LM Report 2001

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ERITREA

Key developments since May 2000: Since the border war between Eritrea and Ethiopia came to an end in June 2000, Eritrea has acknowledged use of antipersonnel mines during the conflict. A variety of mine action activities are underway. A Mine Action Coordination Center has been set up within the United Nations Mission on Eritrea and Ethiopia (UNMEE). The Eritrean Mine Action Center has been established as the coordinator of all mine action in Eritrea. The HALO Trust has conducted a rapid assessment survey of danger areas. Training of deminers is underway. Eritrea has submitted to UNMEE a detailed map and 313 comprehensive minefield records.

Mine Ban Policy

Eritrea has not acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty. Since the end of the border conflict with Ethiopia in June 2000, the government of Eritrea has shown increased interest in the Mine Ban Treaty. In November 2000, the government noted that it had not signed the treaty “because we knew we were under threat,” and that “[w]ith the threat of use of force on us we are obliged to stay at the stage without signing the treaty.” Yet, at the same time the government said that “our principle is to abide by the law of signing this treaty, in principle we accept and believe in the Ottawa Convention to ban landmines.”^[1] In February 2001, Eritrean officials told Landmine Monitor that the government was “seriously debating” accession to the Mine Ban Treaty.^[2]

In March 2001, a Foreign Ministry official offered another reason why Eritrea has not joined the Mine Ban Treaty. He said that Eritrea is a young nation faced with numerous treaties and conventions for consideration, and that other treaties have taken priority.^[3]

Eritrea did not attend the Second Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in September 2000, nor the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in December 2000 and May 2001. However, Eritrea did participate in the Horn of Africa/Gulf of Aden Conference on Landmines held in Djibouti, 16-18 November 2000, and the Bamako Seminar on Universalization and Implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty in Africa held in Mali, in February 2001.

Eritrea voted in favor of the November 2000 UN General Assembly resolution calling for universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty, as it had on similar pro-ban resolutions in previous years. Eritrea is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons and did not attend at the Second Annual Conference of States Parties to Amended Protocol II in Geneva in December 2000.

Production, Transfer, Stockpiling

Eritrean officials have told Landmine Monitor that Eritrea has never produced or exported antipersonnel mines, while acknowledging that Eritrean troops have made booby-traps and other improvised explosive devices.^[4] Eritrea claims that it has never imported antipersonnel mines, but that it obtained all of its landmines from Ethiopian forces during the war for independence.^[5] An Eritrean military officer, the Associate Commissioner-Demining, estimated the number of mines captured to be as high as 450,000.^[6] How many of those mines have been subsequently used and how many remain in stockpile in unknown. The government admits that field units of the Eritrean Defense Forces (EDF) possess landmines.^[7]

Use

While Eritrea has acknowledged use of antipersonnel mines in its war for independence, it had until recently remained largely silent on the question of its use of antipersonnel mines during the border war with Ethiopia from May 1998 to June 2000. However, at the Djibouti Landmine Conference in November 2000, Eritrea stated, “After the [border] conflict started we know that many mines have been planted by both sides, on our side if we are asked by the international community, how many mines and which type we have planted, we are ready to submit an up to date record of the mine fields we have planted.”

Subsequently, at the Bamako Seminar on 16 February 2001, the Eritrean delegation admitted openly to Landmine Monitor that Eritrean forces had laid antipersonnel mines. The government representatives also stressed that treaty signatory Ethiopia had laid mines and invited investigation into the issue.^[8] In an interview in Asmara on 26 February, the Associate Commissioner-Demining acknowledged that the EDF used landmines along all fronts during the war with Ethiopia, but he would not give an estimate of how many mines were used.^[9] He said all minefields were carefully recorded for later removal; a minefield record of one area was shown to Landmine Monitor.^[10]

A Ministry of Foreign Affairs official later stated that Eritrea had remained silent on the question of its use of antipersonnel mines for security reasons during the actual conflict period.^[11]

