Mine Ban Policy

The Republic of Serbia assumed the treaty commitments of the former state union of Serbia and Montenegro following the Republic of Montenegro’s declaration of independence in June 2006.[1] The former Serbia and Montenegro acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty on 18 September 2003, becoming a State Party on 1 March 2004.[2] 

 A new Criminal Code of the Republic of Serbia entered into force on 1 January 2006. Articles 376 and 377 make the use, production, stockpiling, trade, and transfer of antipersonnel mines a criminal offense. These two provisions also specify penal sanctions.[3]

Serbia submitted its fifth Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report in 2011, covering calendar year 2010.[4]

Serbia attended the Tenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in November–December 2010, as well as the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in Geneva in June 2011.

Serbia has reconfirmed the view of the former state union of Serbia and Montenegro that “mere participation” in military activities with states not party to the treaty, which engage in activities prohibited by the treaty, is not a treaty violation.[5] 

 Serbia is party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons and ratified Amended Protocol II on landmines on 14 February 2011.

Production, transfer, and stockpile destruction

In 2007, Serbian officials reaffirmed that the former Serbia and Montenegro did not produce any type of landmine after 1990.[6] Serbia has stated that old facilities for mine production have been successfully transformed for production of resources for civilian purposes.[7] In the past, the former Serbia and Montenegro stated several times that mine exports halted in 1990.[8]

After Montenegro’s declaration of independence, the two countries continued the stockpile destruction process initiated by the former Serbia and Montenegro in 2005 as a project of the Ministry of Defense and the NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (NAMSA).[9]

On 7 May 2007, Serbia completed the destruction of 1,404,819 antipersonnel mines stockpiled by both Serbia and Montenegro. An additional 10 mines were found and destroyed shortly thereafter. Of the 1,404,829 mines destroyed, a total of 1,205,442 were held in the Republic of Serbia and 199,387 in the Republic of Montenegro.[10] Destruction was completed well in advance of the treaty deadlines of 1 March 2008 for Serbia and 1 April 2011 for Montenegro.

In 2010 and 2011, Serbia reported retaining a total of 3,159 antipersonnel mines for training and development purposes under Article 3 of the Mine Ban Treaty.[11]

Serbia initially stated in May 2007, upon completion of its stockpile destruction, that 5,565 antipersonnel mines would be retained.[12] In 2007, according to NAMSA, 1,839 of these 5,565 mines did not have fuzes.[13] In 2009, Serbia reported that it retained 3,589 mines, a decrease of 1,976 mines from the end of 2007, and stated that it had destroyed another 1,940 mines and consumed five more in training.[14] 

The Republic of Serbia has not yet acceded to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, even though it played an important role in the Oslo Process that produced the convention.

In February 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs said that accession to the convention is being considered.[1] Previously, in 2009, Minister of Defense Dragan Šutanovac stated that Serbia could not give up its cluster munitions because it did not have the capacity to replace them and said, “We cannot…give up something that we are still using.”[2] According to the Ministry of Defense, the signing of the convention was blocked by the Army General Staff because, it argued, cluster munitions constitute a significant part of the army’s arsenal and would be too costly to destroy as well as replace.[3]

In October 2007, Minister of Foreign Affairs Vuk Jeremić stated that Serbia was considering enacting a unilateral moratorium on the use of cluster munitions.[4] In February 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated the proposed moratorium was no longer being discussed as it falls under general discussions on joining the convention.[5]

Serbia played a leadership role throughout the Oslo Process, most notably by hosting a conference for states affected by cluster munitions in Belgrade in October 2007.[6] It actively participated in the formal negotiations in Dublin in May 2008 and joined in the consensus adoption of the convention text at the conclusion. However, Serbia attended the Convention on Cluster Munitions Signing Conference in Oslo in December 2008 only as an observer, and did not at the time provide an explanation for not signing.

Since 2008, Serbia has shown limited interest in the convention. It was invited to, but did not attend, the First Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions in Vientiane, Lao PDR in November 2010.  Serbia participated in a regional workshop on cluster munitions held in Zagreb, Croatia on 23–26 May 2011, where it made a statement on clearance.[7] Serbia did not participate in intersessional meetings of the convention held in Geneva in June 2011.

