Commitment to the Mine Ban Treaty

Policy

Eritrea acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty on 27 August 2001, becoming a State Party on 1 February 2002.

Eritrea has not enacted domestic legislation or reported any new national measures to implement the Mine Ban Treaty, as required by Article 9.[1] 

Eritrea submitted its eighth annual Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report on 4 April 2011, for the period 30 December 2009 to 31 December 2010.[2]  

Eritrea attended the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in November–December  2010, but did not attend the Mine Ban Treaty intersessional Standing Committee meetings in June 2011.

Eritrea is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Production, stockpiling, retention, transfer, and use

Eritrea has stated that it has never produced antipersonnel mines, and that all the mines used in past conflicts were obtained from Ethiopian forces (either from minefields or storage facilities) during the 1962–1991 war of independence.[3]

In its Article 7 reports, Eritrea has indicated that it no longer has a stockpile of antipersonnel mines.[4] Eritrea’s treaty-mandated deadline for destroying any stocks of antipersonnel mines was 1 February 2006.

In 2010 and 2011, Eritrea reported that it is retaining 101 live antipersonnel mines for training purposes and 71 inert mines.[5] It has not reported on the intended purposes and actual uses of the live retained mines.

In 2006, the UN Monitoring Group on Somalia alleged the transfer of antipersonnel mines from Eritrea to non-state armed groups in Somalia.[6] Eritrea said that the allegations were “baseless and unfounded…Eritrea has never provided landmines or any other military support to any of the factions in Somalia.”[7] Eritrea did not respond to requests for information from two presidents of Mine Ban Treaty Meetings of States Parties for further information on this matter.[8]

There have been no reports of new use of antipersonnel mines since the end of the 1998–2000 border war with Ethiopia. Between 2003 and 2008, there were incidents caused by newly laid antivehicle mines in the Temporary Security Zone, according to news reports and the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Mine Action Coordination Center (MACC).

 

Commitment to the Convention on Cluster Munitions

 

Eritrea has not acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

In November 2010, Eritrea’s ambassador to Japan said that Eritrea supports the convention and would join “one day” in the future.[1] In October 2010, a government official said that Eritrea is prioritizing the convention and sees benefits in joining.[2]

Previously, in 2008, Eritrea said that as a contaminated state, it understood the problems caused by cluster munitions and supported a prohibition on the weapon.[3] 

Eritrea did not participate in the international meetings of the Oslo Process that created the convention, but did attend the two Africa regional meetings, where it supported a comprehensive ban.[4] Since 2008, Eritrea has shown an interest in the convention. It attended a regional conference on cluster munitions in Pretoria, South Africa in March 2010 and participated as an observer in the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in Vientiane, Lao PDR in November 2010.

In Eritrea’s statement to the First Meeting of States Parties, Eritrea said it, “looks forward to full implementation of the convention, not tomorrow but today.”[5] Eritrea did not make any commitment to accede.

Eritrea is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty.

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

In October 2010, Eritrea confirmed that it has not produced cluster munitions.[6] Eritrean and Ethiopian forces both used cluster munitions during their 1998–2000 border war. Eritrean aircraft attacked the Mekele airport in Ethiopia with cluster bombs in 1998.[7]  

Eritrea has denied stockpiling cluster munitions.[8] Eritrea reportedly inherited Chilean-manufactured CB-500 cluster bombs when it achieved independence from Ethiopia.[9] According to the International Institute for Strategic Studies, it also possesses Grad 122mm surface-to-surface rockets, but it is not known if these include versions with submunition payloads.[10]

Cluster Munition Remnants

It is not known to what extent Eritrea still has cluster munition remnants on its territory. In addition to use by Ethiopia in the 1998–2000 conflict, Ethiopia is reported to have dropped cluster bombs on Eritrean forces in the late 1980s and early 1990s during the struggle for independence.[11] The UN Mission in Eritrea and Ethiopia’s Mine Action Coordination Center (UNMEE MACC) reported that in 2007, unexploded PTAB 2.5 and BL755 submunitions were found in Eritrea.[12] A UN explosive ordnance disposal team in the area of Melhadega in Eritrea identified and destroyed a dud M20G dual purpose improved conventional munition (DPICM) submunition of Greek origin in October 2004, but it is not known who used the weapon.[13]

 

Contamination and Impact

Eritrea is affected by mines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) dating back to World War II, but largely as the result of the country’s struggle for independence in 1962–1991 and its armed conflict with Ethiopia in 1998–2000.[1]

Mines

The remaining extent of mine contamination is not known with precision; although as described below it is estimated that 99km² of land remained contaminated as of March 2011. A Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), conducted in 2002–2004, concluded that 481 of 4,176 communities in Eritrea (11.5%) were seriously affected by mines and/or ERW. Contamination in 914 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) was estimated to cover a total of 129km² of land, including the surveyed areas in the Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) between Eritrea and Ethiopia.[2]

