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Table of Contents
Country Reports
Sub-Sections:
Chile, Landmine Monitor Report 2007

Chile

State Party since

1 March 2002

Treaty implementing legislation

None

Last Article 7 report submitted on

30 April 2007

Article 4 (stockpile destruction)

Deadline: 1 March 2006

Completed: August 2003

Article 3 (mines retained)

Initially: 6,245

At end-2006: 4,484

Contamination

APMs, AVMs, scattered UXO

Estimated area of contamination

Unquantified; at lease 112,449 mines remaining

Article 5 (clearance of mined areas)

Deadline: 1 March 2012

Likelihood of meeting deadline

Medium

Demining progress in 2006

0.73 km2 released

MRE capacity

Adequate

Mine/ERW casualties in 2006

Total: 1 (2005: 12)

Mines: 1 (2005: 1)

ERW: 0 (2005: 11)

Casualty analysis

Killed: 0 (2005: 1)

Injured: 1 civilian (2005: 11)

Estimated mine/ERW survivors

Unknown

Availability of services in 2006

Emergency/continuing medical care:

unchanged-adequate

Other services: unchanged-inadequate

Mine action funding in 2006

International: US$2,333,923/€1,857,775

(2005: $985,849)

National: $1,382,231/€1,100,240

Key developments since May 2006

Chile destroyed 1,292 antipersonnel mines previously retained for training and destroyed another 119 during training activities. Land release almost tripled in 2006 over 2005, but demining results in 2005 were over-reported. Chile started a survey on mine/ERW casualties to allow for better survivor assistance and compensation.

Mine Ban Policy

The Republic of Chile signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified on 10 September 2001 and became a State Party on 1 March 2002.

Chile has not adopted comprehensive national implementation legislation. Chile has stated on several occasions that legislation for full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty is in preparation. Most recently, in April 2007, Chile said that it expected to submit a bill with national implementation measures to parliament in the last quarter of 2007 or first quarter of 2008.[1]

In March 2007 Chile informed the ICBL that, “A draft amendment to the Arms Control Act No. 17.798 is being processed. The said draft was forwarded by the National Defence Ministry to the Presidency’s Secretary of State. This draft will be complemented with regulations regarding compliance with article 9 of the Ottawa Convention…. It is to be mentioned, however, that the present Arms Control Act No. 17.798 covers all the main requisites referred to in article 9 of the Convention, which after having been approved by the National Congress, has become part of domestic law.”[2] In March 2006 Chile informed Landmine Monitor that draft legislation would be presented to congress in 2006.[3]

In June 2005, Chile noted its concern over the omission of antipersonnel mines and other mine-related matters from Law 17.798 and stated that it was preparing legislation on prohibited weapons, including antipersonnel mines.[4]

Chile submitted its sixth Article 7 transparency report on 30 April 2007, covering the period from 30 April 2006 to 30 April 2007.[5]

Chile attended the Seventh Meeting of States Parties in Geneva in September 2006 where it made a statement on its mine clearance efforts during the General Exchange of Views session. At the Seventh Meeting of States Parties, Chile became co-chair of the treaty’s intersessional Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies. Chile participated in the Standing Committee meetings in May 2006 and April 2007. At the April 2007 meetings Chile made statements on national implementation measures, mines retained for training, and efforts to meet its 2012 mine clearance deadline.

Chile has not engaged in States Parties’ discussions on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1 and 2.[6] Thus, Chile has not made known its views on issues related to joint military operations with states not party to the treaty, foreign stockpiling and transit of antipersonnel mines, and antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices.

Chile is party to the Convention of Conventional Weapons and its Amended Protocol II on landmines. It attended the Eighth Annual Conference of States Parties to the protocol on 6 November 2006, but did not submit an annual report for 2006. It is not party to Protocol V on explosive remnants of war.

