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Table of Contents
Country Reports
Somaliland, Landmine Monitor Report 2004

Somaliland

Waxyaabha Muhiimka intii ka dambaysay May 2003: Natiijooyinka Baadhitaankii Saamaynta Miinada ee la dhameeyey Mars 2003, waxa la sii daayey badhtamihii 2004. Afarta gobol ee baadhitaankaa laga dhamaystiray waxa lagu arkay 357 goob bulsho oo miinado waxyeelo ku hayso; 45 ka mid ah khatarta miinadu waa mid laxaad badan, 102 na miinadu waxay ku haysaa dhibaato dhexdhexaad lagu qiyaso. Waxa sii dheer intaas,inay jiraan 772 meelood oo shaki laga qabo. Bishii Feberwari 2004tii, waxaxilkaisu duwidda wax ka qabashada miinada la wareegay Madaxwyene-ku-XigeenkaSomaliland, bishii Marsna waxa xukuumadda Somaliland ayansixisayhabwaxqabadka miinada. Bishii July 2004, wakiilo ka socdaSomalilandwaxaycaddeeyeen inay Somaliland diyaar u tahay inay saxeexdo Heshiiska Geneva Callee ku waajihan xayiraada gebi ahaaneed ee miinada dadkaisticmaalkeeda. Wararka laga soo xigtay saddex hayadood oo mina saar kaga hawlan Somaliland wuxuu sheegayaa in 2003dii ay miino saar dhan ku sameeyeen 267,780 mitir murabac dhul gaadha iyo 52 million mitir murabac oo ah meelo lagu dagaalamay, iyo inay burburiyeen 1,575 miino dadeed, 683 miino taangi 40,171 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.

Waxyaabihii Muhiimka ahaa intii ka damabysay 1999: 1999kii ayuu Golaha Wakiladda Somaliland go’aamiyeen in xukuumadda Somaliland ay iskeed u xayirto miinada dadka, go’aankaas oo Madaxweynaha Somalilandna u ku raacay. Baadhitaan caam ah oo lagu samaynayo waxyeelada gebi ahaaneed ee miinada (Landmine Impact Survey) ayaa ka bilaabmay Somaliland May 2002 wuxuna dhamaaday Mars 2003. Baadhitaankaa waxa lagu ogaaday 357 goob bulsho oo miino waxyeelo ku hayso iyo 772 meelood oo shakilaga qabo. Miina baadhista iyo miino saar rasmi u bilaabantay 1999-2000. Saddex hayadood oo aan dawli ahayn oo mino saar sameeya waxay sheegeen in laga bilaabo 1999 ila 2003dii ay miino ka saareen dhul dulucdiiso thay 2.9 million oo mitir murabac iyo 92 million oo dhul dagaal ahaa. Waxay burburiyeen 47,613 miino dad, 1213 miinotaangi iyo 58,168 aaladaha kale ee qarxa. Waxa kale oo la burburiyey 7,517 miino oo ciidanka Somaliland lahaa . Xukuumada Somaliland waxay sheegtay inay diyaar u tahay inta kalena inay burburiso laakiin weli lama sheegin goorta la burburin doono. Sanadkii 2002dii, isu duwidaa hawlgalka waxkaqabadka miinadu waxa ku yimid carqalado maamul. Marka laga bilaabo 2001, waxa la ogyahay in ugu yaraan 349 qof wax ku noqdeen qarax miino.

Siyaasadda ku Saabsan Mamnuucidda Miinada

Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday inay tahay dal madaxbanaan 1991 markii u dumay xukunkii Siyaad Barre ee Somalia. Maadaama aan weli la ictiraafin ma saxeexo karto Heshiiska Xayiraadda Miinada (Ottawa Convention, Mine Ban Treaty). Laakiin wakhti hore oo laga bilaabo 1997, madaxda Somaliland waxay aduunka tuseen inay u diyaar yihiin inay ku dhaqmaan dhammaanba shuruudaha Heshiika Xayiraadda Miinada. 1dii Mars 1999 Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland waxay soo saareen baaq ay ku taageerayaan Heshiiskii Xayiraadda Miinada ee Ottawa. Madaxweynaha Somalilandna wuu taageeray.[1] Madaxda Somaliland waxa kale oo samayeen baaqyo iyo taageero sanadihii 2000 iyo 2002.[2] Hase yeeshee, ilaa imika xukuumadda Somaliland may samayn sharciyo joojinaya isticmaalka, samaynta, ka baayac mushtaraynta iyo kaydinta miinada dadka.

Maadaama ay Somaliland aqoonsan tahay inay tahay dawlad madax banana, madaxda Somaliland intii hore way ka gaabsanayeen inay saxeexaan Baaqa Geneva ee loogu tala galay kooxaha aan dawliga ahayn. Hase yeeshee, bishii July 2004tii, madax ka socota Somaliland waxay Geneva Call ku wargeliyeen inay “diyaar u yihiin inay saxeexaan Baaqa Geneva[3] kuna hor saxeexaan Hayadda Geneva Call iyo aduunweynaha”, waxanay sheegeen in wafdi Somaliland ka socdaa uu bisha August tegi doono Geneva si uu u saxeexo baaqaa.[4]

Samaynta iyo Kaydka Miinada

Somaliland lagu ma sameeyo miinada mana jiraan tilmaamo sheegaya in Somaliland dibedda ka soo iibsatay ama u dirtay miino intii ay madaxbanaanida ku dhawaaqday. Maamulayaasha Somaliland hore waxay u sheegeen in kayd miinada dadku ay jirto laakiin inta kayd kaasi yahay iyo noocyada miinada taala Somaliland lama sheegin.

14kii Nofember 2002, Wasaaradda Gaashandhiga Somaliland waxay u dhiibtay hayadda miino saarka ee Danish Demining Group (DDG) 2,382 xabadood oo miinada dadka ah, DDGna 17 Nofember 2002 ayey si cad oo goobjoogayaal leh ayey qarxis ku burburisay dhamaan minnadii loo dhiibay.[5] Intaa ka hore DDG waxay sheegtay in isla 2002dii ay 5,135 miino ay qarxisay kuwaas oo ay u soo gudbiyeen Wasaaradda Difaaca iyo Ciidanku.[6] DDG warbixin ay ka dhiibtay aqoonisweydaarsi wacyigelineed oo dhacay 2000 ku sheegtay in ay burburiyaan miino hayaddaha nabadgelyadda Somaliland ay ka soo qab qabtaan kooxo hubaysan ama dad gaar ah.[7]

Hayadda HALO Trust iyana waxay heshiis la gashay Wasaaradda Difaaca inay kaydka miinada ee yaala dalka ay burburiso. Sanadkii 2002, HALO waxay Landmine Monitor u sheegtay in miinada dadku haysto ama taala tuulooyinku ay ka yartahay inta kaydka ah ee xeryaha ciidamad taalaa, laakiin ay ka khatar badan yihiin kuwa toolooyinka yaalaa ama dadku iskood u haystaa.[8]

Saraakiil Somaliland ah ayaa horaantii 2003 ku wargeliyey Landmine Monitor inay diyaar u yihiin burburinta kaydka ciidanku haysto.[9] Hase yeeshee, ilaa imika burburis ka dambeeyey kii Nofember 2002 ma dhicin, goor u dhici doonana lama sheegin.

