Waxyaabha Muhiimka intii ka dambaysay May 2003: Natiijooyinka
Baadhitaankii Saamaynta Miinada ee la dhameeyey Mars 2003, waxa la sii daayey
badhtamihii 2004. Afarta gobol ee baadhitaankaa laga dhamaystiray waxa lagu
arkay 357 goob bulsho oo miinado waxyeelo ku hayso; 45 ka mid ah khatarta
miinadu waa mid laxaad badan, 102 na miinadu waxay ku haysaa dhibaato
dhexdhexaad lagu qiyaso. Waxa sii dheer intaas,inay jiraan 772 meelood oo shaki
laga qabo. Bishii Feberwari 2004tii, waxaxilkaisu duwidda wax ka qabashada
miinada la wareegay Madaxwyene-ku-XigeenkaSomaliland, bishii Marsna waxa
xukuumadda Somaliland ayansixisayhabwaxqabadka miinada. Bishii July 2004,
wakiilo ka socdaSomalilandwaxaycaddeeyeen inay Somaliland diyaar u tahay inay
saxeexdo Heshiiska Geneva Callee ku waajihan xayiraada gebi ahaaneed ee miinada
dadkaisticmaalkeeda. Wararka laga soo xigtay saddex hayadood oo mina saar kaga
hawlan Somaliland wuxuu sheegayaa in 2003dii ay miino saar dhan ku sameeyeen
267,780 mitir murabac dhul gaadha iyo 52 million mitir murabac oo ah meelo lagu
dagaalamay, iyo inay burburiyeen 1,575 miino dadeed, 683 miino taangi 40,171
aaladaha kale ee qarxa.
Waxyaabihii Muhiimka ahaa intii ka damabysay 1999: 1999kii ayuu
Golaha Wakiladda Somaliland go’aamiyeen in xukuumadda Somaliland ay iskeed
u xayirto miinada dadka, go’aankaas oo Madaxweynaha Somalilandna u ku
raacay. Baadhitaan caam ah oo lagu samaynayo waxyeelada gebi ahaaneed ee miinada
(Landmine Impact Survey) ayaa ka bilaabmay Somaliland May 2002 wuxuna
dhamaaday Mars 2003. Baadhitaankaa waxa lagu ogaaday 357 goob bulsho oo miino
waxyeelo ku hayso iyo 772 meelood oo shakilaga qabo. Miina baadhista iyo miino
saar rasmi u bilaabantay 1999-2000. Saddex hayadood oo aan dawli ahayn oo mino
saar sameeya waxay sheegeen in laga bilaabo 1999 ila 2003dii ay miino ka saareen
dhul dulucdiiso thay 2.9 million oo mitir murabac iyo 92 million oo dhul dagaal
ahaa. Waxay burburiyeen 47,613 miino dad, 1213 miinotaangi iyo 58,168 aaladaha
kale ee qarxa. Waxa kale oo la burburiyey 7,517 miino oo ciidanka Somaliland
lahaa . Xukuumada Somaliland waxay sheegtay inay diyaar u tahay inta kalena inay
burburiso laakiin weli lama sheegin goorta la burburin doono. Sanadkii 2002dii,
isu duwidaa hawlgalka waxkaqabadka miinadu waxa ku yimid carqalado maamul.
Marka laga bilaabo 2001, waxa la ogyahay in ugu yaraan 349 qof wax ku noqdeen
qarax miino.
Siyaasadda ku Saabsan Mamnuucidda Miinada
Somaliland waxay ku dhawaaqday inay tahay dal madaxbanaan 1991 markii u dumay
xukunkii Siyaad Barre ee Somalia. Maadaama aan weli la ictiraafin ma saxeexo
karto Heshiiska Xayiraadda Miinada (Ottawa Convention, Mine Ban Treaty).
Laakiin wakhti hore oo laga bilaabo 1997, madaxda Somaliland waxay aduunka
tuseen inay u diyaar yihiin inay ku dhaqmaan dhammaanba shuruudaha Heshiika
Xayiraadda Miinada. 1dii Mars 1999 Golaha Wakiilada Somaliland waxay soo saareen
baaq ay ku taageerayaan Heshiiskii Xayiraadda Miinada ee Ottawa. Madaxweynaha
Somalilandna wuu taageeray.[1] Madaxda
Somaliland waxa kale oo samayeen baaqyo iyo taageero sanadihii 2000 iyo
2002.[2] Hase yeeshee, ilaa imika
xukuumadda Somaliland may samayn sharciyo joojinaya isticmaalka, samaynta, ka
baayac mushtaraynta iyo kaydinta miinada dadka.
Maadaama ay Somaliland aqoonsan tahay inay tahay dawlad madax banana, madaxda
Somaliland intii hore way ka gaabsanayeen inay saxeexaan Baaqa Geneva ee loogu
tala galay kooxaha aan dawliga ahayn. Hase yeeshee, bishii July 2004tii, madax
ka socota Somaliland waxay Geneva Call ku wargeliyeen inay “diyaar
u yihiin inay saxeexaan Baaqa
Geneva[3] kuna hor saxeexaan
Hayadda Geneva Call iyo aduunweynaha”, waxanay sheegeen in wafdi
Somaliland ka socdaa uu bisha August tegi doono Geneva si uu u saxeexo
baaqaa.[4]
Samaynta iyo Kaydka Miinada
Somaliland lagu ma sameeyo miinada mana jiraan tilmaamo sheegaya in
Somaliland dibedda ka soo iibsatay ama u dirtay miino intii ay madaxbanaanida ku
dhawaaqday. Maamulayaasha Somaliland hore waxay u sheegeen in kayd miinada dadku
ay jirto laakiin inta kayd kaasi yahay iyo noocyada miinada taala Somaliland
lama sheegin.