Eritrea claims mines were used for tactical defense purposes, not nuisance mining, and only within Eritrean borders.^[12] However, reports of Ethiopian civilian casualties in areas abandoned by Eritrean forces contradict the validity of that claim.^[13]

In late April 2001, Landmine Monitor and Human Rights Watch participated in a field visit to the border town of Zalambasa. It is one of ten very heavily mined areas which have been turned over to the United Nations Mission on Eritrea and Ethiopia. It is also where the war started after Eritrea occupied the town. During the field visit, the Director of the Ethiopian Demining Project said that “every roadside is thoroughly mined with antipersonnel mines. The flat areas beyond the road have antitank mines. All areas have a mixture of mines.”^[14] He claimed that Eritrea had people from the area dig trenches, in front of which mines were later placed, and that Eritrea put mines in and around houses so people could not return. Mines found include Chinese, US, Russian, Belgian and Egyptian.^[15]

In May 2001, UN Development Program (UNDP) reported that 313 Eritrean records of some 1,000 mined areas had been provided to the UNMEE Mine Action Coordination Center (MACC) in Asmara. It said that up to 40% of these areas are thought to be in Ethiopian controlled territory (much of which is disputed by Eritrea). It noted that a “mission will be going to northern Ethiopia shortly to talk with local military officers and determine if any informal records have been kept by Ethiopian units that would supplement the existing data.”^[16] The UN reports that Phase One of this project in the Eastern Sector was a failure and Phase Two in the Western Sector has been postponed indefinitely due to unacceptable limitations being imposed on the investigation team by the Ethiopian authorities.^[17]

The fighting was centered on three principal fronts: the Badme Triangle to the West, Senafe region in the Center, and the Bure-Assab front in the East.^[18] The fighting was marked by World War I-style trench warfare with mines placed in front of trenches, apparently by both sides. The tide of the war changed four times in successive Eritrean and Ethiopian attacks and counterattacks with defensive positions reinforced by mines established at each turn.

There are also reports of mine use by forces linked to the Eritrean Islamic Salvation movement operating in western Eritrea along the border with Sudan.^[19] The mines discovered by the Eritrean government are predominantly antitank mines along access routes, though some nuisance mining with antipersonnel mines has been encountered.^[20]

Landmine Problem

Following the signing of a formal peace agreement between Eritrea and Ethiopia on 12 December 2000, the United Nations Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea was deployed and on 6 February 2001, the parties established the Temporary Security Zone (TSZ), a 25 kilometer-wide demilitarized zone in the former conflict area separating the two. Considerable areas of the TSZ remain mined, a cause for concern with the pending return of refugees and internally displace persons (IDPs).

UNMEE receives frequent reports of explosions on both sides of the border related to mines laid during the latest conflict.^[21] Landmines associated with the border war are most often found near trenches and other defensive positions and are located in some of the most populated and agriculturally fertile land in the country, namely in the Debub and Gash Barka regions.^[22] As of July 2001, minefield survey and marking is the top priority for mine action agencies in the TSZ and major marking operations are underway.^[23] Mine marking and clearance is crucial with the expected return of tens of thousands of IDPs currently residing in camps and anxious to return home for the rainy season starting in June.^[24] Officials will attempt to keep IDPs from returning before the threat is understood and populations can live in relative safety.^[25] However, that will take considerable time and spontaneous return can be expected.