Gudbinta iyo Isctimaalka

Bishii Diisamber 2003 magaalada Laascaanood ee gobolka Sool waxa weeraray qabsadayna ciidan Puntland ka yimid, goobtaas oo Puntland iyo Somaliland ku muransan yihiin.[10]. Ilaa badhtimihii 2004 labada ciidan way is hor fadhiyeen. Qaar ka mid ah shaqaalaha hayadaha caalamiga ah ayaa werwer ay ka qabaan isticmaalka miinada ula yimi Landmine Monitor.[11] Hase yeeshee, Somaliland iyo Puntland labaduba waxay sheegeen in aanay miinada dadka istimaalin.[12]

21kii Janawari 2004, Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud, oo ka mid ah madaxdhaqameedyada bariga Somaliland ayaa la lagu xidhay eedayn inuu faahfaahiyey war been ah. Wararka jaraaiidka lagu soo qoray ee Boqor Cismaan sheegay waxa ka mid ahayd in dawladda Djibouti ee jaarka la ah Somaliland ay u soo marisay Somaliland hub miino ku jirto koox ka soo horjeeda Madaxweynaha Puntland.[13]

Mushkiladda Miinada, Baadhitaan iyo Kormeer

Miinadu Somaliland aad bay taala, waana dhaxal dagaalo xuduudeed oo dhexmary Somalia iyo Ethiopia sida kii 1977-78 iyo dagaaladdii dhexmaray Somali National Movement iyo taliskii Siyaad Barre ee Somaliya 1981 ila 1991. Intii u dhaxaysay 1988-1991 oo keliya waxa qiyaasta United Nations Development Program (UNDP) tilmaamaysaa in 400,000 ilaa 800,000 xabadood oo miino ah la dhigay dulka Somaliland. Mar kale waxa miino la dhigay dhulka Somaliland 1994-95 markii ay iska hor yimaadeen ciidamada Somaliland taageersan iyo koo ka soo horjeeda. Waxa Somaliland lagu arkaa ilaa iyo 24 nooc oo miinada dadka ah kana kala yimid 10 dal.[14]

Dhawr baadhitaan baa lagu sameeyey Somaliland intiii u dhexaysay 1999-2001 oo ay kala sameeyeen HALO Trust, DDG iyo CARE. Mars 2001, Somaliland Mine Action Center (SMAC) waxay sheegtay inay jiraan 402 goobood oo miino taalo, hase yeeshee macluumaad lexaad leh lagama wada hayn Somaliland.[15] 2001 ayaa Survey Action Center (SAC) uu sameeyey sahan gaaban, ka dibna waxay qandaraas siiyeen DDG si ay u samayso baadhitaan dhamaystirin waxyeelada miinada (comprehensive Landmine Impact Survey ama LIS).

LISkii SAC waxa la bilaabay Mars 2002 waxana la dhameeyey Mars 2003, in kasta oo aan la gaadhin dhinacyo Sanaag ah, gobolka Sool iyo degmada Buhoodle oo aan loo gaadhin nabad gelyo darro awgeed. Waxay UNDP rajaynaysaa in meelahaasna la gaadhi doono dhawaan marka la dhamystiro LIS Puntland.. Faah faahin dambe oo UNDP ay ka bixisey Geneva bishii Febrwari 2004tii waxay sheegtay in “LISkii Puntland, Sool iyo Sanaag, ay horjoogsatay carqalad dhul sheegasho ka timid oo aan markii loogu talo galay la bilaabin.”[16]

Landmine Monitorkii 2003dii waxa lagu sii sheegay natiijadii ku meelgaadhka ahayd ee LISkii Somaliland. Natiijadaas oo muujisay in afarta Gobo (Awdal, Galbeed, Saaxil iyo Togdheer) la ogaaday in 357 goobo bulsho miinadu ay waxyeelo ku hayso, 45 ka mid ahna khatarta miinado ay aad u sareeyso, 102 meel dhexaad ay yihiin, 210na khatarta miinadu ay jirto laakiin ay hoosayso. Waxa kale oo lagu sheegay in si degdeg ah loogu baahan yahay in miino saar lagu sameeyo meelaha biyaha laga cabo.[17] Waxa kale oo lagu ogaaday 772 (suspected hazard areas, SHAs) goobood oo miino inay taalo looga baqayo. Gebi ahaan 588 goobo bulsho oo la baadhay 231 ayaa ka fayowbaa waxyeelada miinada.[18] Waxa warbixintaa lagu yidhi “dhulka miinada iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxaa yaalaan waxay dhibaato nololeed ku hayaan dad lagu qiyaaso 1.34 malyuun, waxanay dhimashu iyo dhaawac u geesteen 276 qof labadii sanadood ee u dambeeyey.”[19]

LIS waxa lagu ogaaday in meelaha dhibaatadu ka jirto loo kale qaybin karo wadooyin (564) iyo meelo aan wadooyin ahayn (198) oo ay ka mid yihiin xeryihii hore ee ciidamada, meelaha lagu kaydin jiray rasaasta iyo meelo “ogaan loo dhigay miino si dadka, khaas aaan reer guuraaga iyo xoolohooda loo dhibo.” Waxa macluumaadka lagu daray “in kasta oo is hortagaaga ilaha dhaqaalaha ay ugu badan tahay jidgoyn iyo daaq ka fogayn, saamaynta ugu weyni xaga nololsha iyo dhaqaaluhuba waxay la xidhiidhaa biyaha iy beeraha.” Waxa kale oo LIS lagu sheegay inay jiraan 126 deegaan oo iskood u bilaabay miino saar.[20]

