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Chad, Landmine Monitor Report 2006

Chad

Key developments since May 2005: The National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO was revised in 2005 to take account of the Mine Ban Treaty Article 5 deadline for clearance of all mined areas; however, it aims only for “zero victims” and “no impact” by the 2009 deadline. The Council of Ministers approved national implementation legislation in October 2005 and submitted it to parliament. A UN assessment in July 2005 concluded that management and financial problems jeopardized Chad’s mine action program; in December, UN financial support was suspended after Chad failed to provide its pledged funding for mine action; UNDP reinstated some funding in mid-2006. In 2005, 285,172 square meters were cleared of mines, with an additional two square kilometers of battle area clearance. Two mine risk education campaigns reached around 110,000 Sudanese refugees and local people in 2005. Some emergency MRE was undertaken after renewed conflict in April 2006. The number of recorded casualties continued to increase, despite limited data collection; in 2005, there were at least 35 casualties, and from January to June 2006, there were at least 54 new casualties from mines and unexploded ordnance.

Mine Ban Policy

The Republic of Chad signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 6 July 1998, ratified on 6 May 1999, and became a State Party on 1 November 1999. In October 2005, the Council of Ministers approved national implementation legislation and submitted it to parliament.[1] Chad had drafted the legislation in 2004 with assistance from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC).

As of 1 June 2006, Chad had not submitted its annual Article 7 transparency report which was due 30 April 2006. It has submitted five previous reports.[2]

Chad attended the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in Zagreb, Croatia in November-December 2005, where it made statements on victim assistance and on cooperation and assistance.

Chad participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in Geneva in June 2005 and May 2006. At the May meeting it made presentations on mine clearance, reporting on new unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination due to new conflict in 2006. It also made a presentation on victim assistance.

Chad has not engaged in the extensive discussions that States Parties have had on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1, 2 and 3. However, in July 2006, Chad sent a letter to Landmine Monitor stating that, with regard to Article 1, “we will reject any rules of engagement permitting use of antipersonnel mines and will refuse to order them as well. We will also reject participation in any joint operation if our military forces derive any military benefit from use of antipersonnel mines and we will not provide security or transportation of antipersonnel mines.”[3] Chad has still not made known its views on issues related to foreign stockpiling and transit of antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training.

Chad was absent from the vote on 8 December 2005 on UN General Assembly Resolution 60/80 in support of the Mine Ban Treaty. Chad has been absent from the vote on every annual pro-ban UNGA resolution since 1996, except in 1999 when it voted in favor of the resolution.

Chad is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Use

Chad is not known to have produced or exported antipersonnel mines. Chad completed destruction of its stockpile of 4,490 antipersonnel mines in January 2003.[4] In August 2003, it destroyed another 207 PMA3 antipersonnel mines that it reported had been newly discovered in a container abandoned by the Libyan army.[5] From May 2004 to April 2005, it destroyed another 1,158 antipersonnel mines, most of which were abandoned stocks discovered during demining operations.[6]

Chad has not retained any mines for training purposes.

In April 2006, the Chadian League for Human Rights accused the army of laying mines on the outskirts of the capital, N’Djamena, following a rebel attack on 13 April 2006. It said three children were killed by the mines on 19 April.[7] The government denied these allegations, and Landmine Monitor found no evidence to support the allegations. Representatives of the mine clearance community in Chad told Landmine Monitor they were not aware of any mine-laying.[8]

The Ministry of Defense stated, “Following the events of 13 April 2006 in and around N’Djamena, the Chief of the Army General Staff made an announcement on the radio that all local representatives (chiefs of districts, areas, blocks) should pass on information on the presence of munitions and unexploded items in this area. As of today, no emergency calls have been recorded. At the same time, the ANT [Chadian National Army] engineers in cooperation with the HCND [National Demining Office] disposed of a significant number of munitions on Friday, 28 April in the area of Gaoui. This destruction was transmitted on the radio, which was aimed at raising public awareness not only on the risks posed by the munitions but also on the army’s clearance work on the battlefields. So it is paradoxical to hear on RFI, the President of the Chadian League for Human Rights accusing the Army of having planted mines....”[9]

Landmine Monitor was told by a reliable source that the Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad (Mouvement pour la Démocratie et la Justice au Tchad, MDJT) used antivehicle mines in ambushes against army units in the Tibesti mountains in October 2005, resulting in casualties.[10]

Landmine and ERW Problem

The landmine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) problem in Chad is the result of 30 years of internal conflict and the 1973 Libyan invasion.[11] Ninety percent of known mined areas are located in the Borkou, Ennedi and Tibesti regions in the north, and in the Biltine and Ouaddai regions in the east. It is estimated that Chad is contaminated with one million landmines, and almost two million ERW. In the east, casualties are mainly from unexploded ordnance (UXO) or abandoned explosive ordnance (AXO).[12] In 2004, two previously unknown minefields were discovered teams in Borkou region.[13]

The Chadian border with the Darfur region of Sudan contains several mined areas and many areas contaminated with UXO. The impact of these mine/UXO-contaminated areas has increased with the presence of Sudanese refugees fleeing the conflict in Darfur. In March 2006, eastern Chad hosted 207,000 Sudanese refugees in 12 camps and there were an additional 28,000 refugees between the border and the camps.[14]

The 1999-2001 Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) identified 249 mine-affected communities, covering an area of more than 1,000 square kilometers. The Tibesti region, which is the most affected area in the country, was not included in the survey because of security concerns. The survey found that mine contamination directly interferes with the livelihood and safety of more than 280,000 Chadians, blocking access to water, pasture and agricultural land, roads and trails.[15]

In addition, as a result of fighting on 13 April 2006 between government forces and rebel forces, UXO were scattered around N’Djamena, particularly in the north and northeastern parts of the capital city. UXO and AXO were also left along routes taken by the rebels traveling from the east towards N’Djamena, and in towns where there were clashes between rebels and the local population or police.[16]

Mine Action Program

There is no national mine action authority in Chad. The National Demining Office (Haut Commissariat National de Déminage, HCND) is the governmental agency responsible for organizing, planning, supervising and managing all mine action activities in Chad. It is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Economy, Planning and Cooperation.

