Commitment to the Convention on Cluster Munitions

Policy

The Republic of Mozambique signed the Convention on Cluster Munitions on 3 December 2008, ratified on 14 March 2011, and the convention entered into force for the country on 1 September 2011.

Under national implementation measures, Mozambique has reported that it is undertaking a review of legislation to ensure compliance with obligations under Article 9 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[1] This legislative review was believed to be continuing as of June 2014.[2]

Mozambique provided an initial Article 7 transparency report for the Convention on Cluster Munitions in June 2012 and an annual updated report in 2013.[3]

Mozambique was one of three African states to participate in the launch of the Oslo Process in February 2007, which produced the Convention on Cluster Munitions. It participated actively throughout the Oslo Process and was a strong advocate for a comprehensive ban without exceptions, as well as for victim assistance and international cooperation and assistance.[4]

Mozambique has continued to actively engage in the work of the Convention on Cluster Munitions since 2008. It has attended every Meeting of States Parties of the convention, including the Fourth Meeting of State Parties in Lusaka, Zambia in September 2013. Mozambique has participated in all of the convention’s intersessional meetings in Geneva, including those held in April 2014. It has participated in regional conferences on cluster munitions, including in Lomé, Togo in May 2013.

In September 2013, Mozambique told States Parties that the Convention on Cluster Munitions “brings such a moral weight that the number of belligerents that still insist in using cluster munitions is decreasing” but said “we sincerely regret the continued use of cluster munitions despite their international condemnation,” a clear reference to the ongoing use of the weapon by Syria.[5]

Mozambique is a State Party to the Mine Ban Treaty and hosted the treaty’s Third Review Conference in Maputo in June 2014. It is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Mozambique has not yet provided its views on certain important issues related to interpretation and implementation of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, including the prohibition on transit, the prohibition on assistance during joint military operations with states not party that may use cluster munitions, the prohibition on foreign stockpiling of cluster munitions, the prohibition on investment in production of cluster munitions, and the need for retention of cluster munitions and submunitions for training and development purposes.

Use, production, and transfer

Mozambique has declared that it “never produced” cluster munitions and “therefore has no need to convert or decommission such facilities.”[6]

It is not known who used cluster munitions in Mozambique in the past. Mozambique has reported that cluster munition remnants, including submunitions from RBK-250 and CB-470 air-dropped bombs, have been found in the provinces of Tete, Manica, Gaza, and Maputo.[7] In 2011, Mozambique requested that State Parties “provide any technical data on previous cluster munitions strikes within the territory of Mozambique that may be available in their military archives.”[8]

Stockpiling and destruction

Mozambique has declared a stockpile of 290 cluster munitions and 22,656 submunitions that it was preparing to destroy, as of June 2014.[9] The stockpile is comprised of 97 RBK-250-275 bombs, each containing 150 AO-1SCh submunitions (14,550 in total) and 193 RBK-250 bombs, each containing 42 PTAB-2.5 submunitions (8,106 in total).[10] The stocks were identified during a Ministry of Defence inventory review and have been separated from other munitions maintained for operational use.[11]

Under Article 3 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Mozambique is required to destroy all its stockpiled cluster munitions as soon as possible but not later than 1 September 2019.

Mozambique is developing a stockpile destruction plan and has requested technical assistance and financial support to complete the destruction process. In April 2014, it stated that stockpile destruction has been “prioritized” and the next step of the process is “to trial and finalize the operational procedures for the dismantling and destruction” of the stockpile. Mozambique expressed its hope that “with the support of our international partners, the destruction programme could be fully implemented in 2014 or 2015.”[12]

Mozambique has provided regular updates on its progress towards preparing a stockpile destruction plan. In June 2013, Norwegian People’s Aid conducted a verification and feasibility assessment mission to look at destruction of the stockpiled cluster munitions, which it inspected at the Mozambican Defence Force arms depot in Nacala together with representatives from the National Demining Institute and UNDP.[13] Mozambique has declared that it is not retaining any cluster munitions for training or research purposes as permitted by Article 3 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions.[14]

 

Contamination and Impact

Overall Mine Action Performance: AVERAGE BUT IMPROVING[1]

Mines

The Republic of Mozambique is contaminated with mines, mostly antipersonnel, a legacy of nearly 30 years of conflict that ended in 1992. Mozambique has made considerable progress in clearing mined areas and was planning to complete all clearance by the end of 2014, consonant with its extended Article 5 deadline. As of May 2014, however, it appeared uncertain whether it would meet the deadline.