In March 2007 the Institute for Political Ecology and the Chilean Campaign to Ban Landmines welcomed Colombian cyclists Guillermo Bohórquez and John Rivas (sponsored by the Colombian Campaign to Ban Landmines) as they cycled through Chile on their way to Argentina in an effort to raise awareness about the antipersonnel mine problem in their own country and internationally.

Production, Transfer, Use, Stockpiling and Destruction

Chile is a former producer, exporter, importer and user of antipersonnel landmines.[7] Production and export is said to have ended in 1985.[8] Chile planted mines in the 1970s and 1980s along its borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. In August 2003 Chile completed the destruction of its stockpile of 299,219 antipersonnel mines.[9]

As of 31 December 2006, Chile reported the retention of 4,484 antipersonnel mines for training and development purposes.[10] In utilizing the expanded Form D, Chile reported that during 2006 a total of 1,411 retained mines were destroyed.[11] Chile confirmed at the April 2007 Standing Committee meetings that 1,292 mines were destroyed as the result of a re-assessment of its needs.[12] The other 119 mines were consumed during training activities.[13] Chile projected that the Chilean Armed Forces would consume 300 mines during training activities in 2007.[14]

Landmine and ERW Problem

Chile is affected by antipersonnel and antivehicle mines and, to a very limited extent, by explosive remnants of war (ERW).[15] According to Chile’s latest Article 7 report, a total of 112,449 mines are emplaced in the North Zone (Tarapacá, Region I, and Antofagasta, Region II) and the South Zone (Magallanes, Region XII). In addition, there are some areas in Tarapacá and Antofagasta suspected to contain mines despite earlier clearance operations which were not conducted to humanitarian standards, prior to adherence to the Mine Ban Treaty; the total number of residual mines is estimated at 266.[16]

The mines were all laid on Chile’s borders with Argentina, Bolivia and Peru during the Pinochet era in the 1970s and 1980s, when Chile’s relations with its neighbors were strained. The contaminated areas are said to be difficult to access, very thinly populated and with a low level of population transit through them.[17] In April 2007, Chile’s Minister of Interior was quoted in a media report as having said that “there might be mines not cleared yet… and due to winter conditions in the mountains mines may have moved...it is highly risky for anyone to cross this area….”[18]

Mine Action Program

The National Demining Commission (Comisión Nacional de Desminado, CNAD), is responsible for mine action in Chile.[19] Its main functions are to advise the President and to be the interministerial coordinator for activities related to the Mine Ban Treaty.[20] CNAD is chaired by the Minister of Defense and includes the ministries of foreign affairs, health, treasury and the armed forces’ chief of staff.[21]

Chile uses the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA). In April 2007 four people were trained in Panama by the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining on the use of IMSMA version 4. Three battalion commanders attended IMSMA training in Geneva in early 2007.[22] Chile bases its clearance operations on International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) which are adjusted to the specificities of the minefields.[23]

Strategic Mine Action Planning

Chile has a National Mine Action Plan for 2002-2011. Each year an activity plan (Directiva Nacional de Actividades contra Minas) is produced, which gives specific responsibilities to the institutions that will participate in mine action during the year.[24]

Demining

Mine clearance in Chile is carried out by demining units of the army and navy; each unit includes 24 deminers, medical staff and officers.[25]

A Chilean NGO, the Center for Information and Humanitarian Assistance in Mined Zones (Centro de Información y Asistencia Humanitaria en Zonas Minadas, Zona Minada), implements ongoing verification of progress in demining activities, as part of the 2006-2008 European Commission (EC)-funded project administered by the UN Development Programme (UNDP) and implemented by CNAD in Magallanes and the Chilean Antarctic.[26]

All mined areas are said to be marked and fenced, including mine-suspected areas.[27] In March 2007, in a visit to sector Puntilla Condori of Region XII, Landmine Monitor was able to verify that the mined areas were marked and fenced and that markings and fencing were in good condition.[28]

Mine/ERW Clearance

Chile uses manual demining, although as of April 2007 it planned also to use mechanical demining techniques.[29] Chile is said to have its own quality management system in compliance with IMAS; quality control is conducted by the army and the navy.[30]

In 2006 almost three-quarters of a square kilometer of mined area was cleared, with the destruction of 3,954 antipersonnel mines and 1,096 antivehicle mines.