In 2002, when an interministerial committee was set up to implement the Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), the HCND believed that the committee would also assume the role of a national mine action authority; the committee included the HCND. However, since its creation, the committee has met without the HCND, and its draft progress report on the PRSP did not refer to mine action, despite the National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO being included in the PRSP. The HCND believes that as long as there are no financial resources to implement mine action activities, there is no need to create an additional body.[17]

HCND has its headquarters in N’Djamena, regional offices in Fada and Bardai, a logistical center in Faya, an operations center in Zouarké, and a temporary regional office in Wadi Doum. As of March 2006, the HCND had some 50 staff.[18]

The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has supported the HCND with a chief technical advisor, through the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS). Another advisor, for administration, finances and logistics, joined in March 2005 as a Swiss in-kind contribution that has been provided for this position since 2003.[19]

In 2004, the Chadian government committed to provide a dollar-for-dollar match on all UNDP funds during 2004 and 2005, as part of a project agreement between the government, UNDP and UNOPS. However, while UNDP advanced US$1.8 million at the end of 2005, the government provided only about $400,000.[20] As a result, UNDP decided to suspend its support to mine action in Chad, stating that, “UNDP will not continue to pay for mine action unless the Government fulfills its financial commitment to the programme.”[21] In May 2006, the Mine Action Support Group reported that the mine action program was unfunded for 2006; only $100,000 had been received from the government, and this was insufficient to re-start clearance operations after they had ceased in mid-December 2005. At least $1 million was needed for six months operational costs. Thus, engaging with the government and international donors remained “the first key objective for the short term.”[22]

HCND reported that the government included CFA230 million ($431,725) for mine action in the 2006 national budget. In May, the budget was promulgated and the HCND was awaiting transfer of the funds, after which UNDP would resume its financial support.[23] On 19 June, UNDP reported that the government had not (by then) provided the agreed share of funding. However, UNDP had decided to provide $320,000 for clearance of UXO from N’Djamena, and a tender for the work was in preparation; UNDP reported also contributing $128,000 left over from its 2005 contribution.[24]

The French Military Cooperation, having worked since 2003 on developing a demining training project in support of the Chadian army, abandoned the project at the end of 2005 because of what they explained as a “lack of interest from the Chadian armed forces.”[25] However, on a yearly basis, France continues to support the training of Chadian officers at the demining school in Benin.[26] One officer in 2005, and three officers in 2006 attended the training.[27]

An assessment conducted by UNDP and UNOPS in July 2005 concluded that management and financial problems jeopardized implementation of the Chadian mine action program. The assessment found that HCND faced several challenges, including “too frequent rotations and changes of key personnel.” Management problems prompted a restructuring in March 2005, establishing three new directorates for functions previously under one directorate, which led to the appointment of a new deputy coordinator, cabinet director, program administrator and heads of the operations, human resources, administration and finance, and logistics directorates.[28] HCND’s new organizational structure was made official by decree in June 2006.[29]

Since October 2004, there has been substantial disruption in the HCND. Two coordinators have been removed; an interim coordinator has been in position since April 2006. In addition, UNDP noted that the HNCD remains too dependent on international expertise.[30] A restructuring of the regional centers is said to have taken place in March 2005, but it was mainly a management reorganization following creation of the three new directorates.[31] Some 150 deminers are employed by the HCND (receiving a quarter of their salary from the government), but since the HCND did not receive any new funding in 2006, none of the personnel has been assigned to operational duties.[32]

According to the UN assessment report, HCND suffers from a lack of resources, delays in government funding, and little international mine action funding. Several demining accidents occurred in late 2003 and the first half of 2004 further undermining donor confidence.[33]

Chad’s Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) was installed at the HCND when the LIS was conducted. However, the database has not been updated as the IMSMA technical advisor position has been unfilled since January 2005; a new IMSMA advisor provided by Switzerland arrived in May 2006 for six months.[34]

There is no national legislation for mine action. Standing operating procedures based on International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and HCND procedures were developed by the German NGO, HELP. Mines Advisory Group developed its own standing operating procedures, which have been reviewed and accepted by the HCND. However, updated national standards did not exist as of June 2006.[35]

Strategic Planning and Progress

A National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO was drafted in 2002, with UNDP support, for the period 2002-2015. It was revised in 2005, ostensibly to be consistent with the 2009 deadline set by the Mine Ban Treaty. Its aim, however, is only for “zero victims” and “no impact” by 2009.