Sida ay sheegtay SMAC waxa la qorsheeyey dhawr baadhitaan farsamo (technical surveys) oo ku daba jira LISkii dhamaaday oo muhim gaar ah la siinayo sanadkan 2004. Intii bishii August ka horeeysey DDG waxay ka samaysa 26 baadhitaan farsamo Galbeed, Saaxil, iyo Togdheer, kuna ogaadeen 61 xero miino (minefield).[21] Dhinaca HALO Turstna waxa lagu sameeyey intii August 2004 ka horeysay 90 baadhitaan farsamo Awdal, Saaxil, Togdheer iyo Sool, 68 ka mid ah meelahaasi waxay ahayeen meelihii la sheegay in miinadu ku hayso dhibaato weyn.[22]

Isuduwid iyo Qorshaynta

Bishii Feberwari 2004 waxa la wareegay masuuliyada waxkaqabadka miinaada Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka Somaliland, Mudane Ahmed Yassin oo kala wareegay Wasaaradda Dibudejinta (MRR&R). Laba xafiis ayaa u xilsaarnaan jiray hawlaha miinada ilaa iyo 1997, Hayadda Miindo Saarka (NDA) oo hoos iman jirtay MRR&R iyo SMAC oo ku xidhnaan jirtay UNDP oo taageri jirtay. Labada hayadoodba imika waxay hoos imanayaan Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka oo 11 Mars 2004tii Madaxweynuhu uu digreeto ugu xilsaaray waxkaqabadka miinada.[23]

Isbedelkani waxa uu ka dambeeyey wakhtibadan oo ismaan daaf ka dhex jiray hayadaha miino saarka Somalland mugdina ku jiray qaybsashada xilka sida loo kala leeyahay. Shirar badan oo dhexmaray UNDP, MRR&R iyo hayadaha kale ka dib waxa lagu gaadhay in SMAC hoos timaado MRR&R xilkeeduna noqdo isuduwidda hawlaha la xidhiidha waxkaqabadka miinada, halka NDA laga dhigay hayad miino saar. Sidii hore loogu sheegay Landmine Monitor 2003 inta ay shirarkaasi socdeen SMAC waxa ku dhacay dhaqaale darro, laakiin UNDP oo warbixin siinaysay shir ka dhacay Geneva Febrwari 2004 waxay sheegtay: “inay UNDP weli taageerto SMAC hayad ahaan iyo dhismi ahaanba. Siyaasad ku waajahan waxkaqabadka miinada ayey diyaarisay UNDP, waxa kale oo ay UNDP gacan siinaysaa dhamaystirka siyaasaddaas.[24]

Markii uu dhamaaday LISkii, SMAC waxay qabatay aqoonisweydaarsi 14-18 Nofember 2003 si ay dib ugu eegto qorsheheedii ay hore u samaysay Febrwari 2002, iyada oo la kaashatay dhamaan hayadaha waxkaqabadka miinada ku hawlan[25]. Waxa kale oo la diyaariyey qorshaha waxka qabadka miinada kaas oo la hor geeyey Golaha Wasiiradda 23 Febrwari 2004, Golahuna uu ansixeyey 27 Mars 2004. Qorshahani wuxuu kala cadeeyey xilalka hayadaha waxka qabadka miinada ee SMAC iyo NDA, waxa kale oo taageero buuxda siiyey baaqii 1 Mars 1999 ee Golaha Wakiilada ee taageerada iyo ogolaashada xayiraada gebi ahaan miinada.[26]

Miina Saarka

Saddex hayadood baa ila iyo 1999 ku hawlanaa miino saarka Somaliland: HALO Trust, Danish Demining Group iyo Santa Barbara Foundaton (SBF).[27] Sanadkii 2003da, SMAC waxay sheegtay in isugayn miino laga saaray dhul gaadhay 52,230,837 miter murabaca oo isugu jira dhul iyo meelo dagaal ka dhacay, lana burburiyey 1,568 xabadood oo miinada dadka ah, 683 miinada taangiyada ah iyo 371,695 oo aaladaha kale ee qarxa ah.[28] SMAC waxa kale oo ay sheegtay in miinasaardu sidan ahayd:

  • HALO Trust waxay banaysay dhul gaadhaya 50,449,663 mitir murabac (dhul iyo meelo dagaal), waxayna soo saartay 460 miino dad, 120 miino taangi iyo 331,937 aaladaha kale ee qarxa (oo ay ku jiraan qumacyo).[29] Waxa kale oo HALO ku samaysaa baadhitaan farsamo dhul gaadhaya 3,308,895 mitir murabac. Dhulkii ay banaysay HALO, SMAC waxay xaqiijisay 150,807 mitir murabac (laba xero miino oo ku yaal Xariirad iyo Goroyo Cawl ee Gobolka Awdal).

  • DDG waxay banaysay 72,000 mitir murabac oo miino taalay iyo 1,682,327 mitir murabac oo ahaa meelo dagaal, soona saartay 1,104 miino dad, 540 miino taangi iyo 39,741 aaladaha kale ee qarxa. SMAC way xaqiijisy dhamaan dhulkaas. DDG waxa kale oo ay ku kacday baadhitaan saddex meelood oo kale.

  • SBF, oo qandaraas ka haysatay Hayda Wadooyinka ee Somaliland, waxay banaysay 26,847 mitir murabac, waxayna soo saartay 23 miino taangi iyo 17 aaladaha qarxa.

Macluumaadka SMAC waxay ka duwan yihiin kuwa ay hayadaha kor ku qorani bixiyeen.[30] Sida ay noo sheegeen saddexda hayadood sanadkii 2003dii waxay isugayn baneeyeen 267,780 mitir murabac oo dhul miino taalay ah iyo 51,982,602 mitir murabac oo meelo dagaal ahaa. Waxayna soo saarayn burburiyeenna 1571 miino dad, 683 miino taangi iyo 40,171 aaladaha qaraxa. Marka laga bilaabo 1999 ilaa iyo 2003dii, waxa ay dhamaan baneeyeen dhul gaadhaya 2,946,759 mitir murabac iyo 91,639,528 mitir murabac oo dhul dagaal ahaa, waxana la soo saaray 47,613 miino dad, 1213 miino taangi iyo 59,168 aaladaha qarxa ee kale.

Dhulka la banayey waxa kale ahaayeen sidan: 53,576 sanadkii 1999, 1,810,740 sanadkii 2000; 384,303 sanadkii 2001, 1,923,868 sanadkii 2002 iyo 267,780 sanadkii 2003.