Demining in Chile in 2006[31]

Operators

Mined area

clearance (m2)

APMs

destroyed

AVMs

destroyed

Demining Section Region I

723,900

1,967

696

Demining Section Region II

7,500

1,987

400

Demining Section Region XII

300

-

-

Total

731,700

3,954

1,096

No explanation has been offered for the large difference in productivity between the demining sections in Regions I and II. Demining Section Region XII was only activated in November, hence the small clearance figure; the delay in becoming operational was attributed to the EC funds only becoming available in June, and winter conditions.[32]

Demining in Chile 2002-2006[33]

Year

Mined area

clearance (m2)

2003

900

2004

96,800

2005

24,500

2006

731,700

Total

853,900

The increase in productivity of cleared land from 2005 to 2006 has been attributed to increased clearance capacity as well as better planning and optimization of resources. The low clearance result for 2005 was because clearance in one of the demining sections was suspended after an accident suffered by a deminer.[34]

Chile explained that clearance in 2005 of 24,500 square meters had previously been mis-reported as 480,000 square meters. Previously Chile reported the whole area of a suspected minefield as being cleared while the figures reported this year refer only to the area actually cleared.[35]

Summary of Efforts to Comply with Article 5

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Chile must destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but no later than 1 March 2012. Chile has stated that every year that it has increased its demining capacity, training and acquisition of equipment in order to meet the deadline set by the Mine Ban Treaty.[36]

Mine Risk Education

Chile started mine risk education (MRE) in May 2006 in Antofagasta (Region II) and Magallanes (Region XII). Tarapacá (Region I) and the newly created Arica-Parinacota region (Region XV) were due to start receiving MRE by November 2007. Each campaign lasts two months.[37]

These MRE initiatives are funded by the EC, as part of the CNAD-coordinated and UNDP-administered mine action project, and conducted by the national NGO Center for Information and Humanitarian Assistance in Mined Zones (Centro de Información y Asistencia Humanitaria en Zonas Minadas, Zona Minada).[38] Within the project MRE has a budget of €32,910 ($41,345). It includes training public tourism services staff to raise awareness for tourists, and conducting school-oriented MRE for children, teachers and parents in 44 public schools in 17 municipalities (the original plan was to reach 22 municipalities) in Northern Chile in areas bordering Peru and Bolivia covering a large indigenous population (Aymara, Quechua and Atacameños).[39]

In 2006, 500 public staff from Antofagasta (Region II) and Magallanes (Region XII) were trained in MRE by Zona Minada. There were 12 workshops, and posters, leaflets and bi-lingual brochures were distributed. For the school-based MRE project due to start in the second half of 2007, simple teaching materials were prepared by Zona Minada jointly with the Ministry of Education.[40]

Zona Minada is also active in MRE and awareness raising for the general public via regional and national media outlets. Its director stated that these activities have helped prevent incidents from UXO in Antofagasta and Magallanes provinces in at least four cases.[41]

MRE is not included in the national mine action action plan 2002-2011 but Chile declared in June 2005 that it would prioritize such a plan for the mine-affected areas.[42]

Landmine/ERW Casualties

In 2006, one new antipersonnel mine casualty was recorded in Chile; a 19-year-old Peruvian citizen was injured when illegally attempting to enter Chile near Chacalluta airport in Arica, Region XV.[43] Upon recovery in hospital he was deported to Peru; it was his third attempt to enter Chile.[44] This is a significant decrease from 2005 (12 casualties).[45]

No new casualties from mines or ERW were reported in January-May 2007.[46]