The strategic plan was included in the PRSP in 2003. The plan has two main elements: in Tibesti region where demining operations were prevented by ongoing conflict, it aimed to start mine action with an impact survey within a six-year period; in the remainder of Chad, a technical survey covering all high, medium and low impact areas identified by the LIS would be implemented.[36]

The strategy aimed to create a national capacity with the support of demining operators such as international NGOs and commercial companies, who would then manage and train demining units, either with UNOPS funding or with bilateral funding. The government was supposed to provide 50 percent of the total funding requirement, with the other half contributed by UNDP or other donors.[37] Chad’s PRSP, which was supposed to benefit from petroleum revenues, estimated that more than CFA57 billion ($110 million) would be needed over 14 years to clear the country of mines and UXO.[38]

Priority setting for mine action in Chad has been based on the LIS results, development priorities, and the presence of refugees. Priorities are agreed upon in consultation with local authorities.[39]

The 2005 mine action plan identified as priorities for mine clearance and battle area clearance the Wadi Doum and Fada regions. There was to be a technical survey of high- and medium-impact communities. The 2005 plan also envisaged survey and clearance operations in Tibesti region. In the Borkou, Ennedi and Tibesti regions, Chad planned to support the national NGO, Association de Déminage au Tchad, to develop survey and clearance teams and mobilize the local population for mine risk education and data collection. However, lack of funds prevented those activities from taking place.[40]

The 2006 mine action plan focused on the Fada region and included technical survey, battle area clearance and manual clearance. It also included: resuming operations in Wadi Doum; technical survey and battle area clearance in Gouro, Kouba Olanga and Moussoro; and initiating operations in Tibesti to open road access. The 2006 mine action plan required some $5.7 million.[41]

Chad submitted an application for the UNDP Completion Initiative in 2005; however it was not selected as part of the first batch of countries taking part in the initiative.[42]

Evaluations of Mine Action

A joint UNDP/UNOPS mine action assessment was conducted in June 2005 in order to review the efforts of the UN program to develop mine action managerial and technical capacities in Chad, to determine the need for more donor support and how this could be achieved, and to advise how the program could be improved. The mission recommended that the UNDP chief technical advisor and the HCND undertake a review of the HCND’s human resources to ensure that staff are properly qualified for their positions, and then prepare a comprehensive training plan for national staff. The mission stated, “further reorganization, reduction and simplification of structures are required to improve efficiency and rationalize costs.”[43]

It also called for the linkage between IMSMA and field operations to be improved, and for further training of national staff in IMSMA. The assessment recommended that the UN sustain mine action operations by supporting ongoing clearance operations, developing explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams and a technical survey capacity. A donor coordination mechanism was thought necessary; UNDP should explore funding opportunities, intensify efforts to persuade the government to fulfill its financial commitment to the program, and draw attention to mine action needs in Chad.[44]

Summary of Efforts to Comply with Article 5

Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Chad is required to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, but no later than 1 November 2009. The LIS provided the location and impact of mines in most of the country. However, Chad’s most contaminated region, Tibesti, remained to be surveyed in mid-2006, and the HCND believed that technical survey of all high-, medium- and low-impact areas was needed to identify more accurately the nature and extent of the tasks remaining. Of the 1,081 square kilometers of suspected mined areas identified by the LIS, only 8.3 square kilometers had been released to the public by the end of 2005.

Chad’s mine action strategy envisioned “a country free of the impact of mines and UXO before the end of the year 2009”―this does not fulfill the requirements of Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty. Even for this more limited objective, Chad has not mobilized the necessary funding. In May 2005, Chad stated that, “since December 2005, the demining project undergoes funding difficulties. Accumulated delays since the beginning of the operations in 2000 confirm that if necessary funds are not obtained, Chad will not be able to comply to the commitments undertaken under the Ottawa Convention.”[45] The HCND’s chief technical advisor maintains that, “without additional funding, Chad will be unable to meet its obligations by November 2009.”[46]

Demining

In 2005, Mines Advisory Group (MAG) was the only international operator engaged in mine clearance in Chad, with two projects. One project, funded by UNOPS, involved training, management and supervisory support to the HCND demining/EOD teams in Wadi Doum, and the creation of additional demining and survey/marking/EOD teams for the Fada region. However, without the government’s planned financial contribution in 2005, the project had to be revised; it was decided not to create additional teams but to retrain the two existing EOD teams in survey and marking. When UNDP/UNOPS funding stopped in December 2005, the contract was not renewed.[47] The second project, funded by the US Department of State (DoS), aimed to destroy all known arms caches and to clear water points of mines and UXO in the regions of Borkou, Ennedi and Biltine.[48]

The UNDP chief technical advisor conducted external quality assurance with a HCND team on the MAG/UNOPS project, once or twice a month. External quality assurance was not conducted on the MAG/DoS operations, because they are distant from N’Djamena; HCND does not have the resources to mobilize an airplane to reach the operations.[49]

France assisted the Chadian army in a dozen EOD tasks during 2005.

Identification of Mined Areas: Surveys and Assessments

In phase one of the MAG/DoS project, from December 2004 to March 2005, MAG conducted a rapid assessment of areas reported during the 2001 LIS in order to identify water points and caches to be cleared of ERW. MAG verified 99 impacted communities identified by the LIS, and found a further 60 impacted communities in Borkou and Ennedi not previously identified; this brought the total to 159 impacted communities, including 17 water points.

From March 2005 to February 2006 (phase two), MAG focused on clearance of access to water points in Borkou province and technical survey of other hazards. These activities continued after March 2006 (phase three), with an additional two teams. Phase 1 cost $400,000, phase 2 cost $1 million and phase 3 was estimated at costing $2.2 million.[50]

After battle area clearance was completed in Wadi Doum in May 2005, two MAG/UNOPS teams were retrained in EOD survey and marking. From July to December 2005, when UNOPS funding ended, the teams evaluated the needs for mine/battle area clearance in Fada region.