SBF waxay sheegtay inay 2003dii ay banaysay 32,000 mitir murabac oo dhul ah, burburisayna 11 miino dad, 23 miino taangi iyo 49 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.. Intii u dhaxaysay 1999 ilaa 2003dii, waxay sheegtay SBF inay banaysay 1,432,000 mitir murabac, burburisayna 472 miino dad, 37 miino taangi iyo 1,890 aaladaha qarxa.[31]

Miino Saarkii Santa Barbara Foundation[32]

Sanadkii
MM
Miino Dad
Miino Taangi
Aaladaha Qarxa
1999
30,000
4
2
3
2000
240,000
133
9
29
2001
130,000
112
2
1,200
2002
1,000,000
212
1
609
2003
32,000
11
23
49
Isugayn
1,432,000
472
37
1890

DDG waxay iyana sheegtay inay 2003dii banaanaysay 71,800 mitir murabac, 1,682,237 mitir murabac oo dhul dagal ahaa, burburisayna 1104 miino dad, 540 miino taangi iyo 39,741 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.[33] Waxay ka hawl gashay tuulada Dubato, laba xero miino oo ku xeersanaa Madaarka Hargeysa, xeradii geerashka ciidanka iyo saldhigii Qaasim ee ciidankii hore ee Somalia. Hawlgalka DDG waxa ka mid ahaa kormeer, miino saar iyo kobcinta tayada hayadaha wadaniga ah. Waxa kale oo DDG bilowday kooxda gargaarka deddeg ee miino saarida (EOD) kooxdaas oo booqatay 459 goobo bulshadeed iyo 1100 meelood oo gooni gooni ah.[34]

Miino saarka DDG ee Somaliland[35]

Year
MM
Goob dagaal
AP
AT
UXO
1999
23,156
178,426
29
1
15,495
2000
Unknown
Unknown
40
Unknown
895
2001
136,000
261,000
7,076
Unknown
177
2002
747,984
Unknown
37,890
Unknown
unknown
2003
71,800
1,682,327
1,682,327
540
39,741
TOTAL
978,940
2,121,753
46,139
541
56,308

HALO Trust dhinaceedda waxay sheegaty in 2003dii ay banaysay 163,980 MM oo dhul miino taalay ah, 50,300,275 MM oo dhul dagaal ahaa. Waxay burburisay 460 miino dad, 120 miino taangi iyo 381 aaladaha qarxa.[36] Waxa kale oo ay baadhis farsamo ku samaysay dhul gaadhaya 3,308,895 MM. 2004tii ilaa bishii Abril, HALO waxay sheegtay in baashis farsamo ku samaysay dhul gaadhaya 79,103,760 MM aanay banaysay 84,560 MM oo dhul ah iyo 10,424,030 MM oo dhul dagaal ahaa, burburisayna 118 miino dad, 20 miino taangi iyo 2,215 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.[37]

Miino Saarka HALO Trust ee Somaliland[38]

Sanadkii
MM la baadhay
MM la baneeyey
Dhul dagaal
AP
AT
Aaladaha Qarxa
1999
122,500
420
0
0
0
6
2000
1,570,740
77,232
810,000
353
81
172
2001
6,000
118,303
18,855,000
146
251
237
2002
265,750
175,884
20,362,500
43
183
174
2003
3,308,895
163,980
50,300
460
120
381
Isugayn
5,273,885
535,819
89,517,775
1002
635
970

Waxa kale oo dheeraad ku ah hayadaha miino saarka, inay jirto koox askar ah oo loo tababary gargaarka degdeg ee miino saarka kuwaas oo 2003dii burburiyey 10,456 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.[39] Bishii Sebtember 2003, waxay UNDP oo iyadu qandaraas tababarka kooxdan siisay Mines Advisory Group, UK, ay cadaysay “in samaynta kooxan garagaarka degdeg ah ee Somaliland ay noqotay mid aad u natiijo guulayd oo wanaagsan leh xaga farsamo iyo xag dhaqaalaba iyo xagga lahaansha wadaninimo”[40]

2002dii, DDG, HALO iyo SBF oo la isugeeyey waxay banayeen 1.92 MM of ahaa dhul miinysnaa (oo ay ku jirto ilaa malyuun ay SBF sheegtay) iyo in ka badan 20 million MM oo ahaa dhul dagaal. HALO iyo SBF waxay burburiyeen 255 miino dad iyo 184 miino taangi iyo 783 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.

2001, HALO, DDG iyo SBF waxay sheegeen isugayn inay baneeyeen 383,303 MM oo ahaa dhul miinaysnaa iyo 19,116,000 MM oo ahaa dhul dagaal, waxayna burburiyeen 334 miino dad, 253 miino taangi iyo 1614 aaladaha kale ee qarxa. Siday sheegtay SMAC 1.5 million MM ayaa dib loogu sii daayey bulshada ku nool 35 goobood.[41]

Sanadkii 2000 DDG waxay dhamaysay miino saariddii Mdaarka Caalamiga ah ee Hargeysa, halkaas oo ka saartay 40 miino dad, 895 aaladaha qarxa iyo 48 SU-24 bambooyin, waxa kale oo dhamaystirtay banaynta lix briij oo ku yaal wadada magaalada dekedda ee Berbera. HALO waxay dhamaysay baadhis balaadhan oo lagu tababaray ayda baadhida miinada, halkay SBFna ka banaysay 240,000 MM oo dhul ah.[42]

Sida laga soo xigtay UNta, 1999 ilaa 2002, haydaha miino saarku waxay burburiyeen 14,596 miino, 220,874 aaladaha qarxa, baneeyeenna dhul ah 92,735,677 MM.[43]

Wacyigelinta Khatarta Miinada

Wacyigelinta laga sameeyey Somaliland iyo Somaliyaba ilaa hadda may lahayn qorshe wayn, miisan badanna may lahayn. UNICEF iyo Handicap International (HI) ayaa ugu badnaa samaynta wacyi gelinta iyaga oo la kaashanaya SMAC, haydaha qaarkoodna sida DDG iyo SBF waxay sameeyeen wacyigelin ku milnayd shaqadoodii miino saarka ee u socotay.[44]

Markuu dhamaaday aqoonisweydaarsi dhacay Oktoobar 2001, waxa loo MRR&R bandhigay qorshe ay wadajir u sameeyeen UNICEF, NDA iyo SMAC oo loogu talagalay in xukuumaddu qaadato. Qorshan weli lama ogolaan ilaa badhtamihii 2003 markaas oo ay UNICEF u sheegtay Landmine Monitor in la isku dayey in a lagu biiroyo qorshaha wacyigelinta istiraajid guud oo markaa laga doodayey.[45]

