Key developments since May 2005: The National Strategic Plan to Fight
Mines and UXO was revised in 2005 to take account of the Mine Ban Treaty Article
5 deadline for clearance of all mined areas; however, it aims only for
“zero victims” and “no impact” by the 2009 deadline.
The Council of Ministers approved national implementation legislation in October
2005 and submitted it to parliament. A UN assessment in July 2005 concluded
that management and financial problems jeopardized Chad’s mine action
program; in December, UN financial support was suspended after Chad failed to
provide its pledged funding for mine action; UNDP reinstated some funding in
mid-2006. In 2005, 285,172 square meters were cleared of mines, with an
additional two square kilometers of battle area clearance. Two mine risk
education campaigns reached around 110,000 Sudanese refugees and local people in
2005. Some emergency MRE was undertaken after renewed conflict in April 2006.
The number of recorded casualties continued to increase, despite limited data
collection; in 2005, there were at least 35 casualties, and from January to June
2006, there were at least 54 new casualties from mines and unexploded
ordnance.
Mine Ban Policy
The Republic of Chad signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 6 July 1998, ratified on 6
May 1999, and became a State Party on 1 November 1999. In October 2005, the
Council of Ministers approved national implementation legislation and submitted
it to parliament.[1] Chad had drafted
the legislation in 2004 with assistance from the International Committee of the
Red Cross (ICRC).
As of 1 June 2006, Chad had not submitted its annual Article 7 transparency
report which was due 30 April 2006. It has submitted five previous
reports.[2]
Chad attended the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in Zagreb, Croatia in
November-December 2005, where it made statements on victim assistance and on
cooperation and assistance.
Chad participated in the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in Geneva
in June 2005 and May 2006. At the May meeting it made presentations on mine
clearance, reporting on new unexploded ordnance (UXO) contamination due to new
conflict in 2006. It also made a presentation on victim assistance.
Chad has not engaged in the extensive discussions that States Parties have
had on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1, 2 and
3. However, in July 2006, Chad sent a letter to Landmine Monitor stating that,
with regard to Article 1, “we will reject any rules of engagement
permitting use of antipersonnel mines and will refuse to order them as well. We
will also reject participation in any joint operation if our military forces
derive any military benefit from use of antipersonnel mines and we will not
provide security or transportation of antipersonnel
mines.”[3] Chad has still not
made known its views on issues related to foreign stockpiling and transit of
antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling
devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training.
Chad was absent from the vote on 8 December 2005 on UN General Assembly
Resolution 60/80 in support of the Mine Ban Treaty. Chad has been absent from
the vote on every annual pro-ban UNGA resolution since 1996, except in 1999 when
it voted in favor of the resolution.
Chad is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Use
Chad is not known to have produced or exported antipersonnel mines. Chad
completed destruction of its stockpile of 4,490 antipersonnel mines in January
2003.[4] In August 2003, it destroyed
another 207 PMA3 antipersonnel mines that it reported had been newly discovered
in a container abandoned by the Libyan
army.[5] From May 2004 to April 2005,
it destroyed another 1,158 antipersonnel mines, most of which were abandoned
stocks discovered during demining
operations.[6]
Chad has not retained any mines for training purposes.
In April 2006, the Chadian League for Human Rights accused the army of laying
mines on the outskirts of the capital, N’Djamena, following a rebel attack
on 13 April 2006. It said three children were killed by the mines on 19
April.[7] The government denied these
allegations, and Landmine Monitor found no evidence to support the allegations.