Civil society from Serbia, including cluster munition survivors, participated in both the First Meeting of States Parties and intersessional meetings and have continued to advocate for Serbia to accede to the Convention on Cluster Munitions without delay.[8]

Serbia is party to the Mine Ban Treaty. It is also party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW), but has yet to ratify CCW Protocol V on explosive remnants of war and has not actively engaged in CCW deliberations on cluster munitions in recent years.

Use, production, transfer, and stockpiling

Cluster munitions were used by the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) as well as ethnic militias and secessionist forces during the conflicts resulting from the breakup of Yugoslavia starting in 1991. Forces of the successor, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, used cluster munitions during the 1998–1999 conflict in Kosovo. Yugoslav forces also launched several cluster rocket attacks into border regions controlled by Albania. Additionally, aircraft from the Netherlands, United Kingdom (UK), and the United States (US) dropped cluster bombs in Serbia and Kosovo during the 1999 air campaign by NATO.[9]

On 6 July 2011, the Ministry of Defense stated that the “Republic of Serbia is not a producer of cluster munitions.”[10] In 2009, Serbia stated that it does not have the capacity to produce cluster munitions and has not produced cluster munitions since the dissolution of the SFRY.[11] According to standard reference works, Serbia was thought to have inherited some of those production capabilities.[12]

As of July 2011, a number of Serbian companies were advertising surface-to-surface rocket launchers, rockets, and artillery that could be used with either unitary warheads or submunitions.[13]

The Center for Weapons Testing of Serbia’s Ministry of Defense published an article describing a “very demanding testing” of Orkan rockets on 22 March 2011 at its Nikinci firing range, but it is not known if submunitions were used as Orkan rockets are capable of firing both cluster and unitary munitions.[14]

The precise size and composition of Serbia’s stockpile of cluster munitions is not known, but it is thought to be a large stockpile, and to include air-delivered cluster bombs, ground-launched rockets, and artillery projectiles. Jane’s Information Group lists Serbia as possessing BL-755 cluster bombs.[15] Assuming Serbia’s stockpile contains cluster munitions that were produced by Yugoslavia, it may also possess 152mm 3-O-23 artillery projectiles (containing 63 KB-2 submunitions) and 262mm M87 Orkan surface-to-surface rockets (containing 288 KB-1 submunitions). KB submunitions are the dual purpose improved conventional munition (DPICM) type. It may also possess RAB-120 and KPT-150 cluster bombs.[16]

In February 2011, the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development informed the Monitor that it has no records in its database on any foreign trade involving cluster munitions in the period from 2005 to 2010.[17]

On 14 February 2011, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs informed the Monitor that information on stockpiling, production, and transfer of cluster munitions was not within its mandate, but rather the responsibility of the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Economy and Regional Development.[18] On the same day, the Ministry of Defense informed the Monitor that had no information on Serbia’s stockpiled cluster munitions and said that information on stockpiled cluster munitions as well as transfers were “not within the mandate of the Ministry of Defense.”[19]

Cluster munition remnants

Serbia has a significant problem with cluster munition remnants resulting from the NATO air strikes in 1999. According to Serbia, NATO cluster munitions struck 16 municipalities: Brus, Bujanovac, Čačak, Gadžin Han, Kraljevo, Knić, Kuršumlija, Leposavić, Niš city-Crveni Krst, Niš city-Medijana, Preševo, Raška, Sjenica, Sopot, Stara Pazova, and Vladimirci.[20]

After re-investigating a 30km² area identified as suspect by a 2008 Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) survey, the Serbian Mine Action Center (SMAC) confirmed 290 areas as hazardous over an estimated total of 14.9km² and identified 110 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) affecting an estimated total of 6.1km² still to verify. SMAC planned to complete survey of the unverified areas by the end of 2011 and said in June 2011 it expected the total area of contamination would ultimately amount to about 15km². [21]