HNCD conducted two general survey missions in early 2006 in Zouarké, in the south of Tibesti region, following the peace agreement signed between the MDJT and the government on 18 August 2005. This opened the possibility for further work in Zouarké and Yebi-Bou.[51]

Marking and Fencing

Most mined and mine-suspected areas in Chad have not been marked or fenced prior to clearance, as required by Article 5. From March 2005 to February 2006, MAG teams marked 19 of the hazardous areas with red painted stones.[52]

Mine and ERW Clearance

Since demining operations started in September 2000, mine clearance, battle area clearance and EOD have been carried out in areas including Faya-Largeau, Fada, Ounianga-Kébir and Wadi Doum.[53] Land cleared was mainly for pasture, agriculture and access to wells.

Area Cleared (square meters) and Mines/ERW Destroyed in Chad in 2005[54]

Operator
Mine clearance
Antipersonnel mines
Antivehicle mines
Battle area clearance
ERW
MAG/DoS



1,762,222
2,302
HCND/MAG/UNOPS
285,172
741
560
266,180
44,512
French Military Cooperation/ Chadian army


6
10,000
3,052
Total
258,172
741
566
2,038,402
49,866

According to the HCND, from 2002 to the end of 2005, a total of 1,658,659 square meters had been cleared of mines, and battle area clearance had been conducted on over 6.4 square kilometers, destroying 13,993 antipersonnel mines, 5,775 antivehicle mines, 156,618 items of UXO and 106 bombs.[55] UNDP estimated that since 2000, demining operations have covered some 10 square kilometers, and more than 300 square kilometers have been released by area reduction.[56]

During phase 2 (March 2005-February 2006) of the MAG/DoS project funded by the US Department of State, access to 13 water points was cleared, 19 dangerous areas were marked and 40 EOD operations were conducted. Three previously unrecorded contaminated water points and 25 unrecorded dangerous areas were identified.[57] In January and February 2006, MAG teams cleared 5,205 square meters, destroying 5,219 UXO and rehabilitating the access to six water points.[58]

In the third phase, after training in March 2006, two EOD and manual demining teams were deployed in May to clear access to water points and mark the remaining dangerous areas in Borkou region and on the road from Koro Toro to Faya-Largeau. A third team was deployed to Zouarké in the south of Tibesti region ―the first time an NGO has conducted clearance in Tibesti. Where security permitted, MAG began limited survey and destruction of caches and stocks. Following post-clearance visits, MAG reported that cleared water points and wells were being used again by local and nomadic populations, and new date palms had been planted.[59]

In the MAG/UNOPS project, from January to August 2005, two manual clearance teams were involved in mine clearance and battle area clearance in Wadi Doum. In September, the two manual clearance teams were moved to Fada where high impact communities and development projects had been identified. Of the estimated 43 square kilometers of mined areas in Wadi Doum, some 5 square kilometers were cleared.[60]

In 2005, the French Military Cooperation and the Chadian army destroyed six antivehicle mines and 3,052 ERW in areas covering approximately 10,000 square meters. A dozen operations were conducted, covering mainly stockpile destruction and some isolated UXO.[61] The French forces noted that their operations have remained limited because the Chadian army has not shared information on the locations of stockpiles for destruction nor provided the necessary explosives for EOD operations.[62]

In March 2006, HCND conducted demining operations in Zouarké (from Faya-Largeau) and Yebi Bou (from Gouro). In April, Landmine Monitor was informed that around 158,000 square meters had been cleared, destroying 191 antipersonnel mines and nine antivehicle mines.[63]

As of May 2006, the Chadian army with the support of the French military, the HCND and MAG, had cleared and destroyed more than 500 ERW over two square kilometers of battle areas in north and northeastern N’Djamena, which resulted from the renewed fighting on 13 April. Chad asked the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) to provide funding to clear the remaining ERW in N’Djamena and on the route from the Sudanese border to the Chadian capital.[64]

One demining accident occurred in 2005. On 2 September, during MAG demining operations in Fada region, two deminers were slightly injured. MAG and UNOPS conducted separate investigations. Deminers had removed burnt-out vehicles from the perimeter of an area being cleared, and assumed that the area was safe (mine detectors were assumed to be detecting metal fragments from the vehicles); as deminers removed sand from the area with a bucket, a deminer stepped on an antipersonnel mine.[65] Following the accident, standing operational procedures were strengthened.[66]

As is the case with all deminers in Chad working on UNOPS projects, the deminers were insured and benefited from the premium related to their degree of disability.[67]

Mine Risk Education

Mine risk education (MRE) is coordinated by the HCND with the support of UNICEF and UNDP. MRE in 2005 was mainly undertaken by two HCND MRE teams and by volunteers. MAG also helped to spread mine/ERW safety messages.[68] Most MRE activities came to a halt in December 2005 due to funding constraints, according to UNDP.[69] Canadian funding to UNICEF/HCND ended in December 2005, except for an extension to 31 December 2006 to cover editing of MRE materials.[70]

From April to October 2005, a UNICEF MRE consultant supported the HCND MRE director. During this time, UNICEF helped to conduct two MRE campaigns in the east and north of Chad, targeting Sudanese refugees and the local Chadian population, and to integrate MRE in the school curriculum jointly with the Ministry of Education.[71] The two campaigns (12-30 July and 19 September-16 October 2005) reached 110,000 people. Trained MRE teams used a lecture-based methodology and distributed T-shirts, notebooks, leaflets and calendars. A total of 1,415 community volunteers have been trained since 2004.[72]

Prior to MRE activities in 2005, the UNICEF consultant undertook two assessments in the refugee camps that had participated in two MRE campaigns in 2004;[73] the level of safety information retained was low and people were not well prepared to address dangerous situations. Most of the MRE materials distributed previously had disappeared.[74]