14kii Nofember 2002, Wasaaradda Gaashandhiga Somaliland waxay u dhiibtay
hayadda miino saarka ee Danish Demining Group (DDG) 2,382 xabadood oo
miinada dadka ah, DDGna 17 Nofember 2002 ayey si cad oo goobjoogayaal leh ayey
qarxis ku burburisay dhamaan minnadii loo
dhiibay.[5] Intaa ka hore DDG waxay
sheegtay in isla 2002dii ay 5,135 miino ay qarxisay kuwaas oo ay u soo gudbiyeen
Wasaaradda Difaaca iyo Ciidanku.[6]
DDG warbixin ay ka dhiibtay aqoonisweydaarsi wacyigelineed oo dhacay 2000 ku
sheegtay in ay burburiyaan miino hayaddaha nabadgelyadda Somaliland ay ka soo
qab qabtaan kooxo hubaysan ama dad gaar
ah.[7]
Hayadda HALO Trust iyana waxay heshiis la gashay Wasaaradda Difaaca inay
kaydka miinada ee yaala dalka ay burburiso. Sanadkii 2002, HALO waxay
Landmine Monitor u sheegtay in miinada dadku haysto ama taala tuulooyinku
ay ka yartahay inta kaydka ah ee xeryaha ciidamad taalaa, laakiin ay ka khatar
badan yihiin kuwa toolooyinka yaalaa ama dadku iskood u
haystaa.[8]
Saraakiil Somaliland ah ayaa horaantii 2003 ku wargeliyey Landmine
Monitor inay diyaar u yihiin burburinta kaydka ciidanku
haysto.[9] Hase yeeshee, ilaa imika
burburis ka dambeeyey kii Nofember 2002 ma dhicin, goor u dhici doonana lama
sheegin.
Gudbinta iyo Isctimaalka
Bishii Diisamber 2003 magaalada Laascaanood ee gobolka Sool waxa weeraray
qabsadayna ciidan Puntland ka yimid, goobtaas oo Puntland iyo Somaliland ku
muransan yihiin.[10]. Ilaa
badhtimihii 2004 labada ciidan way is hor fadhiyeen. Qaar ka mid ah shaqaalaha
hayadaha caalamiga ah ayaa werwer ay ka qabaan isticmaalka miinada ula yimi
Landmine Monitor.[11] Hase
yeeshee, Somaliland iyo Puntland labaduba waxay sheegeen in aanay miinada dadka
istimaalin.[12]
21kii Janawari 2004, Boqor Cismaan Maxamuud, oo ka mid ah madaxdhaqameedyada
bariga Somaliland ayaa la lagu xidhay eedayn inuu faahfaahiyey war been ah.
Wararka jaraaiidka lagu soo qoray ee Boqor Cismaan sheegay waxa ka mid ahayd in
dawladda Djibouti ee jaarka la ah Somaliland ay u soo marisay Somaliland
hub miino ku jirto koox ka soo horjeeda Madaxweynaha
Puntland.[13]
Mushkiladda Miinada, Baadhitaan iyo Kormeer
Miinadu Somaliland aad bay taala, waana dhaxal dagaalo xuduudeed oo dhexmary
Somalia iyo Ethiopia sida kii 1977-78 iyo dagaaladdii dhexmaray Somali
National Movement iyo taliskii Siyaad Barre ee Somaliya 1981 ila 1991.
Intii u dhaxaysay 1988-1991 oo keliya waxa qiyaasta United Nations Development
Program (UNDP) tilmaamaysaa in 400,000 ilaa 800,000 xabadood oo miino ah la
dhigay dulka Somaliland. Mar kale waxa miino la dhigay dhulka Somaliland
1994-95 markii ay iska hor yimaadeen ciidamada Somaliland taageersan iyo koo ka
soo horjeeda. Waxa Somaliland lagu arkaa ilaa iyo 24 nooc oo miinada dadka ah
kana kala yimid 10 dal.[14]
Dhawr baadhitaan baa lagu sameeyey Somaliland intiii u dhexaysay 1999-2001 oo
ay kala sameeyeen HALO Trust, DDG iyo CARE. Mars 2001, Somaliland Mine
Action Center (SMAC) waxay sheegtay inay jiraan 402 goobood oo miino taalo,
hase yeeshee macluumaad lexaad leh lagama wada hayn
Somaliland.[15] 2001 ayaa Survey
Action Center (SAC) uu sameeyey sahan gaaban, ka dibna waxay qandaraas
siiyeen DDG si ay u samayso baadhitaan dhamaystirin waxyeelada miinada
(comprehensive Landmine Impact Survey ama LIS).
LISkii SAC waxa la bilaabay Mars 2002 waxana la dhameeyey Mars 2003, in kasta
oo aan la gaadhin dhinacyo Sanaag ah, gobolka Sool iyo degmada Buhoodle oo aan
loo gaadhin nabad gelyo darro awgeed. Waxay UNDP rajaynaysaa in meelahaasna la
gaadhi doono dhawaan marka la dhamystiro LIS Puntland.. Faah faahin dambe oo
UNDP ay ka bixisey Geneva bishii Febrwari 2004tii waxay sheegtay in
“LISkii Puntland, Sool iyo Sanaag, ay horjoogsatay carqalad dhul sheegasho
ka timid oo aan markii loogu talo galay la
bilaabin.”[16]
Landmine Monitorkii 2003dii waxa lagu sii sheegay natiijadii ku meelgaadhka
ahayd ee LISkii Somaliland. Natiijadaas oo muujisay in afarta Gobo (Awdal,
Galbeed, Saaxil iyo Togdheer) la ogaaday in 357 goobo bulsho miinadu ay waxyeelo
ku hayso, 45 ka mid ahna khatarta miinado ay aad u sareeyso, 102 meel dhexaad ay
yihiin, 210na khatarta miinadu ay jirto laakiin ay hoosayso. Waxa kale oo lagu
sheegay in si degdeg ah loogu baahan yahay in miino saar lagu sameeyo meelaha
biyaha laga cabo.[17] Waxa kale oo
lagu ogaaday 772 (suspected hazard areas, SHAs) goobood oo miino inay taalo
looga baqayo. Gebi ahaan 588 goobo bulsho oo la baadhay 231 ayaa ka fayowbaa
waxyeelada miinada.[18] Waxa
warbixintaa lagu yidhi “dhulka miinada iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxaa yaalaan
waxay dhibaato nololeed ku hayaan dad lagu qiyaaso 1.34 malyuun, waxanay
dhimashu iyo dhaawac u geesteen 276 qof labadii sanadood ee u
dambeeyey.”[19]
LIS waxa lagu ogaaday in meelaha dhibaatadu ka jirto loo kale qaybin karo
wadooyin (564) iyo meelo aan wadooyin ahayn (198) oo ay ka mid yihiin xeryihii
hore ee ciidamada, meelaha lagu kaydin jiray rasaasta iyo meelo “ogaan loo
dhigay miino si dadka, khaas aaan reer guuraaga iyo xoolohooda loo dhibo.”