Mine Action Coordination

Mine action in Eritrea is embarking on a new beginning with two principal tracks. In the short-term action is being taken by the UN Mission and in the longer-term there is to be national capacity under the Eritrean government. An integral part of UNMEE is the Mine Action Coordination Center (MACC), which is under the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) and staffed by the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS). The mandate of the MACC is to provide mine action support to the peacekeeping force, coordinate all humanitarian mine action operations in the TSZ and provide technical and managerial support to both Eritrea and Ethiopia.^[26] UNMEE has formed a mine action priority coordination setting group chaired by the Deputy Special Representative of the Secretary General.^[27] The MACC is located in Asmara and consists of departments for operations, information systems and quality assurance. A mine awareness coordinator officer supplied by UNICEF is also attached to the MACC. In addition to the office in Asmara, the MACC has a liaison officer in Addis Ababa, though the Ethiopian government plans to work with limited input from the UNMEE MACC, relying instead on technical advice support from a UNDP administered mine action support programme.^[28]

In coordination with UNMAS’s activities in the TSZ, UNDP has been requested by Eritrea to develop a project that will strengthen its capacity in undertaking an integrated mine action program throughout the country. This will address mine contamination from previous wars, as well as the most recent conflict. An interagency assessment mission was conducted in November 2000, which initiated the process of designing an appropriate intervention.^[29]

The capacity to deal with the mine problem in the TSZ is being developed parallel to, and much of it will ultimately be integrated into, the Eritrean national mine action program. The efforts of the past built with the assistance of the US Humanitarian Demining Program came to a standstill during the conflict with Ethiopia. In its place, a new, civilian body is being developed, though efforts to do so have been overshadowed by the peace process and the resources it requires.^[30]

The Eritrean Mine Action Program (EMAP) has been established as the executive body and coordinator of all mine action in Eritrea. Operational responsibility will fall to a non-governmental organization to be formed with the Eritrean Demining Agency (EDA) as well as international NGOs.^[31]

Mine Action Funding and Mine Clearance

The MACC is partly funded by UNMAS through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund (VTF), with a budget of US$1,009,500.^[32] The budget breaks down roughly into $300,500 for demining equipment, $4,000 for supplies, $50,000 for explosives, $550,000 for clearance and survey and $100,000 for mine awareness. The MACC will also be providing the new Eritrean national authority with emergency assistance and technical support in the short-term and UNDP is developing plans to continue the technical advisory assistance and resource support in the long term.^[33]

In a February 2001 overview of support for the Eritrea Mine Action Program, the UN reported that UNDP had received 13% of its requested $1 million for 2001; and UNICEF had received 18% of its requested $840,000.^[34]

Specialist engineer peacekeeping troops from Slovakia, Bangladesh and Kenya, with some additional support from the Danish, Dutch and Canadian contingents, are responsible for mine clearance as it relates to the UNMEE mandate for movement and safety of peacekeepers.^[35] The majority of mined areas within the TSZ fall outside that mandate and will require humanitarian demining by national and international actors with coordination by the MACC.

At the end of February 2001, 60 deminers completed training through DanChurchAid as part of an emergency project to train local capacity for immediate deployment.^[36] The Eritrean government aims at increasing the demining personnel up to between 300-400.^[37] An additional 110 candidates were in training to be completed in mid-March. DanChurchAid currently has a proposal of US$3.4 million with the Danish government for long-term humanitarian mine action capacity building in Eritrea.

In May, UNMAS reported that Eritrea had made 650 demobilized soldiers available for mine action projects in the TSZ and that the MACC was “examining options for their utilization.”^[38]

The British based NGO HALO Trust will also be operating in the TSZ. HALO recently established a headquarters/training base outside Asmara, and is currently training deminers.^[39] The organization currently has funding of more than US$4 million.^[40]

In addition to these organizations, additional proposals and concept papers have been prepared by various organizations including InterSOS, Santa Barbara, and the Danish Demining Group.^[41]

The US government plans to recommence its bilateral support for the Eritrean program. The US plans to send six mine detecting dogs and commence training of military deminers by late March.^[42] Parts of the funds come from commitments made but not disbursed under the 1998 country plan.