The NPA survey, which was completed in November 2008, identified 28 local communities with about 162,000 inhabitants as affected by cluster munition remnants. The survey found that 88,000 people lived in the immediate vicinity of a suspected area and were exposed to daily risk. Of these, two-thirds live in Duvanište, a suburb of the city of Niš. NPA found that unexploded submunitions mostly denied access to agricultural land (one-third of the total suspect area), impeded reconstruction of community infrastructure and utilities (19.9%), or prevented the reconstruction of housing (14.2%).[22]

Clearance of cluster munition contaminated areas

During 2010, four demining organizations with a total of 151 clearance personnel cleared cluster munition remnants in Serbia: PMC Inženjering, DOK-ING razminiranje, Enigma, and UXB Balkans. Those four organizations released a total of 0.84km² of SHA, which was more than in 2009, but still less than the amount released in 2008.[23] The slow pace of clearance is explained by lack of funding. The price of cluster munition clearance in 2010 varied between €0.85 (US$1) to €1.2 ($2)per m² depending on location.[24]

Cluster munition clearance in 2010[25]

Risk reduction education

SMAC developed a new bilingual unexploded ordnance (UXO)/submunition warning sign in Serbian and Albanian in 2008.[26] A total of 250 new UXO/submunition warning signs were placed in cluster munition-affected areas during 2009 and 300 in 2010.[27]

Casualties

No casualties from cluster munition remnants were identified in Serbia in 2010.[28] On 29 May 2010, two boys were injured in an explosion in Niš, an area known to be affected by cluster munition remnants. The device type causing the explosion was unknown and thus the incident was not included in the total of mine/ERW casualties.[29] In 2009, also in Niš, a man was killed by what was initially suspected to be an unexploded submunition, but the cause of the explosion was not confirmed.[30]

At least 78 casualties occurred during cluster munition strikes in Serbia. A further 16 casualties were caused by unexploded submunitions between 1999 and 2006. Cluster munitions are estimated to have caused more than 100 additional unreported casualties in Serbia during strikes on Niš. Furthermore, unexploded submunitions are known to have caused casualties in several regions, which were not reported to the authorities.[31] A survey by NPA identified 191 cluster munition casualties (31 killed; 160 injured) for the period between 1999 and 2008, but details were not provided and the report did not differentiate between casualties during strikes and those caused by unexploded submunitions.[32]

Contamination and Impact

Serbia has a relatively small mine problem confined to its southern border with Kosovo but also contends with a much larger problem of cluster munition remnants, unexploded aircraft bombs, rockets, and other types of unexploded ordnance (UXO).[1]

Mines

Serbia’s mine problem is a legacy of the armed conflict associated with the break up of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia in the early 1990s. A general survey completed by the Serbian Mine Action Centre (SMAC) in 2002 found minefields with a mixture of antipersonnel and antivehicle mines covering a total of 6.2km² in Sid municipality on the border with Croatia. After seven years of survey and clearance operations Serbia completed clearance of mines on the border with Croatia on 10 November 2009.[2]

However, Serbia has stated repeatedly that it has not completed clearance of all mines and that it needed to survey areas on the border with Kosovo, where it received information at the end of 2009 that mined areas might remain.[3]

SMAC, supported by Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) and the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), completed a survey of the area in March 2011 that identified a total of 3.8km² of hazardous area in the municipalities of Bujanovac and Preševo.[4] The survey differentiated four hazard levels and NPA estimated that 2.66km² will be released through non-technical survey and 1.17km² through mechanical ground preparation and manual clearance.[5]

Cluster munition remnants

Serbia has a significant problem with cluster munition remnants resulting from NATO air strikes in 1999. According to Serbia, NATO cluster munitions struck 16 municipalities (Brus, Bujanovac, Čačak, Gadžin Han, Kraljevo, Knić, Kuršumlija, Leposavić, Niš city-Crveni Krst, Niš city-Medijana, Preševo, Raška, Sjenica, Sopot, Stara Pazova, and Vladimirci).[6]

After reinvestigating a 30km² area identified as suspect by a 2008 NPA survey, SMAC confirmed 290 areas as hazardous over an estimated total of 14.9km^2, with 110 suspected hazardous areas (SHAs) affecting an estimated total of 6.1km² still to verify. SMAC planned to complete survey of the unverified areas by the end of 2011 and said in June 2011 it expected the total area of contamination would ultimately amount to about 15km².[7]