Waxa macluumaadka lagu daray “in kasta oo is hortagaaga ilaha dhaqaalaha
ay ugu badan tahay jidgoyn iyo daaq ka fogayn, saamaynta ugu weyni xaga nololsha
iyo dhaqaaluhuba waxay la xidhiidhaa biyaha iy beeraha.” Waxa kale oo LIS
lagu sheegay inay jiraan 126 deegaan oo iskood u bilaabay miino
saar.[20]
Sida ay sheegtay SMAC waxa la qorsheeyey dhawr baadhitaan farsamo
(technical surveys) oo ku daba jira LISkii dhamaaday oo muhim gaar ah la
siinayo sanadkan 2004. Intii bishii August ka horeeysey DDG waxay ka samaysa 26
baadhitaan farsamo Galbeed, Saaxil, iyo Togdheer, kuna ogaadeen 61 xero miino
(minefield).[21] Dhinaca HALO
Turstna waxa lagu sameeyey intii August 2004 ka horeysay 90 baadhitaan farsamo
Awdal, Saaxil, Togdheer iyo Sool, 68 ka mid ah meelahaasi waxay ahayeen meelihii
la sheegay in miinadu ku hayso dhibaato
weyn.[22]
Isuduwid iyo Qorshaynta
Bishii Feberwari 2004 waxa la wareegay masuuliyada waxkaqabadka miinaada
Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka Somaliland, Mudane Ahmed Yassin oo kala wareegay
Wasaaradda Dibudejinta (MRR&R). Laba xafiis ayaa u xilsaarnaan jiray
hawlaha miinada ilaa iyo 1997, Hayadda Miindo Saarka (NDA) oo hoos iman jirtay
MRR&R iyo SMAC oo ku xidhnaan jirtay UNDP oo taageri jirtay. Labada
hayadoodba imika waxay hoos imanayaan Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka oo 11 Mars 2004tii
Madaxweynuhu uu digreeto ugu xilsaaray waxkaqabadka
miinada.[23]
Isbedelkani waxa uu ka dambeeyey wakhtibadan oo ismaan daaf ka dhex jiray
hayadaha miino saarka Somalland mugdina ku jiray qaybsashada xilka sida loo kala
leeyahay. Shirar badan oo dhexmaray UNDP, MRR&R iyo hayadaha kale ka dib
waxa lagu gaadhay in SMAC hoos timaado MRR&R xilkeeduna noqdo isuduwidda
hawlaha la xidhiidha waxkaqabadka miinada, halka NDA laga dhigay hayad miino
saar. Sidii hore loogu sheegay Landmine Monitor 2003 inta ay shirarkaasi
socdeen SMAC waxa ku dhacay dhaqaale darro, laakiin UNDP oo warbixin siinaysay
shir ka dhacay Geneva Febrwari 2004 waxay sheegtay: “inay UNDP weli
taageerto SMAC hayad ahaan iyo dhismi ahaanba. Siyaasad ku waajahan
waxkaqabadka miinada ayey diyaarisay UNDP, waxa kale oo ay UNDP gacan siinaysaa
dhamaystirka siyaasaddaas.[24]
Markii uu dhamaaday LISkii, SMAC waxay qabatay aqoonisweydaarsi 14-18
Nofember 2003 si ay dib ugu eegto qorsheheedii ay hore u samaysay Febrwari 2002,
iyada oo la kaashatay dhamaan hayadaha waxkaqabadka miinada ku
hawlan[25]. Waxa kale oo la
diyaariyey qorshaha waxka qabadka miinada kaas oo la hor geeyey Golaha
Wasiiradda 23 Febrwari 2004, Golahuna uu ansixeyey 27 Mars 2004. Qorshahani
wuxuu kala cadeeyey xilalka hayadaha waxka qabadka miinada ee SMAC iyo NDA, waxa
kale oo taageero buuxda siiyey baaqii 1 Mars 1999 ee Golaha Wakiilada ee
taageerada iyo ogolaashada xayiraada gebi ahaan
miinada.[26]
Miina Saarka
Saddex hayadood baa ila iyo 1999 ku hawlanaa miino saarka Somaliland: HALO
Trust, Danish Demining Group iyo Santa Barbara Foundaton
(SBF).[27] Sanadkii 2003da, SMAC
waxay sheegtay in isugayn miino laga saaray dhul gaadhay 52,230,837 miter
murabaca oo isugu jira dhul iyo meelo dagaal ka dhacay, lana burburiyey 1,568
xabadood oo miinada dadka ah, 683 miinada taangiyada ah iyo 371,695 oo aaladaha
kale ee qarxa ah.[28] SMAC waxa kale
oo ay sheegtay in miinasaardu sidan ahayd:
HALO Trust waxay banaysay dhul gaadhaya 50,449,663 mitir murabac (dhul iyo
meelo dagaal), waxayna soo saartay 460 miino dad, 120 miino taangi iyo 331,937
aaladaha kale ee qarxa (oo ay ku jiraan
qumacyo).[29] Waxa kale oo HALO ku
samaysaa baadhitaan farsamo dhul gaadhaya 3,308,895 mitir murabac. Dhulkii ay
banaysay HALO, SMAC waxay xaqiijisay 150,807 mitir murabac (laba xero miino oo
ku yaal Xariirad iyo Goroyo Cawl ee Gobolka Awdal).
DDG waxay banaysay 72,000 mitir murabac oo miino taalay iyo 1,682,327 mitir
murabac oo ahaa meelo dagaal, soona saartay 1,104 miino dad, 540 miino taangi
iyo 39,741 aaladaha kale ee qarxa. SMAC way xaqiijisy dhamaan dhulkaas. DDG
waxa kale oo ay ku kacday baadhitaan saddex meelood oo kale.