Survey and Assessment

As noted, the Eritrean government has minefield records for mines used during the recent conflict. The minefield records, complete with detailed maps of areas sown with landmines and information on areas where undetonated landmines lay were submitted to UNMEE on 20 March 2001.^[43] The data covered significant frontlines, and included details of antitank and antipersonnel minefields laid by the engineering corps of the EDF. Turn over is now dependent on the formal establishment of the TSZ, which has been delayed due to disagreements between the two parties over implementation of the agreed plan.^[44]

The HALO Trust has been undertaking a rapid assessment survey of danger areas in Eritrea in anticipation of the return of IDPs and refugees. The U.S. Department of State funded the survey, in the amount of $750,000, two-thirds of which was considered as support for Eritrea.^[45]

The Eritrean government will not allow HALO full access to the proposed TSZ until it is formally established.^[46] In February 2001, a HALO vehicle was involved in a mine accident on a previously explored route resulting in only minor injuries to one staff member, owing to a reinforced undercarriage, and the destruction of the vehicle. The HALO survey has so far identified 120 dangerous areas, composed of spot UXO reports, minefields, ammunition dumps, etc. mostly outside the TSZ.^[47] The information has been stored in the IMSMA database at the UNMEE MACC.

The government of Eritrea requested that the United Nations Mine Action Service facilitate a full Level One Impact Survey project for Eritrea.^[48] UNMAS agreed and has completed an initial assessment mission.^[49]

Mine Awareness

The outbreak of fighting which brought humanitarian mine clearance to a standstill also had an impact on efforts to provide mine awareness to affected communities. Some mine awareness was provided to IDPs from areas suspected to now contain mines.^[50] In August 2000 UNHCR and the Eritrean government established a mine awareness project for refugees returning from Sudan with technical support from UNICEF.^[51] UNICEF had assumed responsibility for the project in October with funds from the US government, but it has since stopped.^[52]

UNICEF now has a full time mine awareness coordinator officer attached to the UNMEE MACC. The immediate effort is to provide mine awareness to IDPs prior to resettlement.^[53] Currently, UNICEF has $40,000 in funds from the $70,000 provided by the Swiss government and $51,000 from the UNMEE MACC mine awareness budget dedicated for four months of emergency activities mostly focused on the Debub and Gash Barka areas.^[54]

DanChurchAid is organizing an emergency four-month mine awareness project that will further address the short-term problem in the Debub and Gash Barka regions.^[55] The project is part of a longer-term program meant to build local capacity and lead to eventual hand over to the national authority.

ICRC activities in Eritrea included the development of mine awareness posters and leaflets for distribution in schools and villages as an emergency measure at the end of 2000.

Landmine Casualties

The government reported 7,000 incidents for the period 1994-1996 and 100 victims for the years 1997-1998 before record keeping stopped.^[56] The Ministry of Health collected statistics on civilian injuries during the conflict with Ethiopia. For a two-month period, May-June 2000, 348 civilians were reported injured with 14% (49 persons) attributed to landmines.^[57] In April 2001, a ten-year old boy was reportedly killed and a second received facial injuries and lost his right hand in a landmine accident in southern Eritrea.^[58] The Ministry has yet to collate the records for the entire period and all areas. According to local leaders and government sources, there have been few reports recently, but incidents are rising with the return of IDP populations and expected to go much higher.^[59]

Survivor Assistance

The treatment and rehabilitation costs for mine survivors are entirely covered by the Ministry of Health of the government of Eritrea, however individuals must obtain a "Poverty Letter" from their local administrative district to qualify for free services.^[60]

The Landmine Survivors Network established an office in Eritrea in August 2000 in connection with the Union of Eritrean Youths and Students. The group is concentrating its efforts in and around Asmara with mine survivors and people who have suffered limb loss. LSN field workers identified 110 survivors and have since discontinued identifying new clients so as to stay within its resources.^[61] The group provides peer support and attempts to link clients with needed services. LSN Eritrea facilitated the distribution of 50 wheelchairs and 40 pairs of crutches in conjunction with a local charity organization.^[62] LSN has a proposal with the MACC for US$93,000 for expansion of activities for the remainder of 2001.^[63]