The NPA survey completed in November 2008 identified 28 local communities with about 162,000 inhabitants affected by cluster munition remnants. The assessment found that 88,000 people lived in the immediate vicinity of a suspected area and were exposed to daily risk. Of these, two-thirds live in Duvanište, a suburb of the city of Niš. NPA found that unexploded submunitions mostly block agricultural land (one-third of the total suspect area), reconstruction of community infrastructure and utilities (19.9%), or impede the rehabilitation of housing (14.2%).[8]

Other explosive remnants of war

NATO air strikes in 1999 also scattered unexploded bombs across Serbia. At the June 2011 Standing Committee meetings in Geneva, Serbia stated that some 64 unexploded aircraft bombs or rockets weighing up to 930kg can be found at 44 locations at depths of up to 20 meters in the ground, as well as in the beds of the Danube and Sava rivers.[9] SMAC has identified 12 SHAs covering a total of 6.6km², mainly in rivers and riverbanks.[10] By June 2011, 3.9km² of suspected area of Danube river near Novi Sad and Beska had been searched, as had the Sava river near Belgrade.[11]

An explosion at a Ministry of Defense ammunition storage area in Paraćin on 19 October 2006 resulted in contamination of surrounding areas with UXO and led to classification of Paraćin and Ćuprija as SHAs. SMAC estimated that a total of 6km² was still suspected to be contaminated by UXO as of end 2010.[12] Officials informed the Monitor that at the time of explosion approximately 700 PROM-1 antipersonnel mines were stored in the facility, which may now be scattered around the area.[13]

Serbia also has to deal with large quantities of naval mines and other items of UXO that were aboard German World War II-era vessels which sank in the Danube river, in the vicinity of Prahovo, in 1944. The position of the sunken vessels and UXO was pinpointed in a general survey of the area in 2006, which identified 22 war vessels with sea mines and other items of UXO found on four of them.[14]

Mine Action Program

Key institutions and operators

SMAC was established on 7 March 2002. The Law of Alterations and Supplementations of the Law of Ministries passed in August 2004 identified the center as a legal independent entity (not part of a ministry), and made it responsible for humanitarian demining, the collection and management of mine/UXO-related information (including casualty data), and for surveying SHAs. It also has the mandate to plan demining projects, conduct quality control, monitor operations, ensure implementation of international standards, license demining organizations, and warn the population about mine/UXO dangers.[15]

SMAC does not conduct demining directly or employ deminers but conducts survey of areas suspected to be contaminated by mines, cluster munition remnants, or other explosive remnants of war (ERW). Demining is conducted in accordance with international standards by commercial companies and NGOs, which are selected through public tender procedures executed by the ITF.[16]

Serbia does not have a strategic plan for solving its mine/ERW problem, but produces annual plans that are approved by the government. Planning mostly depends on available funding.[17]

Land Release

Serbia reported that it released a total of 1.43km² in 2010, including cluster munition clearance of 0.84km² and 0.59km² of battle area clearance (BAC).[18]

Five-year summary of clearance[19]

Survey in 2010

Six surveyors (two NPA teams and one SMAC team) started a survey on the border with Kosovo in April 2010; by June 2011 it had identified 17 minefields and a suspected mined area totaling 3.8km².[20] The survey found contamination consisting of random mines and improvised explosive devices that are believed to be victim activated.[21]

Suspected contamination has affected seven communities in Bujanovac municipality and three in Preševo municipality with a total population of 4,692 people. Ten people died and nine were injured in mine accidents between 2000 and 2007, but no accidents have occurred in the last three years.[22] Mined areas mainly block access to forest (89%) and agricultural land (8%).[23]

NPA’s 2008 survey of areas affected by cluster munitions found 15 municipalities affected by suspected contamination totaling 30.7km².[24] A second phase of the survey, which started in January 2009 and which focused on preparing clearance tasks, identified a 16^th municipality affected by submunitions.[25]

Mine clearance in 2010

No mine clearance took place in Serbia during 2010, because survey teams had not completed the preparation of clearance tasks.[26] 

Compliance with Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Serbia is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 March 2014.