SBF, oo qandaraas ka haysatay Hayda Wadooyinka ee Somaliland, waxay banaysay
26,847 mitir murabac, waxayna soo saartay 23 miino taangi iyo 17 aaladaha
qarxa.
Macluumaadka SMAC waxay ka duwan yihiin kuwa ay hayadaha kor ku qorani
bixiyeen.[30] Sida ay noo sheegeen
saddexda hayadood sanadkii 2003dii waxay isugayn baneeyeen 267,780 mitir murabac
oo dhul miino taalay ah iyo 51,982,602 mitir murabac oo meelo dagaal ahaa.
Waxayna soo saarayn burburiyeenna 1571 miino dad, 683 miino taangi iyo 40,171
aaladaha qaraxa. Marka laga bilaabo 1999 ilaa iyo 2003dii, waxa ay dhamaan
baneeyeen dhul gaadhaya 2,946,759 mitir murabac iyo 91,639,528 mitir murabac oo
dhul dagaal ahaa, waxana la soo saaray 47,613 miino dad, 1213 miino taangi iyo
59,168 aaladaha qarxa ee kale.
Waxa kale oo dheeraad ku ah hayadaha miino saarka, inay jirto koox askar ah
oo loo tababary gargaarka degdeg ee miino saarka kuwaas oo 2003dii burburiyey
10,456 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.[39]
Bishii Sebtember 2003, waxay UNDP oo iyadu qandaraas tababarka kooxdan siisay
Mines Advisory Group, UK, ay cadaysay “in samaynta kooxan
garagaarka degdeg ah ee Somaliland ay noqotay mid aad u natiijo guulayd oo
wanaagsan leh xaga farsamo iyo xag dhaqaalaba iyo xagga lahaansha
wadaninimo”[40]
2002dii, DDG, HALO iyo SBF oo la isugeeyey waxay banayeen 1.92 MM of ahaa
dhul miinysnaa (oo ay ku jirto ilaa malyuun ay SBF sheegtay) iyo in ka badan 20
million MM oo ahaa dhul dagaal. HALO iyo SBF waxay burburiyeen 255 miino dad
iyo 184 miino taangi iyo 783 aaladaha kale ee qarxa.
2001, HALO, DDG iyo SBF waxay sheegeen isugayn inay baneeyeen 383,303 MM oo
ahaa dhul miinaysnaa iyo 19,116,000 MM oo ahaa dhul dagaal, waxayna burburiyeen
334 miino dad, 253 miino taangi iyo 1614 aaladaha kale ee qarxa. Siday sheegtay
SMAC 1.5 million MM ayaa dib loogu sii daayey bulshada ku nool 35
goobood.[41]
Sanadkii 2000 DDG waxay dhamaysay miino saariddii Mdaarka Caalamiga ah ee
Hargeysa, halkaas oo ka saartay 40 miino dad, 895 aaladaha qarxa iyo 48 SU-24
bambooyin, waxa kale oo dhamaystirtay banaynta lix briij oo ku yaal wadada
magaalada dekedda ee Berbera. HALO waxay dhamaysay baadhis balaadhan oo lagu
tababaray ayda baadhida miinada, halkay SBFna ka banaysay 240,000 MM oo dhul
ah.[42]
Wacyigelinta laga sameeyey Somaliland iyo Somaliyaba ilaa hadda may lahayn
qorshe wayn, miisan badanna may lahayn. UNICEF iyo Handicap International (HI)
ayaa ugu badnaa samaynta wacyi gelinta iyaga oo la kaashanaya SMAC, haydaha
qaarkoodna sida DDG iyo SBF waxay sameeyeen wacyigelin ku milnayd shaqadoodii
miino saarka ee u socotay.[44]
Markuu dhamaaday aqoonisweydaarsi dhacay Oktoobar 2001, waxa loo MRR&R
bandhigay qorshe ay wadajir u sameeyeen UNICEF, NDA iyo SMAC oo loogu talagalay
in xukuumaddu qaadato. Qorshan weli lama ogolaan ilaa badhtamihii 2003 markaas
oo ay UNICEF u sheegtay Landmine Monitor in la isku dayey in a lagu
biiroyo qorshaha wacyigelinta istiraajid guud oo markaa laga
doodayey.[45]
Bishii Oktoobar 2003, UNICEF iyo HI waxay Hargeysa ku qabteen
aqoonisweydaarsi labaad oo lagu soo bandhigay qorshahoodii wacyigelinta iyo
sidii wadajir loo hirgelin
lahaa.[46] Waxa ka soo qaybgalay 30
hayadood oo isugi jira kuwo wadani ah iyo kuwo caalami ahba oo ku dhex jira
waxkaqabadka miinada. Bishii July 2004tii HI waxay soo sheegtay inay UNICEF iyo
Dalka Ireland ay ka heshay maalgelin mashruuc wacyigelinta khatarta miinada
lagu fulin doono kaas oo talagalkiisu ahaa in la bilaabo Obtoobar
2004tii.[47]
Bishii Sebtember 2002, UNICEF iyo HI waxay sameeyeen badhitaan
“aqoonta, aragtida iyo ku dhaqanka” (Knowledg,e Attitude and
Practice) khatarta miinada ee dadka reer Somaliland ee ku nool saddexda gobo
lee Awdal, Galbeed iyo Togdheer. Baadhitaankan waxa lagu ogaaday in 29% dad
gaadhaa aanay aqoon u lahayn khatarta
miinada.[48] UNICEF waxa kale oo
baadhitaanka ku ogaatay in “ dadka in aad u badani ay rabaan inay helaan
macluumad iyo xog xagga miinada iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxa, khaas ahaan sida
bulshadu ugu noolaan karto dul miino ku aasan tahay iyo cidda iyo sida loogu
sheego miinada dulka taala cida waxkaqabadka ka masu’uulka
ah”.[49]
Hayadda Somali Environmental Review (SOMMER) oo ah hayad wadani ah
ayaa iyada oo is maalgelisay ka samaysay wacyigelin Golgodob ee Puntland, khaas
ahaan magaalada Golgodob. Waxa ku soo biiray wacyigelinta inay dadkii reer
Golgodob soo ururiyeen waxoogaa aaladaha qarxa ah oo loo dhiibay kooxda
gargaarka degdeg ah oo iyaguna burburiyey. UNDP waxay sheegta inay dhawr kun oo
qof ka faa’iidaysteen aqoon
isweydaarsigaa.[50]
2002dii Landmine Monitor waxay qortay in SMAC iyo HI ay fuliyeen
mashruuc wacyigelin ah oo loogu tala galay xeryaha qaxootiga Djibouti iyo
Ethiopia oo la qorsheeyey in qaxootiga jooga UNHCR dib ugu soo celiso
Somaliland.