Bishii Oktoobar 2003, UNICEF iyo HI waxay Hargeysa ku qabteen aqoonisweydaarsi labaad oo lagu soo bandhigay qorshahoodii wacyigelinta iyo sidii wadajir loo hirgelin lahaa.[46] Waxa ka soo qaybgalay 30 hayadood oo isugi jira kuwo wadani ah iyo kuwo caalami ahba oo ku dhex jira waxkaqabadka miinada. Bishii July 2004tii HI waxay soo sheegtay inay UNICEF iyo Dalka Ireland ay ka heshay maalgelin mashruuc wacyigelinta khatarta miinada lagu fulin doono kaas oo talagalkiisu ahaa in la bilaabo Obtoobar 2004tii.[47]

Bishii Sebtember 2002, UNICEF iyo HI waxay sameeyeen badhitaan “aqoonta, aragtida iyo ku dhaqanka” (Knowledg,e Attitude and Practice) khatarta miinada ee dadka reer Somaliland ee ku nool saddexda gobo lee Awdal, Galbeed iyo Togdheer. Baadhitaankan waxa lagu ogaaday in 29% dad gaadhaa aanay aqoon u lahayn khatarta miinada.[48] UNICEF waxa kale oo baadhitaanka ku ogaatay in “ dadka in aad u badani ay rabaan inay helaan macluumad iyo xog xagga miinada iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxa, khaas ahaan sida bulshadu ugu noolaan karto dul miino ku aasan tahay iyo cidda iyo sida loogu sheego miinada dulka taala cida waxkaqabadka ka masu’uulka ah”.[49]

Hayadda Somali Environmental Review (SOMMER) oo ah hayad wadani ah ayaa iyada oo is maalgelisay ka samaysay wacyigelin Golgodob ee Puntland, khaas ahaan magaalada Golgodob. Waxa ku soo biiray wacyigelinta inay dadkii reer Golgodob soo ururiyeen waxoogaa aaladaha qarxa ah oo loo dhiibay kooxda gargaarka degdeg ah oo iyaguna burburiyey. UNDP waxay sheegta inay dhawr kun oo qof ka faa’iidaysteen aqoon isweydaarsigaa.[50]

2002dii Landmine Monitor waxay qortay in SMAC iyo HI ay fuliyeen mashruuc wacyigelin ah oo loogu tala galay xeryaha qaxootiga Djibouti iyo Ethiopia oo la qorsheeyey in qaxootiga jooga UNHCR dib ugu soo celiso Somaliland.

2000 ila 2002, SBF ayaa iyana u sameeyey wacyigelin dad gaadhaya 2,250 oo isugu jiray waayeel iyo caruur ku nool gobolka Togdheer. Wacyigelinta waxa laga sameeyey dugsiyada waxayna ka mid ahayd hawlgal miino saar oo ka socotay gobolka. Waxay SBF hawlgelisay miino saarayaal degaankaa degan.[51] SBF waxay sheegtay in ka dib wacyigelintaa ay si miisaan leh u kordheen soo sheegida miinooyinka aasan ee jiidaas.[52]

Waxa kale oo landmine Monitor Report werisay in 2000 ay hayadu kale oo isugu jira wadani iyo caalamiba oo ay ka mid yihiin CARE, DDG, MineTech, SMAC iyo Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association iyo dhalinyaro samafal ah oo isticmaala ciyaaraha circus (HAVAYOCO) ay dhammaantood fuliyeen mashaariic wacyigelin ah.[53]

Maaligelinta Waxkaqabadka Miinada

Dalalka deeqda bixiyaa waxay caadi ahaan sheegaan inay Somalia maalgelin ku sameeyaan, hase yeeshee ilaa wakhtigan maaligelinta laxaadkeedu waxa uu ku baxaa Somaliland.

Wararka la siiyey Landmine Monitor Report waxa ka muuqata in ugu yaran 7 deeq bixiye ay ku bixiyeen ilaa $2.1 million waxkaqabadka miinada ee Somaliland sanadkii 2003.[54] Norway waxay bixisay NOK4.9 million ($690,500), oo ay kala ahaa NOK2.9 million la siiyay HALO Trust iyo NOK2.0 million la siiyey HALO Trust oo loo siiyey labadaba miino saarka Somaliland. Dalka Netherlands wuxuu bixiyey $475,445 oo qaabilsanaa Somaliland. Dalka Maraykankuna $450,000 oo ku qornaa “Somalia”.[55] Denmark waxay Somaliland DDG ugu soo marisay DKK2 million (US$304,000), Canada waxay bixisay US$47,320 oo ku baxay LIS.[56] Finland waxay HALO Trust siisay Euros 137,726 (US$ 158,509) miino saarka Somaliland iyo Puntland. HALO Trust waxa kale oo deeq aan la sheegin ka heshay Ireland oo u siisay miinosaarka “Somalia”.[57] Switzerland waxay sheegtay in shaqaale dalkaa ka socdaa ay ka qaybqaateen miino saarka Somaliland 2003 iyo 2004.[58] Sanadkii 2003, DDG waxay u qoondaysay miino saarka Somaliland US$ 1 million oo ay ka heshay dalalka Denmark, Norway iyo Sweden.[59]

Deeqda US$2.1million ahi aad bay uga hoosaysaa deeqdii 2002 oo ay 8 deeqbixiye sheegeen inay US$5.55 million ku bixiyeen waxkaqabadka miinada Somaliland---Germany, Switzerland, Netheralands, France, European Union Community, United States, Sweden iyo Denmark. 2001, US4.4 million baa la bixiyey oo ka timid inta kor ku qoran oo aanay France ku jirin. Sida ay sheegtay UNtu, miisaaniyadda waxkaqabadka miinada ee Somalia—oo ay Somaliland ku jirtaa waxay ahayd US$ 4.1 million sanadkii 2000 oo ka kala timid United States, European Community, Denmark iyo Germany.[60] Sida hore loogu sheegay landmine Monitor Report 2000, miisaaniyadda waxkaqabadka miinadu waxay dhamayd US$ 546,000 oo keliya sanadkii 1998, laakiin waxay si lexaad leh ugu korodhay US6.65 million sanadkii 1999 ilaa horantii 2000.