Data collection

The total number of mine/ERW casualties in Chile is not known. In October 2006 the search unit of the Police Intelligence Service (Policía de Investigaciones) started a survey of all mine survivors and family members of deceased casualties.[47] With European Commission funding, this so-called Cadastre Project aimed to identify and interview all survivors since 1970. NGOs and the militarized national police force (Carabineros) provided their casualty data and recommendations on how to undertake the survey to CNAD and the police. Data were also provided by the Group of Landmine and UXO Survivors of the Americas (Grupo de Sobrevivientes de Minas y Municiones sin Estallar de las Américas, GSMMA). Although it was planned to carry out the project in cooperation with CNAD and other agencies including the Chilean Campaign to Ban Landmines, reportedly the project was undertaken by the police alone, and had not taken into account suggestions to conduct interviews jointly with governmental social workers. It is feared that the results will be less valid without civil society participation, as survivors have been interviewed several times already and some of them have not received any support in over 20 years. The director of Zona Minada added that no additional casualties had been identified.[48]

The Cadastre Project was ongoing as of July 2007; preliminary data on 145 casualties from 75 incidents/accidents identified 26 people killed since 1970 and 40 of 119 survivors underwent amputations; there were 101 Chileans (63 military, 38 civilians). There were also 14 Peruvians and four Bolivians; all were injured by antipersonnel landmines and were civilians illegally crossing the border except for two Peruvian police.[49] The number of military casualties is thought to be an underestimate, as Zona Minada has army registries listing more than 500 military mine/ERW casualties between 1973 and 2005.[50]

Survivor Assistance

Chilean survivors have expressed dissatisfaction with the lack of compensation and support; this was reiterated by the initial findings of the Cadastre Project. At a meeting to discuss Italian funding in early 2006, it was suggested that funds, including international donations, are disproportionately directed to demining and could be allocated with greater benefit to survivor assistance, “since it can hardly be said that the mines in the ground in Chile are causing a humanitarian emergency.”[51]

Chilean military personnel injured by mines and ERW receive care in military hospitals.[52] There are no specific programs providing assistance to mine/ERW survivors, but there are numerous disability organizations, mostly in the private sector.[53] The National Fund for the Disabled (Fondo Nacional de Discapacitados, FONADIS) provides social support to people with disabilities. The First National Study of Disability in April 2005 revealed that approximately 100,000 people with disabilities under 27 years did not receive any special care or education; only six percent of disabled people have received rehabilitation services and less than 30 percent were employed.[54]

Chile included voluntary Form J with its 2007 Article 7 report providing limited information on survivor assistance and other issues. It reported that in August/September 2006 the US Army Southern Command and Air Force held a training course in Calama for doctors and nurses on the stabilization and evacuation of patients traumatized by explosions.[55]

Chile has legislation promoting the integration of people with disabilities into society, but it is not fully implemented.[56] On 30 March 2007, Chile signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and its Optional Protocol allowing for the monitoring of disability activities.

Survivor Assistance Strategic Framework

There is no specific framework for survivor assistance in place, but “Assistance to victims, their families and communities” is said to be one of the three key elements of CNAD’s national action plan 2002-2011.[57] At the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in 2005 Chile reported that it would implement a program including health and rehabilitation services to assist mine/ERW survivors, regardless of their nationality. Chile also reported an agreement between CNAD and FONADIS to provide rehabilitation and other benefits to mine survivors with a precondition that a national survey be carried out.[58] The Cadastre Project survey started in October 2006 and was ongoing in mid-2007.[59]

Chile informed the ICBL in March 2007 that, in addition to the draft amendment of the Arms Control Act, “Another draft act is being prepared regarding reparation to victims of accidents caused by antipersonnel mines, unexploded munitions or other explosive devices of military origin.”[60] The Ministry of Defense said that enactment of legislation is dependent on the completion of a roster of survivors and an assessment of the government budget required for victim assistance compensation.[61]