2000 ila 2002, SBF ayaa iyana u sameeyey wacyigelin dad gaadhaya 2,250 oo
isugu jiray waayeel iyo caruur ku nool gobolka Togdheer. Wacyigelinta waxa laga
sameeyey dugsiyada waxayna ka mid ahayd hawlgal miino saar oo ka socotay
gobolka. Waxay SBF hawlgelisay miino saarayaal degaankaa
degan.[51] SBF waxay sheegtay in ka
dib wacyigelintaa ay si miisaan leh u kordheen soo sheegida miinooyinka aasan ee
jiidaas.[52]
Waxa kale oo landmine Monitor Report werisay in 2000 ay hayadu kale oo
isugu jira wadani iyo caalamiba oo ay ka mid yihiin CARE, DDG, MineTech, SMAC
iyo Somaliland Relief and Rehabilitation Association iyo dhalinyaro samafal ah
oo isticmaala ciyaaraha circus (HAVAYOCO) ay dhammaantood fuliyeen
mashaariic wacyigelin ah.[53]
Wararka la siiyey Landmine Monitor Report waxa ka muuqata in ugu
yaran 7 deeq bixiye ay ku bixiyeen ilaa $2.1 million waxkaqabadka miinada
ee Somaliland sanadkii 2003.[54]
Norway waxay bixisay NOK4.9 million ($690,500), oo ay kala ahaa NOK2.9 million
la siiyay HALO Trust iyo NOK2.0 million la siiyey HALO Trust oo loo siiyey
labadaba miino saarka Somaliland. Dalka Netherlands wuxuu bixiyey $475,445 oo
qaabilsanaa Somaliland. Dalka Maraykankuna $450,000 oo ku qornaa
“Somalia”.[55] Denmark
waxay Somaliland DDG ugu soo marisay DKK2 million (US$304,000), Canada waxay
bixisay US$47,320 oo ku baxay
LIS.[56] Finland waxay HALO Trust
siisay Euros 137,726 (US$ 158,509) miino saarka Somaliland iyo Puntland. HALO
Trust waxa kale oo deeq aan la sheegin ka heshay Ireland oo u siisay miinosaarka
“Somalia”.[57]
Switzerland waxay sheegtay in shaqaale dalkaa ka socdaa ay ka qaybqaateen miino
saarka Somaliland 2003 iyo 2004.[58]
Sanadkii 2003, DDG waxay u qoondaysay miino saarka Somaliland US$ 1 million oo
ay ka heshay dalalka Denmark, Norway iyo
Sweden.[59]
Deeqda US$2.1million ahi aad bay uga hoosaysaa deeqdii 2002 oo ay 8
deeqbixiye sheegeen inay US$5.55 million ku bixiyeen waxkaqabadka miinada
Somaliland---Germany, Switzerland, Netheralands, France, European Union
Community, United States, Sweden iyo Denmark. 2001, US4.4 million baa la
bixiyey oo ka timid inta kor ku qoran oo aanay France ku jirin. Sida ay
sheegtay UNtu, miisaaniyadda waxkaqabadka miinada ee Somalia—oo ay
Somaliland ku jirtaa waxay ahayd US$ 4.1 million sanadkii 2000 oo ka kala timid
United States, European Community, Denmark iyo
Germany.[60] Sida hore loogu
sheegay landmine Monitor Report 2000, miisaaniyadda waxkaqabadka miinadu
waxay dhamayd US$ 546,000 oo keliya sanadkii 1998, laakiin waxay si lexaad leh
ugu korodhay US6.65 million sanadkii 1999 ilaa horantii 2000.
Dhacdooyinka iyo Waxyeelada Miinada iyo Aaladaha kale ee Qarxa
Sanadkii 2003dii SMAC waxay diiwaangelisay 50 dhacdo oo qarax ah intii u
dhaxaysay July iyo Diisamber, kuwaas oo geystay 13 dimasho iyo 37 dhaawac; 23
waxay ahaayeen caruur. Laba iyo tobban (12) waxay ahaayeen 12 dumar. Qaraxyadu
waxay kala ahaayeen 14 miino dad, 6 miino taangi iyo 30 aaladaha kale ee
qarxa.[61] Qof kale oo isna wax ku
noqday qarax dhacay January ayaa isna LIS xisaabteeda ku
jiray.[62] War hufan oo buuxa lagama
hayn dhacdooyinka iyo waxyeeladooda oo in kasta oo SMAC ay intii hore isticmaali
jirtay nidaamka Information Managemnet System for Mine Action (IMISMA),
hadana awood dhaqaale la’aan ayaa loo dhimay hawshaas 2001 markii ay UNDP
joojisay maalgelintii. Sidaa daraadeed ururis dhacdooyinka miinada oo hufan waxa
dib loo bilaabay bishii July 2003 uun. Dhinac kale ma jiraan shuruuc cidna ku
khasbaysa in loo soo gudbiyo dhacdooyinka ciidamda amaanka ama hayadha ku hawlan
waxkaqabadka miinada.