The long awaited revised national disability policy has yet to be passed. The debate continues with the aim of bringing Eritrean law more in line with internationally accepted standards while keeping in sight what is economically possible.^[64]

^[1] Statement by the Eritrea delegation at the Djibouti Landmine Conference, People’s Palace, 17 November 2000.
^[2] Interview with Habtom Ghebremichael, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, at the Bamako Seminar on Landmines, Bamako, Mali, 16 February 2001.
^[3] Interview with Dr. Tesfai Ghermazien, Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Asmara, 1 March 2001.
^[4] Interview with Habtom Ghebremichael, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, at the Bamako Seminar on Landmines, Bamako, Mali, 16 February 2001.
^[5] Interview with Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, The State of Eritrea Commission for Coordination with the UN Peacekeeping Mission, Asmara, 26 February 2001; also, Eritrean Ministry of Defense, “Answers to a Questionnaire Submitted by Landmine Monitor,” 16 May 2000. In its reply to the questionnaire, Eritrea states that it used mines in the past “during the armed struggle against the Ethiopian army. All the mines used were captured from the enemy. Almost all types of mines were Soviet and US origin like PMN, POMZ-2, MON-100, MON-200, M16, M14 and M3, etc.”
^[6] Interview with Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, The State of Eritrea Commission for Coordination with the UN Peacekeeping Mission, Asmara, 26 February 2001. The US government lists 26 types of antipersonnel mines and 23 types of antitank mines found in Eritrea. See, US DoD, “Eritrea Country Handbook: A Field Ready Reference Publication,” DoD 2630 ER1 001 01, November 2000.
^[7] Interview with Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, The State of Eritrea Commission for Coordination with the UN Peacekeeping Mission, Asmara, 26 February 2001.
^[8] Interview with Habtom Ghebremichael, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Associate Commissioner- Demining, at the Bamako Seminar on Landmines, Bamako, Mali, 16 February 2001. At the Djibouti Conference Eritrea stated that “even though we know that countries that have signed are still using landmines, our principle is to abide by the law of signing this treaty.” Statement by the Eritrea delegation at the Djibouti Landmine Conference, People’s Palace, 17 November 2000.
^[9] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 26 February 2001.
^[10] Ibid.
^[11] Interview with Dr. Ghermazien, Permanent Secretary, MFA, Asmara 1 March 2001.
^[12] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 26 February 2001; Interview with Habtom Ghebremichael and Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Bamako, Mali, 16 February 2001.
^[13] US State Department, 2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Ethiopia, February 2001.
^[14] Human Rights Watch notes, field visit to Makele and Zalambasa, Tigrai region, Ethiopia/Eritrea border, in Zalambasa, 25 April 2001.
^[15] Ibid.
^[16] “Ethiopia Humanitarian Update 17 May 2001,” UNDP Emergencies Unit for Ethiopia, 17 May 2001, (see www.reliefweb.int). Also, email from Phil Lewis, Programme Manager, UNMEE MACC, to Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001.
^[17] Email from Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, to Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001.
^[18] Briefing by Willie Lawrence, Chief Operations Officer, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 27 February 2001.
^[19] Interview with Lt. Col. Russom Semere, Asmara, 1 March 2001; ESARO Country Briefs-Landmine Action Updates; US State Department, 2000 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Eritrea, February 2001.
^[20] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 1 March 2001.
^[21] UN Secretary General's Report on UNMEE, United Nations, New York, 21 February 2001, p. 6.
^[22] Report of the Joint Government of the State of Eritrea-United Nations Annual Needs Assessment for humanitarian Assistance to Eritrea, January 2001, p. 7.