Representatives of the mine clearance community in Chad told Landmine Monitor
they were not aware of any
mine-laying.[8]
The Ministry of Defense stated, “Following the events of 13 April 2006
in and around N’Djamena, the Chief of the Army General Staff made an
announcement on the radio that all local representatives (chiefs of districts,
areas, blocks) should pass on information on the presence of munitions and
unexploded items in this area. As of today, no emergency calls have been
recorded. At the same time, the ANT [Chadian National Army] engineers in
cooperation with the HCND [National Demining Office] disposed of a significant
number of munitions on Friday, 28 April in the area of Gaoui. This destruction
was transmitted on the radio, which was aimed at raising public awareness not
only on the risks posed by the munitions but also on the army’s clearance
work on the battlefields. So it is paradoxical to hear on RFI, the President of
the Chadian League for Human Rights accusing the Army of having planted
mines....”[9]
Landmine Monitor was told by a reliable source that the Movement for
Democracy and Justice in Chad (Mouvement pour la Démocratie et la Justice
au Tchad, MDJT) used antivehicle mines in ambushes against army units in the
Tibesti mountains in October 2005, resulting in
casualties.[10]
Landmine and ERW Problem
The landmine and explosive remnants of war (ERW) problem in Chad is the
result of 30 years of internal conflict and the 1973 Libyan
invasion.[11] Ninety percent of
known mined areas are located in the Borkou, Ennedi and Tibesti regions in the
north, and in the Biltine and Ouaddai regions in the east. It is estimated that
Chad is contaminated with one million landmines, and almost two million ERW. In
the east, casualties are mainly from unexploded ordnance (UXO) or abandoned
explosive ordnance (AXO).[12] In
2004, two previously unknown minefields were discovered teams in Borkou
region.[13]
The Chadian border with the Darfur region of Sudan contains several mined
areas and many areas contaminated with UXO. The impact of these
mine/UXO-contaminated areas has increased with the presence of Sudanese refugees
fleeing the conflict in Darfur. In March 2006, eastern Chad hosted 207,000
Sudanese refugees in 12 camps and there were an additional 28,000 refugees
between the border and the
camps.[14]
The 1999-2001 Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) identified 249 mine-affected
communities, covering an area of more than 1,000 square kilometers. The Tibesti
region, which is the most affected area in the country, was not included in the
survey because of security concerns. The survey found that mine contamination
directly interferes with the livelihood and safety of more than 280,000
Chadians, blocking access to water, pasture and agricultural land, roads and
trails.[15]
In addition, as a result of fighting on 13 April 2006 between government
forces and rebel forces, UXO were scattered around N’Djamena, particularly
in the north and northeastern parts of the capital city. UXO and AXO were also
left along routes taken by the rebels traveling from the east towards
N’Djamena, and in towns where there were clashes between rebels and the
local population or police.[16]
Mine Action Program
There is no national mine action authority in Chad. The National Demining
Office (Haut Commissariat National de Déminage, HCND) is the governmental
agency responsible for organizing, planning, supervising and managing all mine
action activities in Chad. It is under the responsibility of the Ministry of
Economy, Planning and Cooperation.
In 2002, when an interministerial committee was set up to implement the
Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP), the HCND believed that the committee
would also assume the role of a national mine action authority; the committee
included the HCND. However, since its creation, the committee has met without
the HCND, and its draft progress report on the PRSP did not refer to mine
action, despite the National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO being
included in the PRSP. The HCND believes that as long as there are no financial
resources to implement mine action activities, there is no need to create an
additional body.[17]
HCND has its headquarters in N’Djamena, regional offices in Fada and
Bardai, a logistical center in Faya, an operations center in Zouarké, and
a temporary regional office in Wadi Doum. As of March 2006, the HCND had some
50 staff.[18]
The UN Development Programme (UNDP) has supported the HCND with a chief
technical advisor, through the UN Office for Project Services (UNOPS). Another
advisor, for administration, finances and logistics, joined in March 2005 as a
Swiss in-kind contribution that has been provided for this position since
2003.[19]
In 2004, the Chadian government committed to provide a dollar-for-dollar
match on all UNDP funds during 2004 and 2005, as part of a project agreement
between the government, UNDP and UNOPS. However, while UNDP advanced US$1.8
million at the end of 2005, the government provided only about
$400,000.[20] As a result, UNDP
decided to suspend its support to mine action in Chad, stating that, “UNDP
will not continue to pay for mine action unless the Government fulfills its
financial commitment to the
programme.”[21] In May 2006,
the Mine Action Support Group reported that the mine action program was unfunded
for 2006; only $100,000 had been received from the government, and this was
insufficient to re-start clearance operations after they had ceased in
mid-December 2005. At least $1 million was needed for six months operational
costs. Thus, engaging with the government and international donors remained
“the first key objective for the short
term.”[22]
HCND reported that the government included CFA230 million ($431,725) for mine
action in the 2006 national budget. In May, the budget was promulgated and the
HCND was awaiting transfer of the funds, after which UNDP would resume its
financial support.[23] On 19 June,
UNDP reported that the government had not (by then) provided the agreed share of
funding. However, UNDP had decided to provide $320,000 for clearance of UXO
from N’Djamena, and a tender for the work was in preparation; UNDP
reported also contributing $128,000 left over from its 2005
contribution.[24]
The French Military Cooperation, having worked since 2003 on developing a
demining training project in support of the Chadian army, abandoned the project
at the end of 2005 because of what they explained as a “lack of interest
from the Chadian armed
forces.”[25] However, on a
yearly basis, France continues to support the training of Chadian officers at
the demining school in Benin.[26] One officer in 2005, and three officers in 2006 attended the
training.[27]
An assessment conducted by UNDP and UNOPS in July 2005 concluded that
management and financial problems jeopardized implementation of the Chadian mine
action program. The assessment found that HCND faced several challenges,
including “too frequent rotations and changes of key personnel.”