Eritrea uses the LIS results as the baseline for its mine problem.[3]The LIS survey teams did not have access to some 30 communities in the TSZ, as well as access to a further 140 communities across Eritrea.[4] In its last report on its operations in Eritrea, issued in January 2008, the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea Mine Action Coordination Center (UNMEE MACC) stated that while the LIS data and mine/ERW risk education (RE) teams contributed to the knowledge of the mine problem, the full extent of contamination in the TSZ cannot be known without a thorough survey.[5] UNMEE MACC estimated that mined areas cover 78km² in the TSZ and that SHAs cover a further 21.8km². Some, but not all, of these areas were identified as potentially contaminated during the LIS.[6]

On 31 March 2011, Eritrea requested an extension to its Article 5 deadline of three years to complete technical and non-technical surveys on the SHAs identified by the LIS before submitting an operational plan to meet its Article 5 obligations.[7] In its extension request, Eritrea reported complications with the mine action database, including global positioning system (GPS) coordinates that do not match the actual location of the SHAs; duplications of SHAs in the database; and, in some cases, overestimates of the problem by some international demining operators. These issues were being addressed as of March 2011, particularly with respect to the data provided by UNMEE MACC before their departure in 2008.[8]

In June 2011, Eritrea clarified the contaminated area in the TSZ in response to questions from the Analysing Group of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, claiming that all of the SHAs reported by UNMEE in the TSZ had been released.[9] The Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA) estimated in March 2011 that 673 SHAs remained from the 914 identified by the LIS, covering approximately 99km².[10]

No. of SHAs remaining by region, as of 31 March 2011

Key humanitarian challenges for the mine action program include freeing land for agricultural use to support food security, building social support systems for the most vulnerable population groups, and creating links to recovery, reconstruction, and the development of social and economic infrastructure.[11]

Cluster munition remnants

It is not known to what extent Eritrea has cluster munition remnants on its territory. Ethiopia and Eritrea both used cluster munitions in the 1998–2000 conflict between the two states[12] and Eritrean forces were heavily bombed in 1988–1990 during the struggle for independence, including with cluster munitions.[13] UNMEE MACC reported that in 2007, PTAB 2.5 and BL755 unexploded submunitions were found in Eritrea.[14]No further information is available.

Other explosive remnants of war

Eritrea remains contaminated with other ERW. In addition to SHAs, some of which contain ERW, the LIS found 113 unexploded ordnance (UXO)-contaminated sites requiring spot clearance.[15]The majority of UXO contamination is in the TSZ, where UNMEE MACC found ordnance primarily along the trench lines.[16] UNMEE MACC reported that in 2007, ERW were found in ammunition storage areas used in the 1998–2000 war. ERW have been located at Tio and Idi, in Sub-Sector East, and more recently, outside Massawa.[17] ERW in Eritrea may also include items dating back to the Italian invasion prior to World War II.[18]

Mine Action Program

Key institutions and operators

The EDA, established in July 2002, reports directly to the Office of the President and is responsible for policy development, regulation of mine action, implementation of mine clearance operations, and RE.[19]

In June 2008, Eritrea declared that, “to enable our objectives and achieve our vision by completing landmine clearance within the initially planned time frame our demand for financial and logistical support is crucial.”[20] Since its expulsion of international demining NGOs and its impounding of mine action program vehicles in 2005, Eritrea has largely been managing the mine action program on its own.[21] There has been no UNDP technical advisor since 2006, although other support to the program has been provided by UNDP.[22]

EDA priorities for 2011–2015 include:[23]

·         reduce the contaminated area through technical and non-technical survey by at least 50%;

·         clear the remaining high and medium-impact SHAs;

·         continue clearance of low-impact SHAs; and

·         continue mine/ERW RE activities.

Land Release

Eritrea begins its land release process by first contacting authorities in army engineer corps, the MRE [mine risk education] unit and the regional administrators in the Ministry of Defense. Community representatives are also contacted about past conflict in their area and questions are asked about the current impact of mines. Based on the information collected, EDA decides whether SHAs should be reduced in size, canceled altogether, or confirmed as a mined area.[24]

No. of SHAs and area released from the LIS, by region[25]

Lack of funding has limited the EDA to deploying only two of its 10 demining and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams, with support from UNDP.[26]

Five-year summary of land release[27]

Survey in 2010

EDA has discontinued technical survey due to lack of funding, but continues to conduct non-technical surveys on SHAs identified during the LIS. EDA assumes in its planning, based on non-technical survey results to date, that half of the remaining 673 SHAs and 99km² from the LIS will be reduced or cancelled by the end of 2012.[28]

Based on a pilot study with regional administrative bodies, community representatives, and UNICEF, non-technical survey is seen as an effective way of canceling some of the remaining SHAs. Survey teams recommend canceling a SHA after observing that the SHA was being used, people were walking in them, and there was no record of an incident since the LIS.[29]

Mine clearance in 2010

In 2010, the EDA cleared 111,000m² of contaminated land (see Table below), a similar figure to that achieved in 2009. The last significant clearance in Eritrea took place in 2006.