The 2006–07 Baseline Survey identified 541 suspect hazardous areas (SHAs) covering 12.2km² in Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Maputo, Sofala, and Tête provinces. Since 2007, surveys have identified a further 542 SHAs not captured in the Baseline Survey covering a total of 22.2km². As of November 2013, a total of more than 6.1km² remained across 19 districts.[2] This included, in particular, contamination in central Mozambique and in the 74km length of mined areas inside Mozambique and straddling the border with Zimbabwe, which were divided into 13 tasks covering almost 2.9km².[3]

A joint survey led by National Institute for Demining in July to August 2013 with involvement of the Mozambican Border Authority and the four international demining NGO operators concluded that eight of the original 13 border minefields were in fact located inside Zimbabwe.[4] The joint survey team also determined that one additional border minefield extends into Mozambique (Kahira Luia in Cahora Bassa district). In July 2013, Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) completed demining of the Messambuzi border minefield in Sussendenga, bringing the total number of border minefields remaining in Mozambican territory to five: Kahira Luia, Mucodo, Mudododo, Nhamacuarara, and N’Soluwamunthu.

As of 20 March 2014, Mozambique reported that 5.38km² of contamination remained in four provinces: Inhambane, Manica, Sofala, and Tête.[5] By far the greatest contamination (3.4km²) was in Sofala province.[6]

Cluster munition remnants

In its initial Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 report, Mozambique indicated that the extent of areas contaminated by cluster munitions is not known, although Mozambique has reported that cluster munitions had been used in Mozambique on a “limited scale” that affected seven provinces: Zambezia, Tete, Sofala, Niassa, Manica, Gaza, and Maputo.[7] It reported that a small number of cluster munitions, including both RBK-250 containers and unexploded submunitions such as Rhodesian manufactured Alpha bomblets, were found from 2005–2012 in the Guro district in Manica province, in the Boane district in Maputo province, in the Mabalane district in Gaza province, and in the Changara and Chifunde districts in Tete province; all of these cluster munitions were destroyed.[8] In 2012, NPA and HALO Trust found 25 Alpha bomblets in Tete and Manica provinces.

While the complete scope of the cluster munition contamination remains unknown and more survey is required to identify the exact extent of the problem, the National Demining Institute (IND) believes cluster munition use in Mozambique was limited and that most of the contamination has already been cleared as part of existing demining efforts. Mozambique has flagged that further non-technical and technical survey will be required, but that once completed, it hopes to be able to ensure compliance with Article 5 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions “no later than 2016.”[9]

IND is reported to be revising its national mine action standards to include specific guidance on clearance of cluster munition remnants.[10]

Other explosive remnants of war

Explosive remnants of war (ERW) incidents occur in rural areas in the course of normal community activities, such as food and water collection, farming, herding, or household work.[11] IND believes addressing the ERW problem will present challenges for the government for many years after mine clearance is completed in 2014. As mine clearance is close to completion, IND is considering ways to inform the public on ERW and what to do when an unexploded ordinance (UXO) is found, including information on whom to notify.[12]

The mine action program in Mozambique has provided direct support to the poverty reduction program (Plano de Acção para Redução da Pobreza) in Mozambique, known as PARP. It has also provided development investment by clearing mined areas in support of mining and agriculture, and has contributed to infrastructure building including power lines, roads, dams, bridges, and railroads.[13]

Mine Action Program

The IND serves as the national mine action center in Mozambique. It reports to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Provincial demining commissions have been created to assist in planning mine action operations. Since 1999, UNDP has provided technical assistance; currently, support is provided under a three-year program due to expire in 2015.[14]

Mozambique has four international mine clearance operators: APOPO, HALO, Handicap International (HI), and NPA). HI works in Inhambane and Sofala provinces. HALO has been working in Manica, Maputo, and Tête provinces. Demining has also been conducted by the Mozambican Army and a number of commercial operators.

Land Release

Mozambique has not reported disaggregated results by operator or land release methodology for demining in 2013. In March 2014, it reported that a total of almost 9.33km² from 592 hazard areas had been released during 2013.[15] It further noted that a total of 111 districts had been officially declared “Mine-Free” out of a total of 128 districts, including all districts in the provinces of Cabo Delgado, Gaza, Nampula, Niassa, and Zambezia.[16] Mozambique released 8.6km² in 2012 through a combination of survey and clearance on 255 tasks.