Dhacdooyinka iyo Waxyeelada Miinada iyo Aaladaha kale ee Qarxa

Sanadkii 2003dii SMAC waxay diiwaangelisay 50 dhacdo oo qarax ah intii u dhaxaysay July iyo Diisamber, kuwaas oo geystay 13 dimasho iyo 37 dhaawac; 23 waxay ahaayeen caruur. Laba iyo tobban (12) waxay ahaayeen 12 dumar. Qaraxyadu waxay kala ahaayeen 14 miino dad, 6 miino taangi iyo 30 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.[61] Qof kale oo isna wax ku noqday qarax dhacay January ayaa isna LIS xisaabteeda ku jiray.[62] War hufan oo buuxa lagama hayn dhacdooyinka iyo waxyeeladooda oo in kasta oo SMAC ay intii hore isticmaali jirtay nidaamka Information Managemnet System for Mine Action (IMISMA), hadana awood dhaqaale la’aan ayaa loo dhimay hawshaas 2001 markii ay UNDP joojisay maalgelintii. Sidaa daraadeed ururis dhacdooyinka miinada oo hufan waxa dib loo bilaabay bishii July 2003 uun. Dhinac kale ma jiraan shuruuc cidna ku khasbaysa in loo soo gudbiyo dhacdooyinka ciidamda amaanka ama hayadha ku hawlan waxkaqabadka miinada.

LIS waxay diiwaangelisay 129 qof (51 dhintay iyo 78 dhaawacmay) oo miino ama aaladaha kale ku qarxeen 2002 iyo 142 qof (40 dhintay iyo 102 dhaawacmay) sanadkii 2001.[63] Sanadkaa 2001, SMAC waxay sheegtay in 107 qof 60 ay caruur yihiin qarax wax yeelay.[64]

Waxyeelada miinada weli waa loo soo sheegaa SMAC sandkan 2004 oo 31 qof qarax waxyeelay ilaa iyo bishii June, kuwaas oo 8 qofna ay dhinteen 23 ay ku dhaawacmeen oo 11na caruur ahaayeen. Dadkaa waxa ka mid ahaa 10 dumar ah.[65] Hase yeeshee intii u dhaxaysay Abril iyo June war urursigu wuu yaraa maalgelin la’aan awgeed.[66]

Wararka ugu badan ee waxyeeladda miinada waxa lagu ogaaday LISkii dhamaaday. Tiradda LISta lagu sheegay inay wax ku noqdeen qarax waxay ahayd 276 oo qof (92 dhintay iyo 184 dhaawacmay) labadii sanadood ee ka horeeyey dhamaystirkii LIS, kuwaas oo ahaa 151 caruur ka da’ yar 14 jir (55%), 213na waxay ahaayeen rag (77%) oo laba keliye askar ahayd. Dadka badidooda qaraxu waxa uu ku dhacay iyaga oo hawl maalmoodkoodii ku dhex jira, oo ay ka mid tahay xoolo raac (178 ama 64%), socdaal (28 ama 10%), ama ciyaaraya (26 ama 9%).[67] Daraasadha iyo xisaabinta SMAC waxa ku jira in 2651 qof ay wax ku noqdeen inta la ogyahay (1114 dhimasho iyo 1537 dhaawac).[68] Baadhista LIS waxay ku koobnayd 4 gobol lixda gobo ee Somaliland. Gobolka Sool oo miino badan la filayo inay taalo lama baadhin lamana oga sida dadku wax ugu noqdaan.[69]

Daryeelka dadka wax ku noqdo qaraxa

Tayada adeega caafimaad ee Somaliland ee lagu daryeelo dadka wax ku noqdo qaraxyada miinada aad buu u liitaa. Cisbataaladu ma qalab fiicna shaqaale tababa ku filan lahina ma joogaan inta badan. Badi waxa dhaawac lagu daweeya Dhakhtarka Weyn ee Hargeysa ama Dhakhtarka Qaliinka ee Berbera oo Laanqayrta Case taageertay. Cisbataalka Berbere hase yeeshee wuu ka fogyahay goobaha khatartu ku badan tahay. Guud ahaan, gargaar degedeg ah (first aid) waa la siin karaa dhaawac, gadiidna waa la helaa lagu geyn karo ilaa dhakhtarada, hase yeeshee wakhtiga lagu gaadhsiin karaa wuxuu ka badan karaa 6 saacadood.[70]

Dhakhtarka Hargeysa oo ah ka ugu weyn Somaliland 2003dii waxa uu daryeelay 7 qof oo miino ku qaraxday iyo 10 qof oo wax ku noqday qarax aaladaha kale intii u dhaxaysay Mars iyo Nofember; laba dumar bay ahaayeen 9na caruur.[71]

Dadka intiisa badani waa ree guuraa. War sheegii Mbagathi waxba noomaydaan Jibrill. Iyagu runta aayar oo aan kugo soo noqonayn bay kuu sheegtay

Haydaha miina saarka ee HALO, DDG iyo SBF waxay iyana tababar siiyaan kalkaaliyaal caafimaad oo la shaqeeya kooxaha miino saarka, waxayna siiyeen kalkaaliyaashaa qalab iyo amblaansyo loogu talo galay gargaarka degdeg ah.[72]

Dadka reer Somaliland intooda badani waa reer guuraa, waana dad u baahan socod iyo socdaal. Dadka wax ku noqda miinada oo ka hadhi kara bulshaadooda lama siiyo wax taagulayn ah.

LIS kii waxa lagu ogaaday in 179 qof oo ahaa dad dhawaan ku dhaawacmay qaraxyo 141 (79%) ka mid ah heleen gargaar degdeg ah, laakin afar keliya la siiyey waxtar ka taba tag ah (rehabilitation), 24 ka mid ahina aanay habaraatee helin wax taakulayn ah. Mid keliya lama siin tababar u ku shaqaysan karo. Guud ahaan 47 ayaa u baahday in la gooyo gacan ama lug, 18 way indhabeeleen ama indhadareen, 119 na waxa gaadhay dhaawacyo kale.[73]

Bisha Cas ee Somalaind (SRCS) waxay leeyihiin xarun lagu sameeyo gacmaha ama lugaha caaga ah iyo qaybahooda (components) oo ay inta badan maalgeliso hayada Lanqayrta Cas ee Norway. Ilaa iyo 1999, SRCS waxay lahayd kilinik guura oo kolba meesha looga baahan yahay taga sida meelaha ka baxsan Hargeysa. Sanadkii 2003dii SRCS waxay samaysay 183 gacmo ama lugo caag ah, 58 qaybood iyo 210 aaladood oo lugaha caawiya; 80 qof oo miino ku qaraxdayna wuu tao ageray oo ay kid mid yihinn 22 dumar ah iyo laba caruur ah.[74] 2002dii, SRCS waxay caawisay 291 qof waxay (oo 93%) ay yihiin dad miino wax yeeshay, waxayna samaysay 165 lugood oo caag ah iyo 50 aaladood oo klae waxayna dib u hagaajisay 109 lugood. Intii wu dhaxaysay 1994-2002, xaruntu waxay bixisay 1246 lugood, oo ay 446 ahaayeen dad miino wax yeeshay.[75]