Management problems prompted a restructuring in March 2005, establishing three
new directorates for functions previously under one directorate, which led to
the appointment of a new deputy coordinator, cabinet director, program
administrator and heads of the operations, human resources, administration and
finance, and logistics directorates.[28] HCND’s new organizational structure was made official by decree in
June 2006.[29]
Since October 2004, there has been substantial disruption in the HCND. Two
coordinators have been removed; an interim coordinator has been in position
since April 2006. In addition, UNDP noted that the HNCD remains too dependent
on international expertise.[30] A
restructuring of the regional centers is said to have taken place in March 2005,
but it was mainly a management reorganization following creation of the three
new directorates.[31] Some 150
deminers are employed by the HCND (receiving a quarter of their salary from the
government), but since the HCND did not receive any new funding in 2006, none of
the personnel has been assigned to operational
duties.[32]
According to the UN assessment report, HCND suffers from a lack of resources,
delays in government funding, and little international mine action funding.
Several demining accidents occurred in late 2003 and the first half of 2004
further undermining donor
confidence.[33]
Chad’s Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) was
installed at the HCND when the LIS was conducted. However, the database has not
been updated as the IMSMA technical advisor position has been unfilled since
January 2005; a new IMSMA advisor provided by Switzerland arrived in May 2006
for six months.[34]
There is no national legislation for mine action. Standing operating
procedures based on International Mine Action Standards (IMAS) and HCND
procedures were developed by the German NGO, HELP. Mines Advisory Group
developed its own standing operating procedures, which have been reviewed and
accepted by the HCND. However, updated national standards did not exist as of
June 2006.[35]
Strategic Planning and Progress
A National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO was drafted in 2002, with
UNDP support, for the period 2002-2015. It was revised in 2005, ostensibly to
be consistent with the 2009 deadline set by the Mine Ban Treaty. Its aim,
however, is only for “zero victims” and “no impact” by
2009.
The strategic plan was included in the PRSP in 2003. The plan has two main
elements: in Tibesti region where demining operations were prevented by ongoing
conflict, it aimed to start mine action with an impact survey within a six-year
period; in the remainder of Chad, a technical survey covering all high, medium
and low impact areas identified by the LIS would be
implemented.[36]
The strategy aimed to create a national capacity with the support of demining
operators such as international NGOs and commercial companies, who would then
manage and train demining units, either with UNOPS funding or with bilateral
funding. The government was supposed to provide 50 percent of the total funding
requirement, with the other half contributed by UNDP or other
donors.[37] Chad’s PRSP,
which was supposed to benefit from petroleum revenues, estimated that more than
CFA57 billion ($110 million) would be needed over 14 years to clear the country
of mines and UXO.[38]
Priority setting for mine action in Chad has been based on the LIS results,
development priorities, and the presence of refugees. Priorities are agreed
upon in consultation with local
authorities.[39]
The 2005 mine action plan identified as priorities for mine clearance and
battle area clearance the Wadi Doum and Fada regions. There was to be a
technical survey of high- and medium-impact communities. The 2005 plan also
envisaged survey and clearance operations in Tibesti region. In the Borkou,
Ennedi and Tibesti regions, Chad planned to support the national NGO,
Association de Déminage au Tchad, to develop survey and clearance teams
and mobilize the local population for mine risk education and data collection.