In 2013, NPA conducted non-technical survey (NTS) as part of integrated manual technical survey (TS)/clearance teams.[17] APOPO had 47 rats engaged in survey supported by an NTS survey team of four staff and reported cancelation of 1.4km² and release by TS of 0.15km².[18] APOPO had 125 deminers working on clearance in 2013, achieving clearance of 0.56km².[19]

NPA reported clearance of 0.1km², destroying in the process 789 antipersonnel mines and our antivehicle mines.[20] In addition to this clearance, NPA verified an area of 22,977m² in Cahora Bassa that had been previously cleared, destroying in the process 113 antipersonnel mines. NPA believes that either the mines were washed out after the original clearance, which resulted in destruction of more than 12,000 mines, or that the mines had been too deep to be detected at the time but the top soil was washed away following heavy rains which revealed the mines.[21]

Sixty-six antipersonnel mines were destroyed by NPA in a spot task in Chiwijo minefield located on the border with Zimbabwe. In an attempt to cultivate the land, local people had removed the mines and piled them in four different spots. Demining operations in that minefield were suspended after joint survey led by IND concluded it was located within Zimbabwe.[22]

Article 5 Compliance

Mozambique’s second extended Article 5 deadline is due to expire on 1 January 2015. Its initial Article 5 deadline, which expired on 1 March 2009, has been extended twice, once until 31 March 2014, and, most recently, for an additional 10 months until the end of 2014.

On 5 December 2013, the Thirteenth Meeting of the States Parties granted Mozambique’s second extension request, but noted that, while completion was within sight, implementation of Mozambique’s plan by 31 December 2014 was contingent upon assumptions that might not hold. First, meeting the deadline was subject to the successful conclusion of a cooperation agreement with Zimbabwe.[23] Second, it would require demining to occur throughout 2014, which was not the case in 2013. Third, as “temporary insecurity” had impeded demining in the past, any additional incidents could delay impact completion of clearance.[24] The meeting noted that should Mozambique not complete implementation by 31 December 2014, it would find itself in a state of non-compliance with the convention.[25]

The meeting also requested that Mozambique report to States Parties by 1 March 2014 on:

·         Progress towards a reduction to 100 tasks totaling 4km² by 1 March 2014;

·         Time-bound benchmarks for progress for the extension period;

·         Progress in concluding a cooperation agreement with Zimbabwe;

·         Whether demining had again been affected by instances of “temporary insecurity;”

·         The role of the Armed Forces for the Defence of Mozambique in supporting completion of Article 5 implementation; and

·         Resources obtained for mine action, including those provided by the government of Mozambique itself.[26]

Addressing States Parties in April 2014, Mozambique struck a confident note: “While the number of demining tasks and mined area remains above the target for 1 March 2014 that was included in Mozambique’s October 2014 [sic] extension request, the demining capacity currently deployed in the country is still capable of completing the clearance and release of all known mined areas by the end of the extension period on 31 December 2014.”[27] It appears, however, that Mozambique will need to request an additional extension period at the Third Review Conference to complete its Article 5 obligations.

Compliance with Article 4 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions

Under Article 4 of the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Mozambique is required to destroy all cluster munition remnants in areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but not later than 1 September 2021.

In its initial Article 7 report submitted in July 2012, Mozambique stated that it required technical assistance in determining the extent of any area contaminated by cluster munitions, including a request to former users to provide information on possible locations and type of cluster munition remnants. Mozambique initially stated it may need until 2021 to clear all cluster munition remnants as the full extent of the problem was unknown.[28] However, at the Fourth Meeting of States Parties to the Convention on Cluster Munitions, Mozambique reported that it believed it could ensure compliance with its clearance obligations “no later than 2016” dependent upon survey work “required to identify the exact scope of the problem and confirm that the threat posed by cluster munitions has already been removed.”[29]

Support for Mine Action

In 2013, international contributions to mine action in Mozambique totaled US$15.7 million, an increase of 15% from 2012.[30]

Recommendations

·         Mozambique should ensure the national mine action database is accurate, up to date, and owned by national authorities.