^[23] Email from Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, to Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001.
^[24] Interview with Teclemichael W. Giorgis, Deputy Commissioner, Eritrea Refugee and Relief Commission (ERREC), Asmara, 2 March 2001.
^[25] Ibid.
^[26] UNMEE MACC, "Concept of Operations," 17 February 2001, p. 1.
^[27] UN Secretary General's Report on UNMEE, United Nations, New York, 21 February 2001, p. 7.
^[28] Interview with Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 2 March 2001.
^[29] United Nations Development Program, “Mine Action Update,” 1 March 2001.
^[30] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 26 February 2001.
^[31] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 26 February 2001. EMAP was initially called Eritrean Mine Action Center (EMAC).
^[32] United Nations, “Financing of the United Nations Mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea,” Par. 2(h) Security Council Res. 1320 (2000), A/55/666, 4 December 2000.
^[33] Interview with Phil Lewis, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 2 March 2001.
^[34] Financial Overview of UN Portfolio of Mine-Related Projects, 28 March 2001.
^[35] Briefing on Local Mine Situation, Willie Lawrence, Chief Operations Officer, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 27 February 2001.
^[36] Interview with Phil Lewis, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 2 March 2001; interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 1 March 2001.
^[37] Statement by the Eritrea delegation at the Djibouti landmines conference, 17 November 2000.
^[38] “UNMAS Monthly Update,” May 2001, (see www.un.org/Depts/dpko/mine).
^[39] Interview with Phil Lewis, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 2 March 2001.
^[40] UNMEE MACC, "Concept of Operations," p. 1.
^[41] Ibid.
^[42] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere, 26 February 2001; US Centom Website- Country Plan 2001-2002- Eritrea.
^[43] IRIN/All Africa Global Media, Asmara, Eritrea, 21 March 2001. The UNMEE Force Commander Major-General Patrick Cammaert said that the Mission “welcomes this important development, which is so critical for the purposes of peacekeeping and for humanitarian objectives.”
^[44] Interview with Andebrhan W. Giorgis, Commissioner, The State of Eritrea Commission for Coordination with the UN Peacekeeping Mission, Asmara, 1 March 2001.
^[45] US Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, "FY00 NADR Project Status," 27 December 2000. (FY2000 was October 1999 to September 2000.)
^[46] Briefing on Local Mine Situation, Willie Lawrence, Chief Operations Officer, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 27 February 2001.
^[47] Interview with David Armitt, Chief Mine Information Officer, UNMEE MACC, 26 February 2001.
^[48] Interview with Lt. Col. Semere. 1 March 2001.
^[49] Email from Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, to Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001.
^[50] Interview with Teclemichael W. Giorgis, 2 March 2001.
^[51] UNMEE MACC, "Mine Awareness Plan of Action," 7 January 2001, pp. 1-2.
^[52] Ibid, p. 2.
^[53] Interview with Phil Lewis, 2 March 2001.
^[54] UNMEE MACC, "Mine Awareness Plan of Action," 7 January 2001, pp. 1-2, 7.
^[55] Interview with Karen McClure, Mine Awareness Coordinator, DanChurchAid, Asmara, 2 March 2001.
^[56] Interview with Dr. Michael Gherbrehuwet, Director of Clinical Services, Ministry of Health, Asmara, 1 March 2001.
^[57] Interview with Dr. Michael Gherbrehuwet, 1 March 2001.
^[58] Http//www.reliefweb.int/IRIN, Nairobi, 11 April 2001.
^[59] Interview with Dr. Michael Gherbrehuwet, 1 March 2001; Report of the Joint Government of the State of Eritrea-United Nations Annual Needs Assessment for Humanitarian Assistance to Eritrea, January 2001, p. 49.
^[60] Interview with Dr. Michael Gherbrehuwet, 1 March 2001.
^[61] Interview with Selamawi Seyoum, Social Worker, Landmine Survivors Network, Asmara, 1 March 2001.
^[62] Ibid.
^[63] Email from Phil Lewis, Programme Manager, UNMEE MACC, to Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001.
^[64] Interview with Dr. Gherbrehuwet, 1 March 2001.

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