However, lack of funds prevented those activities from taking
place.[40]
The 2006 mine action plan focused on the Fada region and included technical
survey, battle area clearance and manual clearance. It also included: resuming
operations in Wadi Doum; technical survey and battle area clearance in Gouro,
Kouba Olanga and Moussoro; and initiating operations in Tibesti to open road
access. The 2006 mine action plan required some $5.7
million.[41]
Chad submitted an application for the UNDP Completion Initiative in 2005;
however it was not selected as part of the first batch of countries taking part
in the initiative.[42]
Evaluations of Mine Action
A joint UNDP/UNOPS mine action assessment was conducted in June 2005 in order
to review the efforts of the UN program to develop mine action managerial and
technical capacities in Chad, to determine the need for more donor support and
how this could be achieved, and to advise how the program could be improved.
The mission recommended that the UNDP chief technical advisor and the HCND
undertake a review of the HCND’s human resources to ensure that staff are
properly qualified for their positions, and then prepare a comprehensive
training plan for national staff. The mission stated, “further
reorganization, reduction and simplification of structures are required to
improve efficiency and rationalize
costs.”[43]
It also called for the linkage between IMSMA and field operations to be
improved, and for further training of national staff in IMSMA. The assessment
recommended that the UN sustain mine action operations by supporting ongoing
clearance operations, developing explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams and a
technical survey capacity. A donor coordination mechanism was thought
necessary; UNDP should explore funding opportunities, intensify efforts to
persuade the government to fulfill its financial commitment to the program, and
draw attention to mine action needs in
Chad.[44]
Summary of Efforts to Comply with Article 5
Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Chad is required to destroy all
antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as
possible, but no later than 1 November 2009. The LIS provided the location and
impact of mines in most of the country. However, Chad’s most contaminated
region, Tibesti, remained to be surveyed in mid-2006, and the HCND believed that
technical survey of all high-, medium- and low-impact areas was needed to
identify more accurately the nature and extent of the tasks remaining. Of the
1,081 square kilometers of suspected mined areas identified by the LIS, only 8.3
square kilometers had been released to the public by the end of 2005.
Chad’s mine action strategy envisioned “a country free of the
impact of mines and UXO before the end of the year 2009”―this does
not fulfill the requirements of Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty. Even for this
more limited objective, Chad has not mobilized the necessary funding. In May
2005, Chad stated that, “since December 2005, the demining project
undergoes funding difficulties. Accumulated delays since the beginning of the
operations in 2000 confirm that if necessary funds are not obtained, Chad will
not be able to comply to the commitments undertaken under the Ottawa
Convention.”[45] The
HCND’s chief technical advisor maintains that, “without additional
funding, Chad will be unable to meet its obligations by November
2009.”[46]
Demining
In 2005, Mines Advisory Group (MAG) was the only international operator
engaged in mine clearance in Chad, with two projects. One project, funded by
UNOPS, involved training, management and supervisory support to the HCND
demining/EOD teams in Wadi Doum, and the creation of additional demining and
survey/marking/EOD teams for the Fada region. However, without the
government’s planned financial contribution in 2005, the project had to be
revised; it was decided not to create additional teams but to retrain the two
existing EOD teams in survey and marking. When UNDP/UNOPS funding stopped in
December 2005, the contract was not
renewed.[47] The second project,
funded by the US Department of State (DoS), aimed to destroy all known arms
caches and to clear water points of mines and UXO in the regions of Borkou,
Ennedi and Biltine.[48]
The UNDP chief technical advisor conducted external quality assurance with a
HCND team on the MAG/UNOPS project, once or twice a month. External quality
assurance was not conducted on the MAG/DoS operations, because they are distant
from N’Djamena; HCND does not have the resources to mobilize an airplane
to reach the operations.[49]
France assisted the Chadian army in a dozen EOD tasks during 2005.
Identification of Mined Areas: Surveys and Assessments
In phase one of the MAG/DoS project, from December 2004 to March 2005, MAG
conducted a rapid assessment of areas reported during the 2001 LIS in order to
identify water points and caches to be cleared of ERW. MAG verified 99 impacted
communities identified by the LIS, and found a further 60 impacted communities
in Borkou and Ennedi not previously identified; this brought the total to 159
impacted communities, including 17 water points.
From March 2005 to February 2006 (phase two), MAG focused on clearance of
access to water points in Borkou province and technical survey of other hazards.