·         Mozambique should request an additional extension period at the Third Review Conference if it believes it will not be able to complete clearance before the end of 2014.

 

Action points based on findings

·         Prioritize rehabilitation and economic inclusion assistance for the most vulnerable among the survivor population, based on degree of physical, psychological, and socio-economic need.

·         Respond to the specific needs of women victims, the largest demographic group of victims as the members of affected families and communities, who continue to cope with financial, social, and emotional loss.

·         Widely disseminate the recently developed National Victim Assistance Plan among all government departments and ministries as well as among provincial and local governments.

Victim assistance commitments

The Republic of Mozambique is responsible for a significant number of landmine survivors, cluster munition victims, and survivors of other explosive remnants of war (ERW) who are in need. Mozambique has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty and has victim assistance obligations under the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Casualties

Casualties Overview

In 2013, the National Demining Institute (Instituto Nacional de Desminagem, IND) reported 11 mine/ERW casualties in Mozambique.[1] More than half of the casualties (six) were deminers, a significant increase compared with recent years. All deminers were injured by antipersonnel mines in three separate incidents. For each incident, investigations were carried out by both the demining operators and by the IND. No common factor was found to have caused the three incidents—they occurred in two different provinces with three different demining operators. Therefore, it was concluded that the increase in the number of demining casualties was related to the increased intensity of demining activities throughout the country.[2]

Three of the five other casualties were children, one was killed and two injured in a single ERW incident in Maputo province. A woman was killed in Cabo Delgado province by an unknown type of explosive device.[3] The 11 casualties identified in 2013 represented a significant increase from the three casualties reported in 2012, though this total was similar to other annual casualty totals in recent years (nine identified in 2011 and 36 in 2010).[4]

The total number of mine/ERW casualties in Mozambique is unknown, but there were at least 2,458 through the end of 2013. The most extensive collection of casualty data to date remains the nationwide Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), completed in 2001; it recorded 2,145 mine/ERW casualties but did not provide a breakdown of those killed and injured.[5] An additional 313 casualties (83 killed; 227 injured; three unknown) were identified between 2002 and 2013.[6]

Cluster munition casualties

There were known to be casualties from incidents involving cluster munition remnants, though these were not distinguished from ERW in the data and would require a survey to identify them.[7]

Victim Assistance

The total number of mine/ERW survivors in Mozambique is not known. Between 2009 and 2012, 1,502 survivors were identified through needs assessments carried out in three provinces (Maputo, Inhambane, and Sofala).[8] Based on the finding of the 2009 national survey on disability, that 6.8% of all disabilities in the country were caused by mines and other conflict related causes, the Ministry of Women and Social Action (Ministério da Mulher e da Acção Social, MMAS) projected that there were 10,900 mine/ERW survivors in Mozambique.[9] The Monitor has recorded at least 231 new survivors throughout the country in annual casualty recording since 1999.[10]

Victim assistance since 1999[11]

Since monitoring began in 1999, most mine/ERW survivors in Mozambique have lacked access to victim assistance services of all kinds. The majority of survivors live far from where services are located and lack affordable transportation. There is also insufficient knowledge among survivors about the limited services that are available in provincial capitals. Thirty years of armed conflict damaged or destroyed some 40% of Mozambique’s medical facilities; the rebuilding of facilities, particularly outside of major urban centers, has been slow. Since 2005, there have been some improvements in the availability of medical care in rural areas and six rehabilitation centers were renovated.

By 2009, all medical and rehabilitation centers were managed by the government, many of which had previously been managed by international organizations and the Mozambique Red Cross. Five of Mozambique’s 10 rehabilitation centers offered accommodation but demand sometimes exceeded availability. However, even after the government assumed responsibility for the management of rehabilitation centers, they have remained dependent on international financial assistance for prosthetic materials. Production of prostheses in all centers was suspended in 2012 as a result of a decline in international funding for these materials, and this suspension continued into 2013. The supply of rehabilitation services has also been limited due to a lack of trained technicians. The launching of a national training course for prosthetists and orthotists in 2009, the first of its kind in the country, was expected to improve the quality of services.

Throughout the period, survivors have had almost no access to economic and social inclusion programs or psychological assistance. International and national NGOs, including the national Network for Mine Victims (Rede para Assistência às Vítimas de Minas, RAVIM), have reached a limited number of survivors to assist them in accessing services or provide basic economic relief or support for income-generating projects.