The HCND and the Ministry of Education with UNICEF support started a program to integrate MRE into the school curriculum in mine-affected areas. By October 2005, materials for teachers and some materials for children had been developed, and a training-of-trainers for HCND staff had been undertaken; 2,500 teacher manuals and 700 MRE kits with supporting materials had been produced and handed over to the HCND.[75] There were plans to train up to 3,000 teachers in 2006, and to start school-based MRE in Fada, Kouba, Gouro and Zouarké.[76]

In response to the fighting between government forces and rebel forces on 13 April 2006, emergency MRE was organized in N’Djamena by UNICEF and the HCND.[77]

Chad’s revised National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO notes MRE as one of its goals, with an assessment of the impact of MRE including behavior change of the at-risk population. It was planned that a national MRE program would be drafted by the HCND in collaboration with UNICEF and the Ministry of Education during 2005; this was not done.[78] Chad mentioned MRE as a key priority with regard to funding needs in 2006.[79]

Funding and Assistance

The only country to report funding for mine action in Chad in 2005 was the US; the Department of State contributed $1 million to MAG while the Department of Defense provided $169,000 for IMSMA, medical and mine victim assistance management training.[80] In 2004, four donor-countries provided a total of $1,902,899.[81]

The HCND reported funding from UNDP totaling $1,150,200 in 2005. The Chadian government provided $367,790 in October 2005. Since April 1998, Chad was reported to have received $10,413,792 for mine action ($8,143,823 to the UNDP/HCND project and $2,269,969 from bilateral donor contributions).[82] The US reported having contributed $7,957,000 for the same period, of which $4,854,000 was provided by the Department of State and $3,103,000 by the Department of Defense.[83]

The estimated US Department of State contribution for 2006 was $2.2 million for a one-year extension of the MAG project (March 2006-February 2007).[84]

Landmine/UXO Casualties

In 2005, the HCND recorded 35 new mine/UXO casualties in Chad, including seven people killed (two women and five men) and 28 people injured (17 men, five women and six children). This continues the increase seen in 2004 (32 casualties), compared with 2003 (18 casualties).[85] Of the 35 casualties in 2005, 20 were caused by landmines and 15 by UXO. Activities at the time of the incidents included playing, handling the device, traveling, fetching water and taking care of domestic chores.[86]

Casualties continued to be reported in 2006, with at least 54 casualties as of 1 July 2006, including 14 killed and 40 injured. The HCND reported 51 mine/UXO casualties (11 killed, 38 injured, two unknown; four were female; and at least nine were aged under 18 years). A significant number of the casualties resulted from the fighting on 13 April; 34 people were involved in at least five UXO incidents in N’Djamena on that day. Also in N’Djamena, on 18 April an 18-year-old boy was killed by UXO, on 1 May, a soldier was injured by UXO, on 14 May, another person was injured by UXO and on 5 June a man was killed by UXO. On 1 May, in Zouarké, seven soldiers were injured when their vehicle hit a mine. On 23 May, near Massaguet, two children were injured by UXO.[87] Landmine Monitor identified one additional incident; on 19 April, three children were killed by mines or UXO in N’Djamena.[88]

Chad reported that animals are also regularly killed in minefields.[89]

The total number of mine/ERW casualties in Chad is not known. Casualty data is difficult to obtain and data collection is slow as, in general, people do not report fatal casualties and reporting on injured casualties depends on the location of the incident.[90] There is no comprehensive nationwide data collection mechanism. The HCND receives reports on new casualties from its regional offices, but they are not systematically included in the database.[91]

The Landmine Impact Survey provides the most comprehensive information, giving a total of 1,686 casualties (824 killed, 862 injured) from January 1998 to May 2001. The data does not include any mine/ERW casualties from the Tibesti region.[92] From the end of the impact survey in 2001 to December 2005, an additional 534 mine/UXO casualties were entered into the HCND database (233 killed, 301 injured), producing a total of 2,220 recorded mine/UXO casualties (1,057 killed, 1,163 injured). However, this remains an estimate as some of the recently added casualties were involved in landmine/UXO incidents prior to the LIS, and it is possible that they were entered twice in the database.[93] The IMSMA database has not been used for casualty data input since 2002.[94]

Survivor Assistance

At the First Review Conference in November-December 2004, Chad was identified as one of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine survivors, and with “the greatest responsibility to act, but also the greatest needs and expectations for assistance” in providing adequate services for the care, rehabilitation and reintegration of survivors.[95] Chad did not participate in the workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, held in Nairobi 31 May-2 June 2005, which was convened for the 11 African States Parties among the list of 24. Chad did not present its 2005-2009 objectives for the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in November-December 2005. However, during the meeting, Chad reaffirmed its support for the Nairobi Action Plan and said it hoped to rethink the issue of survivor assistance and invigorate mechanisms for the care of mine survivors.[96]

At the Standing Committee meetings in May 2006, Chad described some of the survivor assistance activities in the country. It recognized it had made limited progress in survivor assistance but said that the development of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) objectives and implementation of an action plan were dependent on funding. Chad presented some objectives for the 2006 action plan, including updating the casualty database, training personnel at the HCND, hospitals and other organizations, and becoming the focal point for resource mobilization for victim assistance. However, implementation was conditional on funding.[97] Chad did not include a survivor assistance expert in its delegation to the Standing Committee meetings in May 2006.

Chad’s National Strategic Plan to Fight Landmines and UXO, revised in 2005, aims to achieve “zero victims” by 2009.[98] Again, reportedly due to funding shortfalls, the drafting of a national plan for survivor assistance had not started as of May 2006.[99] As of July 2006, Chad had not submitted its annual Article 7 report (Form J may be used to report information on survivor assistance).