LIS waxay diiwaangelisay 129 qof (51 dhintay iyo 78 dhaawacmay) oo miino ama
aaladaha kale ku qarxeen 2002 iyo 142 qof (40 dhintay iyo 102 dhaawacmay)
sanadkii 2001.[63] Sanadkaa 2001,
SMAC waxay sheegtay in 107 qof 60 ay caruur yihiin qarax wax
yeelay.[64]
Waxyeelada miinada weli waa loo soo sheegaa SMAC sandkan 2004 oo 31 qof qarax
waxyeelay ilaa iyo bishii June, kuwaas oo 8 qofna ay dhinteen 23 ay ku
dhaawacmeen oo 11na caruur ahaayeen. Dadkaa waxa ka mid ahaa 10 dumar
ah.[65] Hase yeeshee intii u
dhaxaysay Abril iyo June war urursigu wuu yaraa maalgelin la’aan
awgeed.[66]
Wararka ugu badan ee waxyeeladda miinada waxa lagu ogaaday LISkii dhamaaday.
Tiradda LISta lagu sheegay inay wax ku noqdeen qarax waxay ahayd 276 oo qof (92
dhintay iyo 184 dhaawacmay) labadii sanadood ee ka horeeyey dhamaystirkii LIS,
kuwaas oo ahaa 151 caruur ka da’ yar 14 jir (55%), 213na waxay ahaayeen
rag (77%) oo laba keliye askar ahayd. Dadka badidooda qaraxu waxa uu ku dhacay
iyaga oo hawl maalmoodkoodii ku dhex jira, oo ay ka mid tahay xoolo raac (178
ama 64%), socdaal (28 ama 10%), ama ciyaaraya (26 ama
9%).[67] Daraasadha iyo xisaabinta
SMAC waxa ku jira in 2651 qof ay wax ku noqdeen inta la ogyahay (1114 dhimasho
iyo 1537 dhaawac).[68] Baadhista LIS
waxay ku koobnayd 4 gobol lixda gobo ee Somaliland. Gobolka Sool oo miino badan
la filayo inay taalo lama baadhin lamana oga sida dadku wax ugu
noqdaan.[69]
Daryeelka dadka wax ku noqdo qaraxa
Tayada adeega caafimaad ee Somaliland ee lagu daryeelo dadka wax ku noqdo
qaraxyada miinada aad buu u liitaa. Cisbataaladu ma qalab fiicna shaqaale
tababa ku filan lahina ma joogaan inta badan. Badi waxa dhaawac lagu daweeya
Dhakhtarka Weyn ee Hargeysa ama Dhakhtarka Qaliinka ee Berbera oo Laanqayrta
Case taageertay. Cisbataalka Berbere hase yeeshee wuu ka fogyahay goobaha
khatartu ku badan tahay. Guud ahaan, gargaar degedeg ah (first aid) waa la siin
karaa dhaawac, gadiidna waa la helaa lagu geyn karo ilaa dhakhtarada, hase
yeeshee wakhtiga lagu gaadhsiin karaa wuxuu ka badan karaa 6
saacadood.[70]
Dhakhtarka Hargeysa oo ah ka ugu weyn Somaliland 2003dii waxa uu daryeelay 7
qof oo miino ku qaraxday iyo 10 qof oo wax ku noqday qarax aaladaha kale intii u
dhaxaysay Mars iyo Nofember; laba dumar bay ahaayeen 9na
caruur.[71]
Dadka intiisa badani waa ree guuraa. War sheegii Mbagathi waxba noomaydaan
Jibrill. Iyagu runta aayar oo aan kugo soo noqonayn bay kuu sheegtay
Dadka reer Somaliland intooda badani waa reer guuraa, waana dad u baahan
socod iyo socdaal. Dadka wax ku noqda miinada oo ka hadhi kara bulshaadooda
lama siiyo wax taagulayn ah.
LIS kii waxa lagu ogaaday in 179 qof oo ahaa dad dhawaan ku dhaawacmay
qaraxyo 141 (79%) ka mid ah heleen gargaar degdeg ah, laakin afar keliya la
siiyey waxtar ka taba tag ah (rehabilitation), 24 ka mid ahina aanay habaraatee
helin wax taakulayn ah. Mid keliya lama siin tababar u ku shaqaysan karo. Guud
ahaan 47 ayaa u baahday in la gooyo gacan ama lug, 18 way indhabeeleen ama
indhadareen, 119 na waxa gaadhay dhaawacyo
kale.[73]
Bisha Cas ee Somalaind (SRCS) waxay leeyihiin xarun lagu sameeyo gacmaha ama
lugaha caaga ah iyo qaybahooda (components) oo ay inta badan maalgeliso hayada
Lanqayrta Cas ee Norway. Ilaa iyo 1999, SRCS waxay lahayd kilinik guura oo kolba
meesha looga baahan yahay taga sida meelaha ka baxsan Hargeysa. Sanadkii
2003dii SRCS waxay samaysay 183 gacmo ama lugo caag ah, 58 qaybood iyo 210
aaladood oo lugaha caawiya; 80 qof oo miino ku qaraxdayna wuu tao ageray oo ay
kid mid yihinn 22 dumar ah iyo laba caruur
ah.[74] 2002dii, SRCS waxay caawisay
291 qof waxay (oo 93%) ay yihiin dad miino wax yeeshay, waxayna samaysay 165
lugood oo caag ah iyo 50 aaladood oo klae waxayna dib u hagaajisay 109 lugood.
Intii wu dhaxaysay 1994-2002, xaruntu waxay bixisay 1246 lugood, oo ay 446
ahaayeen dad miino wax
yeeshay.[75]
Handicap International waxay taageertaa ururka ka dhexeeya dadka
laxaadku wax ka dhiman yihiin ee Hargeysa. Waxay dadkaa ka caawiyaan sidii
laxaadkoodu u kordhi lahaa, waxayna sameeyaan lugo ama gacmo aan qaali ahayn iyo
baaskeeladaha curyaanka. Marka laga bilaabo 2001, 7 qof oo miino iyo 8
qarax kale wax yeeshay ayey caawiyeen. HI waxay tababartaa shaqaale iyo dadka
caawi curyaaminta khaas ahaan kuwa wax ka qaban kara lugaha ama gacmaha caaga
ah, waxay kale oo isku daydaa in ay dib ugu soo celiso dadkaa noloshooda caadiga
ah iskuna daydaa inay shaqooyin helaan. Waxayna isku daydaa inay wacyigelin ku
saabsan dadka laxaadka daran iyo
xuquuqdooda.[76]
[1] Waxaad eegtaa landmine Monitor Report 1999,
pp. 208-209, p.264, si macluumaad dheeraad ah aad uga heshid mawqifka Somaliland
ee xayiraadda miinada aduunweynaha iyo
gobolkaba. [2] Landmine Monitor Report 2000,
p 212; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p 264; Landmine Monitor 2003, p.