Funding and Assistance

In 2006 international donations totaling US$2,333,923 (€1,857,775) for mine action in Chile were reported by five countries and the EC, an increase of 137 percent from 2005 ($985,849 provided by three countries); the increase is mainly due to EC funding of a two-year project.[62] Donor countries reporting funding in 2006 were:

  • EC: €695,000 ($873,000) to UNDP for mine clearance;[63]
  • Germany: €50,000 ($62,815) for technical assistance;[64]
  • Italy: €100,000 ($125,630) to the OAS for mine clearance;[65]
  • Netherlands: €198,381 ($249,226) consisting of €40,379 to Zona Minada for MRE and victim assistance, and €158,002 to the Ministry of Defense for capacity building;[66]
  • Spain: €40,000 ($50,252) for demining training of the Chilean Armed Forces;[67]
  • US: $973,000 from the Department of Defense for mine action.[68]

The EC agreed to provide €1 million ($1,244,900) for mine clearance in Chile over the period January 2006-December 2007.[69]

National Contribution to Mine Action

Chile reported national funding of $1,382,231 (€1,100,240) in 2006, including mine action center running costs, training and program logistics, MRE and victim assistance.[70]

Chile was among OAS member states reported as providing in-kind support in 2006 to the OAS Program for Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines; the total value of all in-kind contributions was $2.9 million.[71]


[1] Statement by Chile, Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 27 April 2007. Landmine Monitor/HRW notes.

[2] Email to Tamar Gabelnick, ICBL Treaty Implementation Director, from Latifa Camfferman and Camilo Sanhueza, Permanent Mission of Chile to the UN in Geneva, March 2007.

[3] The National Demining Commission (CNAD) said in March 2006 that the Advisory Committee of the Minister of Defense was completing draft legislation on prohibited weapons, including antipersonnel mines, with the intention to present it to the National Congress in 2006. With respect to antipersonnel mines, the legislation is meant to fill the gaps in existing measures for implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Günther Siebert Wendt, Executive Secretary, National CNAD, 27 March 2006.

[4] Chile listed the inadequacies of the law with respect to landmines: it does not explicitly refer to antipersonnel mines; does not categorize minefields as military installations; does not prohibit and sanction the destruction, damage, alteration or removal of fencing and marking of minefields; does not adequately cover research and development of technologies related to antipersonnel mines, and their transfer; does not cover the prohibitions in Article 1.C of the Mine Ban Treaty on assisting, encouraging or inducing, in any way, anyone to engage in activities prohibited by the treaty; and does not include the “extracontractual” CNAD as the executing, controlling and advisory entity for weapons and explosives. Statement by Ministry of Defense, Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 17 June 2005, p. 6.

[5] Previous reports were submitted on 30 April 2006, 2 May 2005, 3 June 2004, 30 April 2003 and 5 September 2002.

[6] During the June 2004 meeting of the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Chile reacted favorably to a non-paper circulated by the co-chairs, aimed at facilitating conclusions on these issues by the First Review Conference. It said the paper was a good basis for discussion and possible consensus. Oral remarks to the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 25 June 2004. Landmine Monitor/HRW notes.

[7] The army’s Fabricaciones Militares (FAMAE) and a private company (Industrias Cardoen) manufactured at least six different types of antipersonnel mines. FAMAE manufactured the MAPP 78-F2 and MAPT 78-F2 mines in 1981, while Cardoen produced the MOD I (in 1979), II (1980), IEC-II and M-178 mines. See Jane’s Mines and Mine Clearance, online update, 19 November 1999. Chile also reportedly manufactured three more mines that are not listed in its Article 7 reports (M-19 antivehicle mine, M-18 Claymore-type directional fragmentation mine, and U/I fragmentation mine). See US Department of Defense, ORDATA online, accessed 27 May 2004.

[8] See for example, Article 7 Report, Form A, 30 April 2007.