In Chad, medical care and rehabilitation services for mine casualties remain rudimentary. Access to services is difficult everywhere in the country due to geographic conditions and in the border areas with Sudan, refugees have put an additional strain on services and the impoverished population.[100] There are very few people trained in first aid; medical personnel need refresher training; equipment and supplies are insufficient.[101]

The French army operates a surgical unit at the military hospital in N’Djamena with the capacity to assist mine casualties. The Military Hospital in N’Djamena provides continuing medical care for mine survivors; in 2005, it treated four people injured by mines, and in January 2006, it treated three more.[102] Other hospitals and health centers reportedly do not have this capacity.[103] Landmine Monitor previously reported that all Chadian and French planes are obliged to transport landmine casualties free of charge. However, this is only available to HCND personnel and to deminers from other organizations.[104]

There are only two physical rehabilitation centers in Chad, one in N’Djamena covering the north and one in Moundou for the south; both are run by NGOs.[105] There are too few physiotherapists; reportedly, there are none in mine-affected areas.[106]

In December 2004, a team from the American National Guard, within the framework of the US European Command Humanitarian Mine Action, carried out a two-week assessment mission on survivor assistance in Chad. A team visited Chad again in December 2005, and on 22 February 2006, gave a briefing on its Alpha Mission survivor assistance initiative. This aimed to revitalize the US program in Chad, provide a sustainable survivor assistance training program at the HCND, and identify areas of future engagement, such as infrastructure, development of a victim assistance program and continued training. The training-of-trainers sessions were organized for HCND staff between 1 March and 7 April 2006, and included information technology and IMSMA database training. A second mission was scheduled for September-October 2006, focusing on Fada and Faya Largeau.[107]

In 2005, ICRC provided financial, material and technical support to the Kabalaye Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center (Centre d’Appareillage et de Rééducation de Kabalaye, CARK) in N’Djamena. The center is run by Christian Aid and Development (Secours Catholique et Développement, SECADEV), which covers running costs, but not the cost of materials (at least until it has generated sufficient income to cover all center expenses). In 2005, ICRC set up a referral system to facilitate access to CARK for patients from the east and discussed with the HCND additional ways to ensure access to services. In 2005, the center assisted 1,824 patients, produced 186 prosthesis (51 percent for mine survivors) and 196 orthoses (seven percent for mine survivors), and provided 322 pairs of crutches. ICRC reimbursed the cost of treatment for 116 patients.[108] In 2005, ICRC supported the training of CARK’s technicians in Addis Ababa and financed the construction of a walking circuit for the rehabilitation of amputees.[109] ICRC also financed CARK staff members to attend a one-week seminar on management of physical rehabilitation services in Dakar. ICRC also cooperates with Physiotherapists of the World (Kinésithérapeutes du Monde, KdM) to improve patient management capacities at the center.[110]

Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center in Moundou provided orthopedic and rehabilitation services in the towns of Doba, Kélo and Lai, as well as Moundou. Services at the center are financed by patients’ contributions, NGOs, private donations and the center’s own fundraising activities. People pay between 10 and 15 percent of the total cost of treatment. In 2005, 1,258 people were assisted; no mine survivors were identified among the beneficiaries. There was a waiting list for services. Two surgical missions were held in collaboration with the organization Handicap Santé, benefiting 123 people. The center also produced 19 prostheses, 207 orthoses, 80 pairs of orthopedic shoes, 162 pairs of crutches and 41 wheelchairs. In 2005, the center sent two staff members for physiotherapy training in Cotonou (Benin), one for orthopedic training in Lomé (Togo) and one for nursing training in Yaoundé (Cameroon). There were 14 physiotherapists and orthopedic technicians working at the center. The center also provided reintegration support to groups of 25 teenagers in Kélo.[111] ICRC provided material to the center.[112]

KdM provided technical support and training in physiotherapy and orthopedics. Since the end of its A Physiotherapist for every Hospital in Chari project in 2004, three rehabilitation departments have been functioning in Moissala, Sarh and Koumra. Follow-up visits and a one-week training were held with the trainees in 2005. KdM provided client management training to physiotherapists at CARK in February 2006, in cooperation with ICRC.[113] KdM is in the final stages of developing a recognized national physiotherapy training program in Chad. This will take place in Moundou, in collaboration with the Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center, and last for three years. It was planned that 14 people would take part and the training would lead to the grade of Superior Technician in Physiotherapy.[114]

Access to psychosocial support, vocational training, and economic reintegration, including micro-credit is extremely limited in Chad, as are employment opportunities for people living with disabilities.[115]

The NGO EIRENE (International Christian Service for Peace) ran a program, Reintegration of Persons with Disability, in Chad in 2005. Activities included supporting local associations of people with disabilities, lobbying the government to develop inclusive measures for people with disabilities, improving their mobility, and increasing socioeconomic integration through training activities.[116] The Chad National Fund to Support Professional Training trained at least eight women in crafts in 2005.[117]

In 2005, the UN Portfolio of Mine Action Projects included eight proposals for survivor assistance activities in Chad.[118] Three projects submitted by SECADEV were selected for funding by Belgium, through ICRC; at the end of 2005, SECADEV was awaiting the funds.[119] The 2006 Portfolio of Mine Action Projects included four proposals for survivor assistance activities, including one on advocacy for disability rights and three on socioeconomic development for landmine survivors and people with disabilities.[120]

Disability Policy and Practice

Chad has legislation protecting the rights of people with disabilities.[121] The Ministry of Social Action and Family is responsible for disability issues; in 2000, under decree 580/MASF/2000, it created the Special Direction for the Reintegration of Persons with Disabilities, which developed a national action plan. As of May 2006, implementation of this action plan was limited due to the lack of funding.[122]