761. [3] Cilmi Baadhaha Landmine Monitor baa
ka qayb galay shirkaas. [4] E-mail ku socota
Geneva Call oo uu soo diray Wasiirka Arimaha Dibedda ee Somaliland Marwo Edna
Aadan Ismaciil, waxa hogaaminayey waftiga Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenkay Somaliland
waxana la soconayey Wasiirka iyo Maareeyaha
SMAC. [5] UNDP/UNOPS, “Annual Report:
Mine Action Program n Somaliland,” December
2002. [6] Email uu soo diray Bo Bishoff,
Madaxa DDG Mine Action, 27 July 2002 [7]
Qodbad uu u jeediyey Moxamed Cali Ismaciil, Maareeyaha DDG aqoonisweydaarsi
wacyigelineed oo ka dhacay Somaliland 27-28 Oktoobar
2000. [8] Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
p.852. [9] Waraysi saraakiil ciidanka
Somaliland iy o Wasaaradda Daakhiliga, Jan-Feb
2003. [10] “Putland Takes Full
Control of Sool,” IRIN (Nairobi), 30 December 2003. Bariga Somalia ayaa
waxa uu samaystay Is-Maamul Madaxbanaan 1998, Madaxweynaha Gobolkaasi 2002dii
ayuu soo saaray sharci uu ku mamnuucayo isticmaalka miinada
dadka. [11] Landmine Monitor waxay warar
ka heshay shaqaalaha hayadaha caalamiga ah oo baqdin ka muujiyey in laga yaabo
in la isticmaalay miino, hase yeeshee shaqaalahaasi iyaga laftoodu may tegin
halka ciidamadu isku horfadhiyaan. [12]
E-mail Landmine Monitor ka heshay Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Somaliland 22
June 2004; e-mail Landmine Monitor ay ka heshay Puntland Mine Action, 23 June
2004. [13] Wargeysyada Somaliland, 22
Janawari 2004. [14] Eeg Landmine Moniotr
Report 1999, pp. 210-212, iyo Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 213-214 si aad u
hesho macluumaad dheeraad ah. Miinadu Somaliland taala waxa lagu sameeyey
wadanada Belgium, China, wadamaddii la odhan jiay Czechoslovakia iyo Jarmalka
Bari, Masar, Talyanika, Pakistan, Midowgi Sovietka, Ingiriska iyo
Marykanka. [15] Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 853. [16] UNDP Update,
intersessional Standing Committee meetings, Geneva, 9-13 February 2004. The
Survey Action Center waxay ahayd hawshiisa bilaabay August 2004. Email ka timid
John Dingley, Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Somalia, 8 July
2004. [17] Warqad ka timid Mike Kendellen,
Maareeyaha Baadhitaanada, Survey Action Center, 27 May
2003. [18] Natiijooyinka LISka waxa la soo
bandhigay laba goor, marna Nariobi 28 May 2004 oo UNDP iyo wadamada deeqda
bixiyaa ay joogeen, marna Somaliland 6 June 2004 shir uu gudoomiyeye
Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka Somaliland isaga oo ah gudoomiyaha gudida wasiirada ee
qaabilsan waxkaqabadka miinada kana soo qaybgalayn saraakiil kale; e-mail from
Osman Ahmed, Maareeyaha, SMAC, 22 August
2004. [19] “Landmine Impact Survey:
Phase I: Awdal Galbeed, Sahil, and Togdheer Regions, Executive Summary”
Implemented by Survey Action Center and the Danish Demining Group, p. 3, laga
heli karo:
http://www.sac-na.org/pdf_text/somalia_ph1/ExecSummary.pdf. [20]
Ibid. [21] Email ka timid Mohamed Osman
Ahmed, SMAC, 22 August 2004. [22] Email ka
timid Neil Ferrao, Horn of Africa Desk Officer, HALO Trust, 22 September 2004.
[23] Warqad ka timid
Madaxweyne-ku-Xigeenka oo ku socota dhamaan haydaha (ref RSL/VP/ND/13-01341/0304
27 Mars 2004, daba socotana digreetadii Madaxweynaha ee 11 Mars
2004. [24] UNDP update, intersessional
Standing Committee, 9-13 February
2004. [25] Landmine Monitor ay ka qayb
gashay shirkan Nofember 2003. [26] Warqad
daba socota degriito Madaxweyne (ref 016/2004) oo ka timid madaxweyne ku
xigeenka, 27 Mars 2004 [27] HALO iyo DDG
waxay ka shaqaynayeen Somaliland ilaa iyo 1999, SBFna ilaa iyo 2000. DDG
xilkeedu wxuu dhamaanayaa 2006; jawaabo ay naga siiyeen su’aaalo aanu
weydiinay Erik Willadsen, Madaxda Mashaariicda, DDG, Copenhagen 16 Abril 2004.