The IND, the Ministry of Health (Ministerio de Saude, MISAU), and the MMAS officially shared responsibility for the coordination of victim assistance. However, for most of the period, Mozambique has lacked a coordination mechanism and a victim assistance plan. Since 2004, Mozambique has identified victim assistance as the weakest component of its mine action program.

Victim assistance in 2013

In 2013, both availability and access prevented survivors from receiving needed rehabilitation services. While the production of new prosthetic devices resumed, survivors seeking new devices faced long waitlists. As in previous years, for survivors living in rural areas, rehabilitation centers remained out of reach due to poor infrastructure and a lack of transportation. No changes were registered in other areas of victim assistance, such as socio-economic inclusion and psychological support. In 2013, Mozambique developed a national plan for victim assistance, as a component of the National Disability Plan 2012–2019.

Assessing victim assistance needs

In June 2013, RAVIM and Handicap International (HI) completed a survey of 300 mine/ERW survivors and approximately the same number of other community members, including family members of survivors, in 12 districts within the provinces of Sofala and Inhambane.[12] The survey assessed the living conditions, capacities, and needs of a representative sample of survivors of landmines and other ERW, as well as other persons living in the same communities.[13] Data was collected through interviews, questionnaires, and focal groups with mine/ERW survivors, service providers, and local community leaders.[14] In the first part of 2014, RAVIM surveyed a sample of landmine survivors in five districts in the province of Gaza.[15]

Results of the surveys in Sofala and Inhambane were published in October 2013 and were presented to stakeholders at international and national levels, including to the national disability council.[16] Results from surveys in all three provinces informed the development of a national plan for victim assistance and were used in the ongoing planning of assistance programs.[17]

Victim assistance coordination in 2013[18]

The National Disability Council held two high-level coordination meetings in 2013 as well as at least six meetings of its technical committee. The main activities of these meetings were the drafting and approval of Mozambique’s initial report to the Committee on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on the implementation of the Convention of the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) and sharing the results of the mine/ERW survivor assessment in Sofala and Inhambane.[19] Following the presentation of the assessment results, the council approved the development of the national plan for victim assistance.[20]

The council also monitored the implementation of the National Disability Plan 2012–2019. The greatest progress in 2013 was seen in increased awareness of the rights of persons with disabilities and in promoting physical accessibility for all new buildings. Representatives from eight government ministries, disabled persons’ organizations (DPOs), and RAVIM participated in the monitoring of the plan. The UNDP provided some funding for the plan’s implementation but funding was insufficient to fully implement the plan.[21]

In 2013 and the first half of 2014, Mozambique drafted a national victim assistance plan with three main objectives:

·         To promote the equal rights, full participation and empowerment of mine/ERW victims;

·         To ensure the principle of equal opportunity for mine/ERW victims; and

·         To monitor and coordinate all activities implemented on behalf of mine/ERW victims.

The plan’s strategic priorities are social assistance; access to healthcare, physical rehabilitation and psycho-social support; socio-economic reintegration through vocational training and access to income-generating opportunities; and the promotion of the rights of victims and other persons with disabilities.[22] The plan was pending approval in 2014.[23]

Mozambique announced the development of the national victim assistance plan at the Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty in Maputo in June 2014.[24] Mozambique provided casualty data in its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for calendar year 2013.[25] As of 1 July 2014, Mozambique’s most recent Convention on Cluster Munitions Article 7 report was for calendar year 2012, in which it named the victim assistance focal point, provided an update on the approval of its National Disability Plan 2012–2019, and indicated the need for international financial and technical assistance to aid in the implementation of that plan.[26]

Mozambique did not provide updates on victim assistance at the Fourth Meeting of States Parties to the Cluster Munition Convention in September 2013 or at the Thirteenth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in December 2013.