Serbia previously stated that it expected to complete clearance of mined areas in 2008, later postponed to 2009,[27] but by the end of 2009 it had obtained new information about mined areas along the border with Kosovo.[28] At the June 2011 Standing Committee meetings in Geneva, Serbia confirmed it had completed clearance of all mined areas on the border with Croatia but still needed to complete survey and clearance of the areas bordering Kosovo.[29] However, Serbia also stated that it expects to complete all clearance by its Article 5 deadline.[30]

Since the start of demining operations in 2003, Serbia has reported releasing a total of 6.2km² of suspected mined areas, destroying in the process 3,997 antipersonnel mines, 842 antivehicle mines, and 300 items of UXO.[31] Serbia released 5.8km² of the total through clearance and 0.4km² through technical survey.[32]

Clearance of cluster munition contaminated areas in 2010

During 2010, four demining organizations with a total of 151 clearance personnel worked on clearing cluster munition remnants in Serbia: PMC Inženjering, DOK-ING razminiranje, Enigma, and UXB Balkans. Those four organizations released a total of 0.84km² of SHA,[33] more than in 2009 but still less than the amount released in 2008. The slow pace of clearance is explained by lack of funding. The price of cluster munition clearance in 2010 varied between €0.85 (US$1) to €1.2 ($2) per m² depending on location.[34]

Cluster munition clearance in 2010[35]

Battle area clearance in 2010

A joint demining venture between Russia’s Emercom and Serbia’s Saturnia employing 24 deminers worked on two BAC tasks in the area of Paraćin in 2010.[36] Since 2009, when Emercom started clearing the area around the munitions depot, its deminers have cleared 1,253 items of UXO from three locations with a total area of 1.4km². This includes 0.59km² cleared in 2010 with Saturnia.[37]

Battle area clearance in 2010[38]

Quality management

SMAC and the police each have two quality assurance (QA) inspectors. During 2010, they made 35 QA visits to the sites on seven projects.[39]

Safety of demining personnel

No demining accident was reported in 2010.[40]

Other Risk Reduction Measures

There is no risk education program in Serbia, although, as noted above, SMAC is responsible for warning the population about mine/UXO dangers.[41] SMAC reports that marking is conducted during survey. For that purpose, it developed a new bilingual UXO/submunition warning sign in Serbian and Albanian in 2008.[42] A total of 250 new UXO/submunition warning signs were placed in cluster munition affected areas during 2009 and 300 during 2010.[43]

SMAC survey teams conduct community liaison during survey activities to obtain information about any mine, submunition, or other UXO problem in the community. Demining organizations are also expected to inform communities about their operations and the results of clearance activities.[44]

Casualties

No casualties from mines, explosive remnants of war (ERW), or cluster munitions remnants were confirmed in Serbia in 2010.[1] On 29 May 2010, two boys were injured in an explosion in Nis, an area known to be affected by cluster munitions remnants. The device type causing the explosion was unknown and thus the incident was not included in the total of mine or ERW casualties.[2] In 2009, also in Nis, a man was killed by what was initially suspected, but unconfirmed, as an unexploded submunition.[3]

Three ERW casualties reported in 2008 were the last confirmed casualties in Serbia.[4] The last confirmed mine casualties were reported in 2005. Annual casualty figures have declined following a peak in 1999 and 2000.[5]

The total number of mine/ERW casualties in Serbia is not known. In 2004, 1,360 casualties (24 killed; 1336 injured) were reported between 1992 and 2000 by Serbia and Montenegro.[6]

At least 78 casualties occurred during cluster munitions strikes in Serbia. A further 16 casualties were caused by unexploded submunitions between 1999 and 2006. Cluster munitions are estimated to have caused more than 100 unreported casualties in Serbia during strikes on Nis. In addition, unexploded submunitions are known to have caused casualties in several regions, which were not reported to the authorities.[7] A survey by Norwegian Peoples Aid (NPA) identified 191 cluster munitions casualties (31 killed; 160 injured) for the period between 1999 and 2008, but details were not provided and the report did not differentiate between casualties during strikes and those caused by unexploded submunitions.[8]