These activities continued after March 2006 (phase three), with an additional
two teams. Phase 1 cost $400,000, phase 2 cost $1 million and phase 3 was
estimated at costing $2.2
million.[50]
After battle area clearance was completed in Wadi Doum in May 2005, two
MAG/UNOPS teams were retrained in EOD survey and marking. From July to December
2005, when UNOPS funding ended, the teams evaluated the needs for mine/battle
area clearance in Fada region.
HNCD conducted two general survey missions in early 2006 in Zouarké,
in the south of Tibesti region, following the peace agreement signed between the
MDJT and the government on 18 August 2005. This opened the possibility for
further work in Zouarké and
Yebi-Bou.[51]
Marking and Fencing
Most mined and mine-suspected areas in Chad have not been marked or fenced
prior to clearance, as required by Article 5. From March 2005 to February 2006,
MAG teams marked 19 of the hazardous areas with red painted
stones.[52]
Mine and ERW Clearance
Since demining operations started in September 2000, mine clearance, battle
area clearance and EOD have been carried out in areas including Faya-Largeau,
Fada, Ounianga-Kébir and Wadi
Doum.[53] Land cleared was mainly
for pasture, agriculture and access to wells.
Area Cleared (square meters) and Mines/ERW Destroyed in Chad in
2005[54]
Operator
Mine clearance
Antipersonnel mines
Antivehicle mines
Battle area clearance
ERW
MAG/DoS
1,762,222
2,302
HCND/MAG/UNOPS
285,172
741
560
266,180
44,512
French Military Cooperation/ Chadian army
6
10,000
3,052
Total
258,172
741
566
2,038,402
49,866
According to the HCND, from 2002 to the end of 2005, a total of 1,658,659
square meters had been cleared of mines, and battle area clearance had been
conducted on over 6.4 square kilometers, destroying 13,993 antipersonnel mines,
5,775 antivehicle mines, 156,618 items of UXO and 106
bombs.[55] UNDP estimated that
since 2000, demining operations have covered some 10 square kilometers, and more
than 300 square kilometers have been released by area
reduction.[56]
During phase 2 (March 2005-February 2006) of the MAG/DoS project funded by
the US Department of State, access to 13 water points was cleared, 19 dangerous
areas were marked and 40 EOD operations were conducted. Three previously
unrecorded contaminated water points and 25 unrecorded dangerous areas were
identified.[57] In January and
February 2006, MAG teams cleared 5,205 square meters, destroying 5,219 UXO and
rehabilitating the access to six water
points.[58]
In the third phase, after training in March 2006, two EOD and manual demining
teams were deployed in May to clear access to water points and mark the
remaining dangerous areas in Borkou region and on the road from Koro Toro to
Faya-Largeau. A third team was deployed to Zouarké in the south of
Tibesti region ―the first time an NGO has conducted clearance in Tibesti.
Where security permitted, MAG began limited survey and destruction of caches and
stocks. Following post-clearance visits, MAG reported that cleared water points
and wells were being used again by local and nomadic populations, and new date
palms had been planted.[59]
In the MAG/UNOPS project, from January to August 2005, two manual clearance
teams were involved in mine clearance and battle area clearance in Wadi Doum.
In September, the two manual clearance teams were moved to Fada where high
impact communities and development projects had been identified. Of the
estimated 43 square kilometers of mined areas in Wadi Doum, some 5 square
kilometers were cleared.[60]
In 2005, the French Military Cooperation and the Chadian army destroyed six
antivehicle mines and 3,052 ERW in areas covering approximately 10,000 square
meters. A dozen operations were conducted, covering mainly stockpile
destruction and some isolated UXO.[61] The French forces noted that their operations have remained limited
because the Chadian army has not shared information on the locations of
stockpiles for destruction nor provided the necessary explosives for EOD
operations.[62]
In March 2006, HCND conducted demining operations in Zouarké (from
Faya-Largeau) and Yebi Bou (from Gouro). In April, Landmine Monitor was
informed that around 158,000 square meters had been cleared, destroying 191
antipersonnel mines and nine antivehicle
mines.[63]
As of May 2006, the Chadian army with the support of the French military, the
HCND and MAG, had cleared and destroyed more than 500 ERW over two square
kilometers of battle areas in north and northeastern N’Djamena, which
resulted from the renewed fighting on 13 April. Chad asked the UN Mine Action