Handicap International waxay taageertaa ururka ka dhexeeya dadka laxaadku wax ka dhiman yihiin ee Hargeysa. Waxay dadkaa ka caawiyaan sidii laxaadkoodu u kordhi lahaa, waxayna sameeyaan lugo ama gacmo aan qaali ahayn iyo baaskeeladaha curyaanka. Marka laga bilaabo 2001, 7 qof oo miino iyo 8 qarax kale wax yeeshay ayey caawiyeen. HI waxay tababartaa shaqaale iyo dadka caawi curyaaminta khaas ahaan kuwa wax ka qaban kara lugaha ama gacmaha caaga ah, waxay kale oo isku daydaa in ay dib ugu soo celiso dadkaa noloshooda caadiga ah iskuna daydaa inay shaqooyin helaan. Waxayna isku daydaa inay wacyigelin ku saabsan dadka laxaadka daran iyo xuquuqdooda.[76]


[1] Waxaad eegtaa landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 208-209, p.264, si macluumaad dheeraad ah aad uga heshid mawqifka Somaliland ee xayiraadda miinada aduunweynaha iyo gobolkaba.
[2] Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p 212; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p 264; Landmine Monitor 2003, p. 761.
[3] Cilmi Baadhaha Landmine Monitor baa ka qayb galay shirkaas.
[4] E-mail ku socota Geneva Call oo uu soo diray Wasiirka Arimaha Dibedda ee Somaliland Marwo Edna Aadan Ismaciil, waxa hogaaminayey waftiga Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenkay Somaliland waxana la soconayey Wasiirka iyo Maareeyaha SMAC.
[5] UNDP/UNOPS, “Annual Report: Mine Action Program n Somaliland,” December 2002.
[6] Email uu soo diray Bo Bishoff, Madaxa DDG Mine Action, 27 July 2002
[7] Qodbad uu u jeediyey Moxamed Cali Ismaciil, Maareeyaha DDG aqoonisweydaarsi wacyigelineed oo ka dhacay Somaliland 27-28 Oktoobar 2000.
[8] Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.852.
[9] Waraysi saraakiil ciidanka Somaliland iy o Wasaaradda Daakhiliga, Jan-Feb 2003.
[10] “Putland Takes Full Control of Sool,” IRIN (Nairobi), 30 December 2003. Bariga Somalia ayaa waxa uu samaystay Is-Maamul Madaxbanaan 1998, Madaxweynaha Gobolkaasi 2002dii ayuu soo saaray sharci uu ku mamnuucayo isticmaalka miinada dadka.
[11] Landmine Monitor waxay warar ka heshay shaqaalaha hayadaha caalamiga ah oo baqdin ka muujiyey in laga yaabo in la isticmaalay miino, hase yeeshee shaqaalahaasi iyaga laftoodu may tegin halka ciidamadu isku horfadhiyaan.
[12] E-mail Landmine Monitor ka heshay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Somaliland 22 June 2004; e-mail Landmine Monitor ay ka heshay Puntland Mine Action, 23 June 2004.
[13] Wargeysyada Somaliland, 22 Janawari 2004.
[14] Eeg Landmine Moniotr Report 1999, pp. 210-212, iyo Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 213-214 si aad u hesho macluumaad dheeraad ah. Miinadu Somaliland taala waxa lagu sameeyey wadanada Belgium, China, wadamaddii la odhan jiay Czechoslovakia iyo Jarmalka Bari, Masar, Talyanika, Pakistan, Midowgi Sovietka, Ingiriska iyo Marykanka.
[15] Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 853.
[16] UNDP Update, intersessional Standing Committee meetings, Geneva, 9-13 February 2004. The Survey Action Center waxay ahayd hawshiisa bilaabay August 2004. Email ka timid John Dingley, Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Somalia, 8 July 2004.
[17] Warqad ka timid Mike Kendellen, Maareeyaha Baadhitaanada, Survey Action Center, 27 May 2003.
[18] Natiijooyinka LISka waxa la soo bandhigay laba goor, marna Nariobi 28 May 2004 oo UNDP iyo wadamada deeqda bixiyaa ay joogeen, marna Somaliland 6 June 2004 shir uu gudoomiyeye Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka Somaliland isaga oo ah gudoomiyaha gudida wasiirada ee qaabilsan waxkaqabadka miinada kana soo qaybgalayn saraakiil kale; e-mail from Osman Ahmed, Maareeyaha, SMAC, 22 August 2004.
[19] “Landmine Impact Survey: Phase I: Awdal Galbeed, Sahil, and Togdheer Regions, Executive Summary” Implemented by Survey Action Center and the Danish Demining Group, p. 3, laga heli karo: http://www.sac-na.org/pdf_text/somalia_ph1/ExecSummary.pdf.
[20] Ibid.
[21] Email ka timid Mohamed Osman Ahmed, SMAC, 22 August 2004.
[22] Email ka timid Neil Ferrao, Horn of Africa Desk Officer, HALO Trust, 22 September 2004.
[23] Warqad ka timid Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka oo ku socota dhamaan haydaha (ref RSL/VP/ND/13-01341/0304 27 Mars 2004, daba socotana digreetadii Madaxweynaha ee 11 Mars 2004.
[24] UNDP update, intersessional Standing Committee, 9-13 February 2004.
[25] Landmine Monitor ay ka qayb gashay shirkan Nofember 2003.
[26] Warqad daba socota degriito Madaxweyne (ref 016/2004) oo ka timid madaxweyne ku xigeenka, 27 Mars 2004
[27] HALO iyo DDG waxay ka shaqaynayeen Somaliland ilaa iyo 1999, SBFna ilaa iyo 2000. DDG xilkeedu wxuu dhamaanayaa 2006; jawaabo ay naga siiyeen su’aaalo aanu weydiinay Erik Willadsen, Madaxda Mashaariicda, DDG, Copenhagen 16 Abril 2004. SBF imika kama shaqayso Somaliland, waxase laga yaa inay soo noqoto 2005ta; e-mail ka timid Norbert Rossa, Maareeyaha Fulinta ee SBF, Bonn, Germany.
[28] E-mail ka timid Mohamed Osman Ahmed, SMAC, 15 August 2004.