Victim Assistance

The total number of survivors in Serbia is not known[9] but has been estimated to be between 1,300 and 8,000.[10]

No efforts were made by the Serbian government in 2010 to identify survivors or assess their needs. In 2010, Assistance Advocacy Access–Serbia (AAAS), a national survivors’ association, completed a survey of regional associations of civilian war victims and disabled military veterans and their members and undertook fundraising to carry out a national needs assessment of mine/ERW survivors in 2011.[11] Local survivor groups collected information about the needs of their members on an ongoing basis.[12]

Victim assistance coordination

In November 2010, a new victim assistance focal point within SHROP was appointed by the Ministries of Health and Foreign Affairs. At least one meeting regarding the victim assistance coordination role was held between the victim assistance focal point and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs by the end of 2010. The victim assistance focal point also met with some representatives of survivors’ organizations. It was reported that a lack of documentation on activities and funding managed by the previous victim assistance focal point was an obstacle for developing a functional role for the new focal point.[13] As of the end of 2010, no victim assistance plan had been developed.

The Sector for Protection of Persons with Disability, within the Ministry of Labor and Social Policy, is the focal point for the implementation of the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD). In December 2010, it was announced that a national working group would be formed to monitor the implementation of the CRPD.[14] However, the needs of mine/ERW survivors, including civilians, were not considered to be part of the mandate of the Sector for Protection of Persons with Disabilities but rather that of the Sector for Protection of Veterans with Disabilities.[15]

The government did not report on the inclusion of survivors or their representative organizations in the coordination, planning, or implementation of victim assistance activities in 2010, though it recognized the need for greater coordination between government and civil society to increase awareness about available services among survivors.[16] Survivors assessed needs and provided legal aid, peer support, and other assistance to other survivors through local survivor groups.[17]

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities in 2010[18]

In 2010, minimal increase in access to some services, such as emergency medical care and inclusion in education, were noted by survivor groups, mainly due to an increase in awareness of survivors’ rights following the strengthening of legal frameworks that relate to persons with disabilities.[19]

Ongoing education of orthopedic technicians at SHROP was designed to improve the quality of physical rehabilitation services while the passage of regulations for orthopedic care for disabled veterans was intended to simplify access to these services.[20] However, a veteran group reported that accessing physical rehabilitation services had instead become more complicated and time-consuming in 2010.[21]

Unemployment remained a serious problem for persons with disabilities.[22] On 23 May 2010, the Law on the Professional Rehabilitation and Employment of Persons with Disabilities, which introduces an employment quota for persons with disabilities, went into effect.[23] Abuses were reported in the implementation of the legislation as employers collected government subsidies without offering employment to persons with disabilities.[24] A center for professional rehabilitation and employment of disabled persons was also established during 2010 and the number of persons with disabilities gaining employment increased.[25] Despite the new laws promoting the social and economic inclusion of persons with disabilities, little progress was noted in these areas by survivors’ organizations.[26]

Other new laws were seen as positive on paper but were not yet being implemented throughout the country.[27] Little progress was seen in the removal of physical barriers preventing the inclusion of persons with disabilities.[28]

Serbia ratified the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 31 July 2009.

In 2010, all international contributions towards mine action in Serbia went towards clearance activities and totaled US$3,107,846,[1] which represents an increase of 126% compared to 2009. Norway (NOK9,600,000/$1,588,063) and the United States (US) ($1,480,000) provided the largest contributions.

Of the total international contribution in 2010, 51% was reported to be specifically for cluster munition clearance, while 49% was for clearance activities where no differentiation was made between landmines, cluster munitions, or other explosive remnants of war.

All three of the reported international contributions towards mine action in Serbia in 2010 were made via the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance.

In 2010, Serbia did not report any contributions to its mine action program.

International contributions: 2010[2]

From 2006 to 2010 international contributions towards mine action in Serbia averaged $2,516,332 per year.

Summary of contributions: 2006–2010[3]