Service (UNMAS) to provide funding to clear the remaining ERW in N’Djamena
and on the route from the Sudanese border to the Chadian
capital.[64]
One demining accident occurred in 2005. On 2 September, during MAG demining
operations in Fada region, two deminers were slightly injured. MAG and UNOPS
conducted separate investigations. Deminers had removed burnt-out vehicles from
the perimeter of an area being cleared, and assumed that the area was safe (mine
detectors were assumed to be detecting metal fragments from the vehicles); as
deminers removed sand from the area with a bucket, a deminer stepped on an
antipersonnel mine.[65] Following
the accident, standing operational procedures were
strengthened.[66]
As is the case with all deminers in Chad working on UNOPS projects, the
deminers were insured and benefited from the premium related to their degree of
disability.[67]
Mine Risk Education
Mine risk education (MRE) is coordinated by the HCND with the support of
UNICEF and UNDP. MRE in 2005 was mainly undertaken by two HCND MRE teams and by
volunteers. MAG also helped to spread mine/ERW safety
messages.[68] Most MRE activities
came to a halt in December 2005 due to funding constraints, according to
UNDP.[69] Canadian funding to
UNICEF/HCND ended in December 2005, except for an extension to 31 December 2006
to cover editing of MRE materials.[70]
From April to October 2005, a UNICEF MRE consultant supported the HCND MRE
director. During this time, UNICEF helped to conduct two MRE campaigns in the
east and north of Chad, targeting Sudanese refugees and the local Chadian
population, and to integrate MRE in the school curriculum jointly with the
Ministry of Education.[71] The two
campaigns (12-30 July and 19 September-16 October 2005) reached 110,000 people.
Trained MRE teams used a lecture-based methodology and distributed T-shirts,
notebooks, leaflets and calendars. A total of 1,415 community volunteers have
been trained since 2004.[72]
Prior to MRE activities in 2005, the UNICEF consultant undertook two
assessments in the refugee camps that had participated in two MRE campaigns in
2004;[73] the level of safety
information retained was low and people were not well prepared to address
dangerous situations. Most of the MRE materials distributed previously had
disappeared.[74]
The HCND and the Ministry of Education with UNICEF support started a program
to integrate MRE into the school curriculum in mine-affected areas. By October
2005, materials for teachers and some materials for children had been developed,
and a training-of-trainers for HCND staff had been undertaken; 2,500 teacher
manuals and 700 MRE kits with supporting materials had been produced and handed
over to the HCND.[75] There were
plans to train up to 3,000 teachers in 2006, and to start school-based MRE in
Fada, Kouba, Gouro and
Zouarké.[76]
In response to the fighting between government forces and rebel forces on 13
April 2006, emergency MRE was organized in N’Djamena by UNICEF and the
HCND.[77]
Chad’s revised National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO notes MRE
as one of its goals, with an assessment of the impact of MRE including behavior
change of the at-risk population. It was planned that a national MRE program
would be drafted by the HCND in collaboration with UNICEF and the Ministry of
Education during 2005; this was not
done.[78] Chad mentioned MRE as a
key priority with regard to funding needs in
2006.[79]
Funding and Assistance
The only country to report funding for mine action in Chad in 2005 was the
US; the Department of State contributed $1 million to MAG while the Department
of Defense provided $169,000 for IMSMA, medical and mine victim assistance
management training.[80] In 2004,
four donor-countries provided a total of
$1,902,899.[81]
The HCND reported funding from UNDP totaling $1,150,200 in 2005. The Chadian
government provided $367,790 in October 2005. Since April 1998, Chad was
reported to have received $10,413,792 for mine action ($8,143,823 to the
UNDP/HCND project and $2,269,969 from bilateral donor
contributions).[82] The US reported
having contributed $7,957,000 for the same period, of which $4,854,000 was
provided by the Department of State and $3,103,000 by the Department of
Defense.[83]
The estimated US Department of State contribution for 2006 was $2.2 million
for a one-year extension of the MAG project (March 2006-February
2007).[84]
Landmine/UXO Casualties
In 2005, the HCND recorded 35 new mine/UXO casualties in Chad, including
seven people killed (two women and five men) and 28 people injured (17 men, five