Mine clearance in 2010[30]

 As of the end of 2010, EDA mine clearance capacity consisted of 17 clearance teams with a total of 1,020 deminers but funding constraints has allowed for just two teams and 120 deminers to be operational.[31] EDA had originally planned to have five demining teams with 64 persons on each team and to add one team per year starting in 2011 to have eight teams by 2014. EDA also planned to have three five-strong survey teams, three EOD teams, and two quality assurance (QA) teams.[32]These plans have been postponed until 2012 due to the unavailability of additional funding.[33] International funding, which has consisted solely of approximately $110,000 annually from UNDP[34] each year since 2006, is critical to achieving the planned capacity.

Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Eritrea is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 February 2012. At the Second Review Conference, Eritrea said in the absence of significant international funding, it would take much longer than initially planned to clear all mined areas and that it would need to request an extension of its deadline to meet its treaty obligations.[35]

On 31 March 2011, Eritrea submitted a request for a three-year extension to its Article 5 deadline to complete non-technical and technical survey to cancel or confirm SHAs identified in the LIS. EDA planned to complete non-technical survey by the end of 2012 and the technical surveys, pending funding, by the end of 2014. After the EDA completes the surveys it will submit a second extension request that will include an operational plan to clear the remaining mined areas.[36] It cited the lack of funding, the amount of mine contamination to clear, a shortage of medical kits, and old metal detectors as the major reasons for not being able to meet its 1 February 2012 deadline.[37]

During the three-year proposed extension period, the EDA also plans to clear contamination from an unspecified number of high- and medium-impacted communities in zoba (region/province) Anseba, and sub-zobas (districts) Halhal and Gheleb.[38]Eritrea’s ability to access international funding will determine whether it can increase the number of demining teams and clear much more than the very small clearance it has achieved since 2007.

Eritrea’s extension request relies heavily on a level of international funding it has not seen since UNMEE departed the country in 2006 and the NGOs in 2004. Unless Eritrea allows international operators who can access donor funds to work in the country, it is difficult to see how Eritrea can meet its targets outlined in the extension request. Eritrea asserts that the EDA has sufficient capacity and that international operators are not needed.[39]

Battle area clearance in 2010

All EDA deminers are trained in EOD/battle area clearance (BAC) capacity. As of end 2010, EOD and BAC capacity consisted of 10 trained teams and 600 deminers, but funds were available to deploy only two teams.[40] In 2010, BAC totaled 350,000m² with the destruction of 1,917 items of UXO.[41]

Quality management

Clearance teams are tasked with quality assurance and quality control based on EDA standing operating procedures.[42]

Other Risk Reduction Measures

With UNICEF technical and financial support, 10 RE teams and 100 community volunteers target schools and IDPs through presentations in communities, school-based RE, training of trainers (including school teachers and community volunteers), radio broadcasts, distribution of materials, and displaying of billboards.[43]

UNICEF priorities for RE include support to the EDA to serve schools and vulnerable communities and gather data on mines, UXO, and victims. UNICEF also supports the Ministry of Education in integrating RE into primary schools.[44]

 

Casualties Overview

The Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA) identified 42 mine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualties in 2010. Children (29 total: 22 boys; seven girls) continued to be the majority of casualties at 69%. Of the 13 adult casualties, three were women.[1] This represented a small increase from the 38 mine/ERW casualties identified by the EDA for 2009 (76% were children), but still significantly fewer than the 64 casualties reported for 2008.[2]

Unexploded submunitions were not differentiated from other types of ERW in casualty data. As such, although none were reported, it is possible that there were casualties from submunitions among the 23 ERW casualties that made up more than half of all casualties in 2010.

The total known number of mine/ERW casualties in Eritrea is 5,560 (2,590 killed; 2,970 injured).[3] The EDA recorded 750 casualties (197 killed; 553 injured) between 2000 and the end of 2010, including 313 from 2005–2010 (77 killed; 236 injured).[4] The 2002–2004 Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) remains the most extensive source of cumulative casualty data, identifying 4,934 mine/ERW casualties (2,436 killed; 2,498 injured) to June 2004.[5] Previous estimates of tens of thousands of mine casualties in Eritrea in total remained unconfirmed.[6] However the LIS data collection was limited to communities that reported mine contamination.[7] Therefore, it is likely that the LIS does not record veterans injured and killed by mines from urban localities.