SBF imika kama shaqayso Somaliland, waxase laga yaa inay soo noqoto 2005ta;
e-mail ka timid Norbert Rossa, Maareeyaha Fulinta ee SBF, Bonn,
Germany. [28] E-mail ka timid Mohamed
Osman Ahmed, SMAC, 15 August 2004. [29]
E-mail ka timid Neil Ferrao, HALO, 22 Sebetember
2004 [30] Isugayntana ma dhamma waayo
Landmine Monitor ma hayso xisaabtii DDG ee 2000 iyo banaynta dul dagaal ee
SBF. [31] Jaawbo uu Norbert Rossa ka
bixiyey su’aalo qoraal ah, SBF, 28 July
2004. [32]
Ibid. [33] Jawaabo laga bixiyey
su’aalo qoraal ah oo DDG ka jawaabtay, 16 Abril 2004. 2003dii, dalab ka
yimid Wasaaradda Difaaca ka dib, ayey DDG qarxis ku burburisay 18,000 oo
xabadood oo rasaas iyo wax kale oo qarxi kari kara isugu jira oo yaalay Burco
(Togdheer). “DDG, Somaliland Annual Report 2003,” 26 Feberwari
2004. [34] DDG, “Somaliland Annual
Report 2003,” 26 Feberwari
2004. [35] Jawaabo DDG ka bixisay
su’aalo qoraal ah, 16 Abril 2004; DDG, “Annual Report 2003,”
26 Feb 2004, iyo cadadadii hore ee Landmine Monitor
Report. [36] E-mail ka timid Mathew Hovel,
‘Caucasus and Balkans DeskOfficer, HALO Trust 3 Sebetmber
2004. [37]
Ibid. [38]
Ibid. [39] Warbixin ka timid
SMAC [40] Macluumaad dheeraad ah oo ay
UNDP ku bixisay shirkii Wadadamada ka Mid ka ah Heshiiskii Ottawa, ee Bangkok,
Sebtember 2003 [41] Landmine Monitor
Report 2002, pp. 853-855 [42] Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, pp.266-267. SBF waxay markii hore sheegtay 50,000 MM oo
keliya, mar dambana 240,000 MM. [43]
UNDP/UNOPS, “Annual Report” Diisamber 2002. Xisaabtan ku ma jirto
miino saarid ay samaysay RIMFIRE (intii ka horaysay 1999), tii Greenfield
Associates (1999) iyo tii Mine Tech (1998-99). Waxaad sii eegtaa Landmine
Monitor Report 1999, p. 213 iyo Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp.
215-216. [44] UNICEF waxay samaysay Guddi
u Xilsaaran ka Taliska Wacyigelinta oo loo sameeyey inay talo siiyaan NDA iyo
SMAC sidii loo dejin lahaa istraajiyad tayo leh ururinta macluumaadka ku haboon
wacyigelinta iyo faafinta macluumaadkaas iyo kolba dhacdooyinka qaraxa miinada.
Waxaad eegtaa Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
855. [45] E-mail ka timid Silvia Danailov,
Child Protection Officer, UNICEF Somalia Support Center, Nairobi, Kenya, 16 June
2003. [46] [47] E-mail ka timid Sophie Bonichon, MRE
Coordinator, HI, Lyon, France, 6 July
2004. [48].UNICEF/HI “Aqoonta,
aragtida iyo ku dhaqanka” ku waajihan miinada iyo wixii qarxa.”
Nofembar 2002. [49] UNICEF Somalia Support
Center “ Mine Awareness, Funding Proposal , June 2003-December
2004,” undated, p.4 [50] E-mail ka
timid John Dingley, UNDP, 21 Sebtember
2004 [51] E-mail ka timid Norbert Rossa,
SBF, 7 July 2004. [52] Waraysi lagu
waraystay Burkhard Von Buttlar, SBF Program Manager, 10 Feberwari
2003. [53] Eeg Landmine Monitor Report
2000, p. 216 oo aad macluumaad dheeraad ah ka heli
karto. [54] Hadii aan macluumaad gaar ah
laga bixin, xisaabta halkan ku qorani waxay ka timid wararka laga soo xigtay
deeq bixiyaasha laftooda ee sanadka miisaaniyada (ma aha sanad taariikhdka
2003) [55] Wasaaradda Khaarajiga ee
Maraykanka, “Congressional Budget Justifications: Foreign Operations,
Fiscal Year 2005, Nonproliferation, Antiterrorism, Demining and Related Programs
(NADR) Appropriations,” 10 February 2004, pp.
154-158. [56] E-mail ka timid Paul Hannon,
Mines Action Canada, 22 July 2004, warar laga soo qaatay Mine Action Investment
Database lagana xaqiijeye Mine Action Unit, Wasaaradda Khaarajiga iyo
Baayacmustarka Caalamka ee Canada. [57]
Ireland waxay siisay HALO Trust euros 1 million (US1.15 million) una siisay
miino saarka Somalia, Afqanistan, Angola iyo
Eritrea. [58] Waaxda Difaaca Federaalka,
difaaca bulshada iyo ciyaaraha, www.vbs.ddps.ch, accessed on 5 April
2004. [59] Jawaabo ay DDG ka bixisay
su’aalo la weeydiiyey, 16 Abril 2004. Sweden may sheegin in wax maal
gelin ah ku bixisay miino saarka Somaliland
2003dii. [60] UNDP/UNOPS, “UNDP
Somalia Mine Action Progress Report, January to June 2001,”
p.4. [61] E-mail from Mohamed Osman Ahmed,
SMAC, 5 Sebtember 2004. [62] Landmine
Monitor analysis of “recent” casualty data, e-mail from Mike
Kendellen, Survey Action Center, 20 August
2004. [63]
Ibid. [64] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
pp. 267-269. [65] E-mail ka timid Mohamed
Osman Ahmed, 5 Sebtember 2004. [66] Ibid,
and 7 Sebtember 2004. [67] “Landmine
Impact Survey, Phase I,” pp.20-21.
[68] E-mail from Mohamed Osman Ahmed,
SMAC, 1 July 2003. [69]
Ibid. [70]
Ibid [71] macluumaad uu ururiyey Dr.
Suleiman Gulaid oo ah Madaxda Qaliinka ee Cisbitaalka Hargeysa oo loo soo
gudbiyey landmine Monitor 29 Feberwari
2004. [72] Waraysi lala yeeshay Burkhard
Van Buttlar, SBF, 10 Febrwari 2003. [73]
“Landmine Impact Survey, Phase I,”
pp.21-22. [74] Xisaabtan waxa na siiyey
SRCS xarunta Hargeysa. Waa inaad ogaataa in xisaabtani ay ku jirto tii ay hore
u bixisay SRCS. [75] Landmine Monitor
Report 2003, p 765; Landmine Monitor Report 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
p.865. [76] “HI, “Program
Summary: Somaliland 2004,” 3 December 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2003,
p. 765; Landmine Monitor 2002, p. 856.