women and six children). This continues the increase seen in 2004 (32
casualties), compared with 2003 (18
casualties).[85] Of the 35
casualties in 2005, 20 were caused by landmines and 15 by UXO. Activities at
the time of the incidents included playing, handling the device, traveling,
fetching water and taking care of domestic
chores.[86]
Casualties continued to be reported in 2006, with at least 54 casualties as
of 1 July 2006, including 14 killed and 40 injured. The HCND reported 51
mine/UXO casualties (11 killed, 38 injured, two unknown; four were female; and
at least nine were aged under 18 years). A significant number of the casualties
resulted from the fighting on 13 April; 34 people were involved in at least five
UXO incidents in N’Djamena on that day. Also in N’Djamena, on 18
April an 18-year-old boy was killed by UXO, on 1 May, a soldier was injured by
UXO, on 14 May, another person was injured by UXO and on 5 June a man was killed
by UXO. On 1 May, in Zouarké, seven soldiers were injured when their
vehicle hit a mine. On 23 May, near Massaguet, two children were injured by
UXO.[87] Landmine Monitor
identified one additional incident; on 19 April, three children were killed by
mines or UXO in N’Djamena.[88]
Chad reported that animals are also regularly killed in
minefields.[89]
The total number of mine/ERW casualties in Chad is not known. Casualty data
is difficult to obtain and data collection is slow as, in general, people do not
report fatal casualties and reporting on injured casualties depends on the
location of the incident.[90] There
is no comprehensive nationwide data collection mechanism. The HCND receives
reports on new casualties from its regional offices, but they are not
systematically included in the
database.[91]
The Landmine Impact Survey provides the most comprehensive information,
giving a total of 1,686 casualties (824 killed, 862 injured) from January 1998
to May 2001. The data does not include any mine/ERW casualties from the Tibesti
region.[92] From the end of the
impact survey in 2001 to December 2005, an additional 534 mine/UXO casualties
were entered into the HCND database (233 killed, 301 injured), producing a total
of 2,220 recorded mine/UXO casualties (1,057 killed, 1,163 injured). However,
this remains an estimate as some of the recently added casualties were involved
in landmine/UXO incidents prior to the LIS, and it is possible that they were
entered twice in the database.[93] The IMSMA database has not been used for casualty data input since
2002.[94]
Survivor Assistance
At the First Review Conference in November-December 2004, Chad was identified
as one of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine survivors, and with
“the greatest responsibility to act, but also the greatest needs and
expectations for assistance” in providing adequate services for the care,
rehabilitation and reintegration of
survivors.[95] Chad did not
participate in the workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa,
held in Nairobi 31 May-2 June 2005, which was convened for the 11 African States
Parties among the list of 24. Chad did not present its 2005-2009 objectives for
the Sixth Meeting of States Parties in November-December 2005. However, during
the meeting, Chad reaffirmed its support for the Nairobi Action Plan and said it
hoped to rethink the issue of survivor assistance and invigorate mechanisms for
the care of mine survivors.[96]
At the Standing Committee meetings in May 2006, Chad described some of the
survivor assistance activities in the country. It recognized it had made
limited progress in survivor assistance but said that the development of SMART
(Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) objectives and
implementation of an action plan were dependent on funding. Chad presented some
objectives for the 2006 action plan, including updating the casualty database,
training personnel at the HCND, hospitals and other organizations, and becoming
the focal point for resource mobilization for victim assistance. However,
implementation was conditional on
funding.[97] Chad did not include a
survivor assistance expert in its delegation to the Standing Committee meetings
in May 2006.
Chad’s National Strategic Plan to Fight Landmines and UXO, revised in
2005, aims to achieve “zero victims” by
2009.[98] Again, reportedly due to
funding shortfalls, the drafting of a national plan for survivor assistance had
not started as of May 2006.[99] As of July 2006, Chad had not submitted its annual Article 7 report (Form
J may be used to report information on survivor assistance).