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

Mine/ERW survivors were represented in the coordination of disability and victim assistance issues through RAVIM’s participation in meetings of the national disability council.[27] However, it was found that fewer than 25% of survivors were members of a survivor network or DPO and the percentage was much lower among civilian survivors than veteran survivors.[28]

In 2013, survivors participated in the assessment of survivors’ needs through RAVIM.[29] RAVIM also worked with HI in urban centers implementing an information and referral service (Serviço de Informação, Orientação e Acompanhamento Social, SIOAS) designed to identify persons with disabilities, including survivors, and accompanying them in accessing needed assistance.[30]

No survivors were included in the delegation of Mozambique at the Third Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty in Maputo in June 2014, or other international meetings of the Mine Ban Treaty and Convention on Cluster Munition in 2013 to July 2014.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[31]

Emergency and continuing medical care

The 2013 survivor assessment found that most survivors had access to basic healthcare services, due to the wide availability of local health posts. However, it also found that half of all healthcare workers in local health posts who were surveyed, indicated that they were not trained to work with persons with disabilities and while most health centers had ramps, not all consulting rooms or toilets were accessible for persons with disabilities.[32]

Many survivors reported the inability to access specialized care due to the distance of these services from where they lived. As compared with other members of their community, there was a much greater need (40% more) for specialized care among survivors.[33]

Physical rehabilitation including prosthetics

In 2013, production of prosthetic devices resumed,[34] following the significant decline in production in 2012 throughout Mozambique’s rehabilitation centers due to lack of raw materials.[35] However, the waitlist of people waiting to receive new prosthetic devices was longer than in previous years as rehabilitation centers worked through the backlog from 2012.[36]

Among survivors assessed in 2013, nearly half could not move around independently due to their disability, requiring assistance from others or, among 11% of respondents, requiring them to stay at home. More than half of all survivors with assistive devices (a prosthetic, crutches, or a wheelchair) stated that they could not use the device because of its low quality or because it was no longer in working condition.[37] Nearly all respondents indicated that rehabilitation services were too far away for them to reach them, due to the lack of transportation and poor condition of roads.[38]

Economic and social inclusion and psychological support

No change was identified in the availability of economic inclusion opportunities for survivors.[39] As in previous years, MMAS continued to provide food subsidies and other basic social assistance to persons with disabilities.[40] However, there was no information on how many, if any, of these beneficiaries were mine/ERW survivors, and the 2013 survey of survivors found that the majority of survivors did not receive any benefits or economic inclusion assistance.[41] In 2014, RAVIM and HI began to follow up with the most vulnerable survivors identified in the 2013 survey in order to provide micro-credit and training. Resources were also insufficient to reach all survivors who were found to need assistance. The teams faced obstacles in reaching some survivors due to armed violence in two of the districts surveyed.[42]

Psychological support and social inclusion programs remained entirely absent with no changes reported.[43] Less than 20% of survivors assessed in 2013 had received any psychological support and few recognized the need for this assistance despite reporting many symptoms of trauma.[44] Through the SIOAS, members of RAVIM and other DPOs provided peer support.[45]

Laws and policies

Legislation guaranteed the rights and equal opportunities of persons with disabilities. However, the government lacked the resources to implement the law and discrimination remained common.[46] Fewer than 10% of survivors surveyed in 2013 were aware of their rights and the international and national legal mechanisms to promote and protect these rights.[47]

The law required the physical accessibility of public buildings for persons with disabilities but progress in ensuring access to public buildings was “very slow.”[48] Some accessibility adaptations did not meet generally accepted standards, rendering them unusable for wheelchair users.[49] Public transportation in Maputo was free for persons with disabilities;[50] however, public transportation was extremely limited and there were no accessible buses.[51]

The evaluation of the National Disability Plan 2006–2010 found that many programs for persons with disabilities sought to promote the inclusion of women with disabilities but that, despite these efforts, women with disabilities still suffered greater discrimination than men with disabilities, with more living in poverty and experiencing lower employment rates.[52] There were no age-appropriate services available for child survivors.[53] Educational opportunities for children with disabilities were extremely limited, due to a lack of teacher training on how to address their needs and due to inaccessible school buildings.[54]

Mozambique ratified the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 30 January 2012.

 

In 2012, nine donors contributed US$13.7 million to APOPO, HALO Trust, Handicap International, Norwegian People’s Aid, and UNDP for clearance operations in the Republic of Mozambique.[1] Mozambique has made considerable progress in clearing mined areas; it announced in May 2013 that it planned to complete all clearance by the end of 2014.[2]

In 2012, Mozambique contributed $2,213,088 towards its mine action program.[3] Since 2008, the government of Mozambique has contributed approximately 20% of the total mine action budget.

International contributions: 2012[4]

 

Summary of contributions: 2008–2012[5]