The government provides limited support to services, education and employment for people with disabilities.[123] A validation workshop was held from 13 to 15 February 2006 on a new law for the rights of people with disabilities and improvement of their quality of life.[124]

It is estimated that there are about 100 associations of people with disabilities in Chad. Many are members of the National Union of Persons with Disabilities in Chad.[125] On 7 February each year, a National Day of Persons with Disabilities is organized to promote the development of people with disabilities and their reintegration into society.[126]


[1] Interview with Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, Coordinator, Haut Commissariat National de Déminage (HCND), and Michel Destemberg, Chief Technical Advisor, Humanitarian Demining Program in Chad, UN Development Programme (UNDP), Geneva, 9 May 2006.
[2] Previous Article 7 reports were submitted on 12 December 2001, 29 April 2002, 30 April 2003, 27 May 2004 and 27 September 2005. For the most recent report, the date of submission on the UN website is 27 September, but the date on the report itself is 30 April 2005. Landmine Monitor received a draft copy of that report on 2 July 2005, which was cited extensively in Landmine Monitor Report 2005.
[3] The undated letter, described as a draft, was sent in an email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 12 July 2006.
[4] Article 7 Report, Form G, 30 April 2003.
[5] Article 7 Report, Form G, 27 May 2004; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 5 July 2004.
[6] Article 7 Report, Form G, 27 September 2005. A total of 1,034 mines were discovered by the NGO HELP during demining around abandoned buildings in d’Abeche (642 PMA 3; 218 NR 409; 81 M14; 55 NR 413; 22 NR 109; 12 MB51-55; and 4 M18A1). Eighty-two NR 442 mines were discovered by HELP in a container abandoned by the Libyan army near Wadi Doum military base. Forty NR 409 mines and two M18A1 mines were discovered by the HCND during demining around a building in N’Djamena.
[7] “Children killed by mines in Chad after rebellion,” Agence France-Presse, 28 April 2006.
[8] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 1 May 2006. Other mine action, humanitarian aid and human rights representatives also told Landmine Monitor that there was no evidence of use of antipersonnel mines by government forces.
[9] “Démenti (Denial),” Chief of the Army General Staff, Ministry of National Defense, N’Djamena, 29 April 2006. Unofficial translation by Landmine Monitor.
[10] Email from a medical technician working for a humanitarian NGO in eastern Chad, December 2005.
[11] Under Protocol V of the Convention on Conventional Weapons, explosive remnants of war are defined as unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. Mines are explicitly excluded from the definition.
[12] UNDP/HCND/UNICEF, “Journée internationale de l’appui des Nations Unies aux programmes de déminage humanitaire,” Leaflet, 4 April 2006; statement by Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May 2006.
[13] Presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 2 July 2005.
[14] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 28 March 2006.
[15] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 290-291.
[16] Interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, and Assane N’Guéadoum, Administrator, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[17] Ibid.
[18] Ibid.
[19] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; and email, 14 July 2006.
[20] Ibid.
[21] UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, p. 6.
[22] Mine Action Support Group, “MASG Newsletter - First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May 2006, p. 6, www.state.gov, accessed 28 May 2006.
[23] Interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, and Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006. Average exchange rate for 2005: US$1 = (CFA Franc BEAC) XAF532.74656 Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com.
[24] Emails from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 19 June and 14 July 2006.
[25] Interview with Cmdt. Bellier de Villentroy, Engineering Liaison and Cooperation Officer, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 238.
[26] Interview with Cmdt. Bellier de Villentroy, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006.
[27] CPADD, “Bilan total du Centre de Perfectionnement aux Actions post-conflictuelles de Déminage et de Dépollution (CPADD),” April 2006, provided to Landmine Monitor on 26 April 2006 ; email from Cmdt. Bellier de Villentroy, French Military Cooperation, 1 July 2006.
[28] UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, p. 2.
[29] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006.
[30] Interview with Allassoum Bedoum, Resident Representative Assistant for Governance, UNDP, N’Djamena, 28 March 2006.
[31] Interview with Assane N’Guéadoum, HCND, N’Djamena, 28 March 2006.
[32] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006.
[33] Ibid; UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, pp. 1-2.
[34] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006, and email, 14 July 2006.
[35] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; interview with Didier Léonard, Technical Operations Manager, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006; UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, p. 6; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006.
[36] HCND, “Plan stratégique national de lutte contre les mines et les engins non explosés au Tchad 2006-2009,” 20 May 2005; presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[37] Statement by Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May 2006.
[38] “Chad National Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP),” June 2003, p. 106.
[39] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006.
[40] Ibid; see Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 235.
[41] UN, “2006 Portfolio of Mine Action Projects,” New York, pp. 111-112; UNDP/HCND document (untitled), 28 March 2006.
[42] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; see Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 235.
[43] UNDP/HCND, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, pp. 1-15.
[44] Ibid.
[45] Statement by Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May 2006.
[46] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; see Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 237.
[47] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006.
[48] Interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006.
[49] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006.
[50] Interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006.
[51] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006.
[52] Interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006.
[53] HCND, “Bilans chantiers 30 Novembre 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 25 March 2006.
[54] “MAG/DoS 2005 report,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 25 March 2006; HCND, “Bilans chantiers 30 Novembre 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 25 March 2006.
[55] UNDP/HCND/UNICEF, “Journée internationale de l’appui des Nations Unies aux programmes de déminage humanitaire,” 4 April 2006. The total of 13,993 antipersonnel mines destroyed includes 5,855 stockpiled antipersonnel mines.
[56] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006.
[57] Interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006.
[58] HCND, “Bilans chantiers 31 Mars 2006,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April 2006; MAG, “Bilan MAG/DOS 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April 2006.