[9] Article 7 Report, Form G, 3 June 2004. Chile’s Article 7 Report, Form B, 30 April 2003, cited a stockpile of 213,076 antipersonnel mines.

[10] Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2007. The mines retained for training as of 31 December 2006 included: 1,536 M-14; 1,185 MAPP 78-F2; 642 M-35; 249 MOD I; 435 MOD II; 208 MOD IEC-II; 97 MAPP 78-F2; 86 M-178; 41 M-2A4; four M-16; and one M-16A1.

[11] Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2007.

[12] Statement by Chile, Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, 23 April 2007. Chile announced at the Standing Committee meetings in May 2006 that it had decided to destroy 1,292 mines because they were no longer needed for training.

[13]Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2007; Statement by Chile, Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 12 May 2006. For comparison, Chile consumed 29 retained mines in 2005 and 350 in 2004.

[14] Article 7 Report, Form D, 30 April 2007. Chile provided the types of mines expected to be used and identified the units expected to use them. Chile had also estimated that, in 2006, 158 members of the Armed Forces would consume 300 retained mines.

[15] See Landmine Monitor Report 2006, pp. 289-290.

[16] Article 7 Report, Form C, 30 April 2007.

[17] Article 7 Report, Form C, 30 April 2007.

[18] “Ministerio del Interior Chileno Advierte sobre Riesgos de Minas Antipersonales en la Zona Fronteriza” (“Chilean Minister of Interior Warns about Risk of Antipersonnel Mines in the Border Zone”), La Nacion (Santiago), 4 April 2007, www.lanacion.cl, accessed 27 July 2007.

[19] See Landmine Monitor Report 2006, pp. 290-291.

[20] Article 7 Report, Form A, 30 April 2007.

[21] Interview with Col. Martin Borck, Executive Secretary, CNAD, and Felipe Illanes, Advisor to the Minister of Defense, Geneva, 24 April 2007.

[22] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 23 May 2007.

[23] Interview with Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, and Felipe Illanes, Ministry of Defense, Geneva, 24 April 2007.

[24] See Article 7 Report, Form A, 30 April 2007.

[25] Landmine Monitor visit accompanied by Maj. Gunter Schweizer, to Region I, sector Puntilla Condori, Arica, 26 March 2007.

[26] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Elir Rojas Calderón, Director, Zona Minada, 12 April 2007; UNDP, “Desminado Humanitario en Chile” (“Humanitarian Demining in Chile”), www.pnud.cl, accessed 17 July 2007.

[27] Article 7 Report, Form C, 30 April 2007.

[28] Landmine Monitor visit to Region I, sector Puntilla Condori, Arica, 26 March 2007.

[29] Article 7 Report, Form F, 30 April 2007.

[30] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 24 May 2007.

[31] Ibid; Article 7 Report, Form C, 30 April 2007.

[32] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 24 May 2007, and email, 27 July 2007.

[33] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 24 May 2007; Article 7 Report, Form C, 30 April 2007.

[34] Email from Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 27 July 2007.

[35] Ibid; see Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 294.

[36] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 24 May 2007.

[37]Article 7 Report, Form I, 30 April 2007; Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 23 May 2007.

[38] CNAD, “Prevención” (“MRE”), www.cnad.cl, accessed 13 July 2007. Zona Minada was formerly known as Mines-UXO Awareness Center Chile (MUACC); www.zonaminada.cl, accessed 13 July 2007. See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 252.

[39] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 23 May 2007; emails from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, 12 April and 13 July 2007. Average exchange rate for 2006: €1 = US$1.2563, used throughout this report. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2007.

[40] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, Santiago, 23 May 2007; emails from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, 12 April, 13 and 23 July 2007.

[41] Email from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, 12 April 2007.

[42] “Antecedentes sobre el Desminado Nacional Humanitario en Chile” (“Precedents on National Demining in Chile”), FASOC, No. 3, July-September 2002, p. 49.