At least 163 casualties during cluster munition strikes in Eritrea have been reported. Human Rights Watch (HRW) reported that there were about 160 casualties (approximately 50 killed; 110 injured) during the use of cluster munitions in 1990.[8] At least three casualties during the use of cluster munitions in 2000 were also reported.[9] In addition, incomplete casualty data indicated that at least nine casualties from cluster munitions remnants were reported in Eritrea after the year 2000.[10]

Victim Assistance

At least 2,970 mine/ERW survivors have been reported in Eritrea.[11]

Assessing victim assistance needs

In 2010, the EDA and Ministry of Health, supported by UNICEF, agreed to work towards data sharing through the national database of persons with disabilities being established by the Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare (MoLHW).[12] UNDP imported equipment and continued to provide support for establishment of the database and its management. The MoLHW established an information system management unit and assigned technical experts to develop the database. As of early 2011, plans to relocate the MoLHW premises had stalled the completion of the database and it was not yet operational.[13] The plan to create a database of people with disabilities had been underway since the 2002 Survey of People with Disabilities in Eritrea. The database was intended to provide the basis of all future planning and development for all people with disabilities in Eritrea, including mine survivors.[14]

An evaluation of the Ministry of Health Pilot Injury Surveillance System (ISS), supported by UNICEF, was finalized and submitted to the ministry. The key findings and lessons learned are to be used in the national expansion process of the ISS. In preparation to expand the ISS nationally, training on data collection and mass casualty management was provided to health workers from five administrative regions of the country, including refresher training in Maekel where the ISS was piloted. Computers and software of the national ISS were distributed to the five administrative regions.[15]

Victim assistance coordination[16]

The MoLHW is responsible for all people with disabilities, including mine survivors.[17] The National Landmine Victim Assistance Project Annual Work Plan for 2010, a cooperation agreement signed by MoLHW and the UNDP included goals and a budget for increasing socio-economic reintegration services and strengthening the MoLHW community-based rehabilitation (CBR) program.[18] TWG meetings continued to be held on a quarterly basis in 2010 and were used to discuss victim assistance activities.[19] MoLHW continued to participate, and discussion at the meetings included data collection and victim assistance.[20]

It was not reported if mine/ERW survivors were included in planning and coordination of services.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities in 2010[21]

In 2010, the capacity and quality of services for mine/ERW survivors provided through CBR increased.

The Eritrean Red Cross—backed by ICRC funds, materials, training, and expertise—continued to rebuild its capacities, including first aid. However, it had still not recovered its full capacities, especially in terms of human resources, following the suspension of its activities in 2007–2008.[22]

A UNDP capacity-building project for the MoLHW’s national community-based rehabilitation program, which included assistance to mine/ERW survivors, continued in 2010. As in the past year, more persons with disabilities had access to referral services including physiotherapy and orthopedic rehabilitation, self-care, mobility, medical support, and vocational training as well as psychological and psychiatric services through the CBR program. Other services were also provided for people with different disabilities in the community, including children.[23]

There was slight increase in the number of people referred to orthopedic services through the CBR program (1,030 in 2010, up from 960 in 2009). In 2010, at levels similar to 2009, volunteer rehabilitation workers were trained in planning, making follow-ups of target beneficiaries and reporting to improve responsiveness to the rehabilitation needs of the persons with disabilities.[24]

In 2010, the government continued to dedicate substantial resources to support and train persons with physical disabilities resulting from conflict.[25] As planned, in 2010, the CBR program provided micro-credit to survivors and other persons with disabilities through a pilot program. Some 1,430 people with disabilities received loans and technical assistance in 2010. Of the total beneficiaries, about 80% (1,130) repaid their loans on time. The UNDP provided support for the programs’ administration.[26] The ENWVA provided employment and economic inclusion opportunities, including specific services for female war veterans with disabilities.[27]

Legislation in Eritrea prohibited discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, or in the provision of other state services. In contrast to previous years, discrimination against persons with disabilities, especially in rural areas and in employment, was reported in 2010. There were no laws mandating access to buildings for persons with disabilities. However, many new buildings were built to be accessible.[28]

As of July 2011, Eritrea had not signed the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities.

 

Since 2008 the government of Eritrea has covered the salaries of two demining teams and logistics and medicines for the demining teams at the Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA), valued at approximately US$257,000 per year.[1]

In 2010 UNDP in Eritrea provided US$160,000 from its core funding sources to support the EDA and $503,375 to the Ministry of Labour and Human Welfare to establish a database on persons with disabilities and victim assistance.[2]

UNICEF, with a contribution of €392,000 ($519,831)[3] from Italy, provided support to the EDA in 2010 for risk education (RE) operational costs including field allowances for 40 persons on 10 RE teams.[4]

International contributions: 2010

Summary of contributions: 2006–2010[5]