[59] Interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006, and email, 1 June 2006; email from Tim Carstairs, Director of Policy, MAG, 11 July 2006.
[60] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. The NGO HELP had worked in Fada in 2002-2004; see Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 237.
[61] Interviews with Cmdt. Bellier de Villentroy, and Yves Reboulleaux, Mines Officer, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006; French Military Cooperation, “Bilan des destructions du 1 Janvier au 23 November 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 27 March 2006.
[62] Interview with Yves Reboulleaux, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006.
[63] HCND, “Bilans chantiers 31 Mars 2006,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April 2006.
[64] Presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006; interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[65] Interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahamoud Abakar Nassour, and Assane N’Gueadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006; interview with Didier Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006.
[66] Interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[67] Interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006.
[68] MAG, “La sécurisation des points d’eau au Tchad, Les interventions de MAG au Tchad,” leaflet, undated. MRE through leaflet distribution and presentations is listed as one of four key-elements of MAG’s work in Chad.
[69] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 12 July 2006.
[70] Email from Muriel Legros, Consultant, Child Protection Office, UNICEF, Chad, 10 July 2006.
[71] Mine Action Support Group, “MASG Newsletter-First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May 2006.
[72] HCND, “Bilan des activités d’E.R.M. realisées en 2004 et en 2005 et besoins 2006,” N'Djamena.
[73] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, pp. 238-239.
[74] UNICEF, “Mine Risk Education Programme in Chad, Final Report, October 2005,” Chad, p. 5.
[75] Email from Muriel Legros, UNICEF, Chad, 10 July 2006.
[76] UNICEF, “Mine Risk Education Programme in Chad, Final Report, October 2005,” Chad, p. 7; interview with Muriel Legros, UNICEF, Chad, 28 March 2006; Mine Action Support Group, “MASG Newsletter - First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May 2006, UNICEF section; presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May 2006.
[77] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 1 May 2006; presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[78] UN, “Country Overview: Chad,” updated 28 December 2005, www.mineaction.org, accessed 1 June 2006.
[79] Presentation and statement by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[80] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, pp. 239-240; email from H. Murphey McCloy Jr., Senior Demining Advisor, US Department of State, 10 July 2006.
[81] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 239.
[82] UNDP/HCND, “Détail des contributions versées par les donateurs au projet PNUD/HCND,” provided to Landmine Monitor in March 2006; UNDP/HCND, “Détail des contributions bilatérales versées par les donateurs dans le cadre bilatéral,” provided to Landmine Monitor in March 2006.
[83] Email from H. Murphey McCloy Jr., US Department of State, 10 July 2006.
[84] US Department of State, “To Walk the Earth in Safety,” June 2006, p.11; Mine Action Support Group, “MASG Newsletter- First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May 2006, www.state.gov, accessed 28 May 2006.
[85] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 240.
[86] Response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March 2006.
[87] Information provided by Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 7 June 2006, and email, 14 July 2006.
[88] “Children killed by mines in Chad after rebellion,” Agence France-Presse (N’Djamena), 28 April 2006.
[89] Statement by Chad, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May 2006.
[90] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 27 May 2006.
[91] Interview with Saleh Hissein Hassan Halaki, Coordinator, HCND, N’Djamena, 18 May 2005; interview with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 20 May 2005.
[92] Response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March 2006; see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 296.
[93] Emails from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March and 14 July 2006.
[94] US European Command Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006.
[95] UN, “Final Report, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction, Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004,” APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33.
[96] Statement by Chad, Sixth Meeting of States Parties, Zagreb, 28 November-2 December 2005.
[97] Statement by Chad, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May 2006.
[98] HCND, “Plan stratégique national de lutte contre les mines et les engins non explosés au Tchad 2006-2009,” 20 May 2005; statement by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006.
[99] Statement by Chad, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May 2006.
[100] WHO, “Chad: Health Sector Needs Assessment,” 15 February, www.who.int, accessed 31 May 2006.
[101] US European Command Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006.
[102] Email from Didier Léonard, MAG, 11 April 2006.
[103] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 296-297.
[104] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006.
[105] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received 19 May 2006, p. 20.
[106] Response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Executive Director, Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006.
[107] US European Command Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006.
[108] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received 19 May 2006, p. 20; email from Nadège Régent, Project Coordinator, Kinésithérapeutes du monde (KDM), N’Djamena, 17 February 2006.
[109] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006.
[110] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received 19 May 2006, p. 20.
[111] Response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006.
[112] Email from Walter Stocker, former Head of Delegation, ICRC, N’Djamena, 10 March 2006.
[113] Email from Nadège Régent, KDM, N’Djamena, 17 February 2006.
[114] Ibid; response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006.
[115] Response to Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006.
[116] International Christian Service for Peace (EIRENE), “Support for People with Disabilities: Integration of People with Disabilities in Chad,” 9 March 2006.
[117] Interview with Mbaïtoubam Saklah Djimadoungar, Director, Reintegration of Persons with Disabilities, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 24 May 2005; Mbaïtoubam Saklah Djimadoungar, “The Implementation of the Decade of People with Disabilities in Chad,” 2 April 2005.
[118] See Landmine Monitor 2005, p. 241.
[119] Email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006.
[120] UN, “2006 Portfolio of Mine Action Projects,” New York, pp. 113-119.
[121] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 243.
[122] Email from Nguendoyoum Gaknanbaye, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 23 February 2006.
[123] US Department of State, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2005: Chad,” Washington DC, 8 March 2006.
[124] Email from Nguendoyoum Gaknanbaye, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 23 February 2006.
[125] See Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 243.
[126] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 298.