[43] Interview with Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, Santiago, 10 April 2007. Arica formerly belonged to region I and became an independent region (region XV) on 19 December 2006.

[44] “Peruano con pie mutilado en la frontera” (“Peruvian with mutilated foot on the border”), Estrella de Arica (local newspaper), 4 July 2006, www.estrellaarica.cl, accessed 13 July 2007; Institute of Political Ecology (Instituto de Ecología Política, IEP), “Ecologistas Piden Trato Humanitario a Peruano Herido con Mina Antipersonal” (“Environmentalists ask for humanitarian treatment of a Peruvian injured by an antipersonnel mine”), 4 July 2006, www.iepe.org, accessed 13 July 2007.

[45]Landmine Monitor Report 2006, pp. 296-297, listed eight new casualties in 2005 but additional information raised this to 12 (one killed, 11 injured) from five incidents and one demining accident; seven were male; one (a deminer) was due to an antipersonnel mine. All the 2005 casualties were Chilean nationals. Data from CNAD cross-checked by Zona Minada, 13 July 2007.

[46] Interview with Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, Santiago, 23 May 2007.

[47] Police Intelligence Service, www.investigaciones.cl, accessed 13 July 2007.

[48] Email from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, Santiago, 12 July 2007.

[49] Data from CNAD, 13 July 2007; in a few cases no reason for entering the mined area was provided. At the Sixth Meeting of States Parties Chile reported on 143 “survivors,” as noted in Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 297, but this appears to have included fatal casualties.

[50] Emails from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, 12 and 23 July 2007.

[51] Email from Elir Rojas Calderón, Zona Minada, 12 July 2007; email from Simona Beltrami, Advocacy Director, ICBL, Rome, 16 July 2007.

[52] See Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p. 312; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 402.

[53] FONADIS, www.fonadis.cl, accessed 13 April 2007.

[54] US State Department, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-Chile,” Washington, DC, 6 March 2007. On the disability survey, see also Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 298.

[55] Article 7, Form J, 30 April 2007.

[56] US State Department, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-Chile,” Washington, DC, 6 March 2007.

[57] “Antecedentes sobre el Desminado Nacional Humanitario en Chile” (“Precedents on National Demining in Chile”), FASOC, No. 3, July-September 2002, p. 49.

[58] See Landmine Monitor Report 2006, pp. 297-298; Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 253.

[59] Interview with Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 10 April 2007.

[60] Email to Tamar Gabelnick, ICBL, from Latifa Camfferman and Camilo Sanhueza, Permanent Mission of Chile to the UN in Geneva, March 2007.

[61] Email from Fabiola Ximena Fariña Mellafe, 21 June 2007.

[62] See Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 296. Average exchange rate for 2006: €1 = US$1.2563, used throughout this report. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2007.

[63] Email from Antoine Gouzée de Harven, EuropeAid Co-operation Office, EC, 27 July 2007. The payment was made on 29 December 2005.

[64] Germany Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2007.

[65] Mine Action Investments Database, www.mineaction.org, accessed 21 March 2007.

[66] Email from Vincent van Zeijst, Deputy Head, Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 11 July 2007.

[67] Spain Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2007.

[68] USG Historical Chart containing data for FY 2006, by email from Angela L. Jeffries, Financial Management Specialist, US Department of State, 20 July 2007.

[69] Emails from Laura Liguori, Security Policy Unit, Conventional Disarmament, EC, June-July 2006; see Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 296. Funds were allocated from the EC 2005 budget.

[70] Response to Landmine Monitor National Funding Questionnaire by Col. Martin Borck, CNAD, 22 May 2007.

[71] OAS, “Report of the General Secretariat on the Implementation of Resolutions, The Americas as an Antipersonnel-Land-Mine-Free Zone,” AG/RES. 2180 (XXXVI-O/06); OAS, “Support for Action Against Antipersonnel Mines in Ecuador and Peru,” AG/RES. 2181 (XXXVI-O/06), April 2007, p. 1. http://scm.oas.org.