[29] E-mail ka timid Neil Ferrao, HALO, 22 Sebetember 2004
[30] Isugayntana ma dhamma waayo Landmine Monitor ma hayso xisaabtii DDG ee 2000 iyo banaynta dul dagaal ee SBF.
[31] Jaawbo uu Norbert Rossa ka bixiyey su’aalo qoraal ah, SBF, 28 July 2004.
[32] Ibid.
[33] Jawaabo laga bixiyey su’aalo qoraal ah oo DDG ka jawaabtay, 16 Abril 2004. 2003dii, dalab ka yimid Wasaaradda Difaaca ka dib, ayey DDG qarxis ku burburisay 18,000 oo xabadood oo rasaas iyo wax kale oo qarxi kari kara isugu jira oo yaalay Burco (Togdheer). “DDG, Somaliland Annual Report 2003,” 26 Feberwari 2004.
[34] DDG, “Somaliland Annual Report 2003,” 26 Feberwari 2004.
[35] Jawaabo DDG ka bixisay su’aalo qoraal ah, 16 Abril 2004; DDG, “Annual Report 2003,” 26 Feb 2004, iyo cadadadii hore ee Landmine Monitor Report.
[36] E-mail ka timid Mathew Hovel, ‘Caucasus and Balkans DeskOfficer, HALO Trust 3 Sebetmber 2004.
[37] Ibid.
[38] Ibid.
[39] Warbixin ka timid SMAC
[40] Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ay UNDP ku bixisay shirkii Wadadamada ka Mid ka ah Heshiiskii Ottawa, ee Bangkok, Sebtember 2003
[41] Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp. 853-855
[42] Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp.266-267. SBF waxay markii hore sheegtay 50,000 MM oo keliya, mar dambana 240,000 MM.
[43] UNDP/UNOPS, “Annual Report” Diisamber 2002. Xisaabtan ku ma jirto miino saarid ay samaysay RIMFIRE (intii ka horaysay 1999), tii Greenfield Associates (1999) iyo tii Mine Tech (1998-99). Waxaad sii eegtaa Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p. 213 iyo Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 215-216.
[44] UNICEF waxay samaysay Guddi u Xilsaaran ka Taliska Wacyigelinta oo loo sameeyey inay talo siiyaan NDA iyo SMAC sidii loo dejin lahaa istraajiyad tayo leh ururinta macluumaadka ku haboon wacyigelinta iyo faafinta macluumaadkaas iyo kolba dhacdooyinka qaraxa miinada. Waxaad eegtaa Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 855.
[45] E-mail ka timid Silvia Danailov, Child Protection Officer, UNICEF Somalia Support Center, Nairobi, Kenya, 16 June 2003.
[46]
[47] E-mail ka timid Sophie Bonichon, MRE Coordinator, HI, Lyon, France, 6 July 2004.
[48].UNICEF/HI “Aqoonta, aragtida iyo ku dhaqanka” ku waajihan miinada iyo wixii qarxa.” Nofembar 2002.
[49] UNICEF Somalia Support Center “ Mine Awareness, Funding Proposal , June 2003-December 2004,” undated, p.4
[50] E-mail ka timid John Dingley, UNDP, 21 Sebtember 2004
[51] E-mail ka timid Norbert Rossa, SBF, 7 July 2004.
[52] Waraysi lagu waraystay Burkhard Von Buttlar, SBF Program Manager, 10 Feberwari 2003.
[53] Eeg Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 216 oo aad macluumaad dheeraad ah ka heli karto.
[54] Hadii aan macluumaad gaar ah laga bixin, xisaabta halkan ku qorani waxay ka timid wararka laga soo xigtay deeq bixiyaasha laftooda ee sanadka miisaaniyada (ma aha sanad taariikhdka 2003)
[55] Wasaaradda Khaarajiga ee Maraykanka, “Congressional Budget Justifications: Foreign Operations, Fiscal Year 2005, Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs (NADR) Appropriations,” 10 February 2004, pp. 154-158.
[56] E-mail ka timid Paul Hannon, Mines Action Canada, 22 July 2004, warar laga soo qaatay Mine Action Investment Database lagana xaqiijeye Mine Action Unit, Wasaaradda Khaarajiga iyo Baayacmustarka Caalamka ee Canada.
[57] Ireland waxay siisay HALO Trust euros 1 million (US1.15 million) una siisay miino saarka Somalia, Afqanistan, Angola iyo Eritrea.
[58] Waaxda Difaaca Federaalka, difaaca bulshada iyo ciyaaraha, www.vbs.ddps.ch, accessed on 5 April 2004.
[59] Jawaabo ay DDG ka bixisay su’aalo la weeydiiyey, 16 Abril 2004. Sweden may sheegin in wax maal gelin ah ku bixisay miino saarka Somaliland 2003dii.
[60] UNDP/UNOPS, “UNDP Somalia Mine Action Progress Report, January to June 2001,” p.4.
[61] E-mail from Mohamed Osman Ahmed, SMAC, 5 Sebtember 2004.
[62] Landmine Monitor analysis of “recent” casualty data, e-mail from Mike Kendellen, Survey Action Center, 20 August 2004.
[63] Ibid.
[64] Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 267-269.
[65] E-mail ka timid Mohamed Osman Ahmed, 5 Sebtember 2004.
[66] Ibid, and 7 Sebtember 2004.
[67] “Landmine Impact Survey, Phase I,” pp.20-21.
[68] E-mail from Mohamed Osman Ahmed, SMAC, 1 July 2003.
[69] Ibid.
[70] Ibid
[71] macluumaad uu ururiyey Dr. Suleiman Gulaid oo ah Madaxda Qaliinka ee Cisbitaalka Hargeysa oo loo soo gudbiyey landmine Monitor 29 Feberwari 2004.
[72] Waraysi lala yeeshay Burkhard Van Buttlar, SBF, 10 Febrwari 2003.
[73] “Landmine Impact Survey, Phase I,” pp.21-22.
[74] Xisaabtan waxa na siiyey SRCS xarunta Hargeysa. Waa inaad ogaataa in xisaabtani ay ku jirto tii ay hore u bixisay SRCS.
[75] Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p 765; Landmine Monitor Report 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.865.
[76] “HI, “Program Summary: Somaliland 2004,” 3 December 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p. 765; Landmine Monitor 2002, p. 856.