reported in 2009.[2] As of April 2014, no cluster munition victims had been identified in Zambia.[3]
The 2007 Zambia Anti-Personnel Mine Action Centre (ZMAC) “Victim Assistance and MRE [mine risk education] Needs Survey” identified 152 casualties in 122 communities, of which 46 had died.[4] The 2009 “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia,” conducted by Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), identified 46 casualties, of which 26 had died.[5] The two surveys employed differing methodologies and the 2009 survey only included mine/ERW survivors living in mine-affected areas.[6]
Victim Assistance
There are at least 112 mine/ERW survivors in Zambia.[7]
Zambia has designated ZMAC as the victim assistance focal point.[8] Zambia designated funds in ZMAC’s 2014/2015 budget to carry out a survey of landmine and cluster munition victims leaving near suspected hazardous areas.[9]
The Ministry of Education, Science and Vocational Training as well as and the Ministry of Community Development, Mother and Child Health have responsibility for ensuring the welfare of persons with disabilities more generally.[10]
The Zambia Foundation for Landmine Survivors (ZFLAS) is the only survivor association in Zambia.[11] The Zambia Agency for Persons with Disabilities (ZAPD), a government agency, included persons with disabilities on its board.[12]
The law prohibits discrimination in general, but there is no law that specifically prohibits discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to healthcare, the provision of other state services, or in other areas. Persons with disabilities faced significant societal discrimination in employment and education. The government did not mandate accessibility to public buildings and services for persons with disabilities. Schools and hospitals and other public buildings rarely had facilities to accommodate persons with disabilities.[13]
Zambia ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) on 1 February 2010.
[1] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 30 April 2014.
[2] Emails from Sheila Mweemba, Director, ZMAC, 28 May 2009, and 13 May 2010; ZMAC, “ZMAC Director’s Report on Operations, 1 July–31 December 2008,” provided by email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 28 May 2009; “Serious injuries and death as a group of men try to extract mineral from bomb,” Afrik.com, 27 September 2008; “Suspected landmine [explodes], injures three in Katete,” Lusaka Times, 25 September 2008; and email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 28 May 2009. Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor identified three casualties in 2005, none in 2006, 19 in 2007, 11 in 2008, and one in 2009. See Landmine Monitor Reports 2006–2009.
[3] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 30 April 2014.
[4]Email from Ngosa Kaloto-Lesa, Child Protection Specialist, UNICEF, 22 July 2008; and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 20. Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 17 April 2008 states that the survey identified 110 survivors but this information has been contradicted by more recent data.
[5] NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 20.
[6] Ibid.; and email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 13 May 2010.
[7] This figure includes the 106 survivors identified by the 2007 ZMAC survey, plus survivors reported in 2008 and 2009. Email from Ngosa Kaloto-Lesa, UNICEF, 22 July 2008; NPA, “Landmine and other ERW Survey in Zambia, Final Report,” 30 September 2009, p. 20; “Serious injuries and death as a group of men try to extract mineral from bomb,” Afrik.com, 27 September 2008; “Suspected landmine [explodes], injures three in Katete,” Lusaka Times, 25 September 2008; ZMAC, “ZMAC Director’s Report on Operations, 1 July–31 December 2008,” provided by email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 28 May 2009; and email from Sheila Mweemba, ZMAC, 13 May 2010.
[8] Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 Report, Form H, 30 April 2014.
[9] Ibid.
[10] United States (US) Department of State, “2011 Human Rights Report: Zambia,” Washington, DC, 24 May 2012.
[11] Email from Yona Phiri, ZFLAS, 4 March 2013.
[12] ZAPD, “Composition of the Agency Board,” undated.
[13] US Department of State, “2013 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Zambia,” Washington, DC, 27 February 2014.
Support for Mine Action
In 2009, Zambia announced completion of its Article 5 mine clearance obligation,[1] however in 2010 Zambia remained affected by cluster munitions and other explosive remnants of war. Clearance of cluster munition remnants was completed in June 2010.[2]
In 2010, Norway was Zambia’s sole international mine action donor, contributing NOK2 million (US$330,846) towards clearance activities via Norwegian People’s Aid.[3] This represented an increase of 4% compared to 2009.
Between 2005 and 2009 Canada, Norway, and Sweden also contributed to mine action in Zambia.[4]
Zambia did not report any contributions to its mine action program in 2010. Zambia contributed a total of $1,368,504 towards its mine action program from 2006–2010, which was slightly less than international contributions to mine action totaling $1,651,470 over the same period.
Summary of contributions: 2006–2010[5]
|
Year |
National ($) |
International ($) |
Total contributions ($) |
|
2010 |
N/R |
330,846 |
330,846 |
|
2009 |
75,641 |
317,925 |
393,566 |
|
2008 |
110,199 |
0 |
110,199 |
|
2007 |
1,015,818 |
523,000 |
1,538,818 |
|
2006 |
166,846 |
479,699 |
646,545 |
|
Total |
1,368,504 |
1,651,470 |
3,019,974 |
N/R = Not reported
[1] Statement of Zambia, Second Review Conference, Cartagena, 4 December 2009.
[2] ICBL-CMC, “Country Profile: Zambia: Mine Action,” www.the-monitor.org, 18 July 2011.
[3] Average exchange rate for 2010: US$1=NOK6.0451. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 6 January 2011.
[4] See Landmine Monitor Report 2009, p. 822.
[5] ICBL-CMC, “Country Profile: Zambia: Support for Mine Action,” www.the-monitor.org, 21 June 2010.