In Chad, medical care and rehabilitation services for mine casualties remain
rudimentary. Access to services is difficult everywhere in the country due to
geographic conditions and in the border areas with Sudan, refugees have put an
additional strain on services and the impoverished
population.[100] There are very
few people trained in first aid; medical personnel need refresher training;
equipment and supplies are
insufficient.[101]
The French army operates a surgical unit at the military hospital in
N’Djamena with the capacity to assist mine casualties. The Military
Hospital in N’Djamena provides continuing medical care for mine survivors;
in 2005, it treated four people injured by mines, and in January 2006, it
treated three more.[102] Other
hospitals and health centers reportedly do not have this
capacity.[103] Landmine Monitor
previously reported that all Chadian and French planes are obliged to transport
landmine casualties free of charge. However, this is only available to HCND
personnel and to deminers from other
organizations.[104]
There are only two physical rehabilitation centers in Chad, one in
N’Djamena covering the north and one in Moundou for the south; both are
run by NGOs.[105] There are too
few physiotherapists; reportedly, there are none in mine-affected
areas.[106]
In December 2004, a team from the American National Guard, within the
framework of the US European Command Humanitarian Mine Action, carried out a
two-week assessment mission on survivor assistance in Chad. A team visited Chad
again in December 2005, and on 22 February 2006, gave a briefing on its Alpha
Mission survivor assistance initiative. This aimed to revitalize the US program
in Chad, provide a sustainable survivor assistance training program at the HCND,
and identify areas of future engagement, such as infrastructure, development of
a victim assistance program and continued training. The training-of-trainers
sessions were organized for HCND staff between 1 March and 7 April 2006, and
included information technology and IMSMA database training. A second mission
was scheduled for September-October 2006, focusing on Fada and Faya
Largeau.[107]
In 2005, ICRC provided financial, material and technical support to the
Kabalaye Orthopedic and Rehabilitation Center (Centre d’Appareillage et de
Rééducation de Kabalaye, CARK) in N’Djamena. The center is
run by Christian Aid and Development (Secours Catholique et
Développement, SECADEV), which covers running costs, but not the cost of
materials (at least until it has generated sufficient income to cover all center
expenses). In 2005, ICRC set up a referral system to facilitate access to CARK
for patients from the east and discussed with the HCND additional ways to ensure
access to services. In 2005, the center assisted 1,824 patients, produced 186
prosthesis (51 percent for mine survivors) and 196 orthoses (seven percent for
mine survivors), and provided 322 pairs of crutches. ICRC reimbursed the cost
of treatment for 116 patients.[108] In 2005, ICRC supported the training of CARK’s technicians in Addis
Ababa and financed the construction of a walking circuit for the rehabilitation
of amputees.[109] ICRC also
financed CARK staff members to attend a one-week seminar on management of
physical rehabilitation services in Dakar. ICRC also cooperates with
Physiotherapists of the World (Kinésithérapeutes du Monde, KdM) to
improve patient management capacities at the
center.[110]
Our Lady of Peace Rehabilitation Center in Moundou provided orthopedic and
rehabilitation services in the towns of Doba, Kélo and Lai, as well as
Moundou. Services at the center are financed by patients’ contributions,
NGOs, private donations and the center’s own fundraising activities.
People pay between 10 and 15 percent of the total cost of treatment. In 2005,
1,258 people were assisted; no mine survivors were identified among the
beneficiaries. There was a waiting list for services. Two surgical missions
were held in collaboration with the organization Handicap Santé,
benefiting 123 people. The center also produced 19 prostheses, 207 orthoses, 80
pairs of orthopedic shoes, 162 pairs of crutches and 41 wheelchairs. In 2005,
the center sent two staff members for physiotherapy training in Cotonou (Benin),
one for orthopedic training in Lomé (Togo) and one for nursing training
in Yaoundé (Cameroon). There were 14 physiotherapists and orthopedic
technicians working at the center. The center also provided reintegration
support to groups of 25 teenagers in
Kélo.[111] ICRC provided
material to the center.[112]
KdM provided technical support and training in physiotherapy and orthopedics.
Since the end of its A Physiotherapist for every Hospital in Chari project in
2004, three rehabilitation departments have been functioning in Moissala, Sarh
and Koumra. Follow-up visits and a one-week training were held with the
trainees in 2005. KdM provided client management training to physiotherapists
at CARK in February 2006, in cooperation with
ICRC.[113] KdM is in the final
stages of developing a recognized national physiotherapy training program in
Chad. This will take place in Moundou, in collaboration with the Our Lady of
Peace Rehabilitation Center, and last for three years. It was planned that 14
people would take part and the training would lead to the grade of Superior
Technician in
Physiotherapy.[114]
Access to psychosocial support, vocational training, and economic
reintegration, including micro-credit is extremely limited in Chad, as are
employment opportunities for people living with
disabilities.[115]
The NGO EIRENE (International Christian Service for Peace) ran a program,
Reintegration of Persons with Disability, in Chad in 2005. Activities included
supporting local associations of people with disabilities, lobbying the
government to develop inclusive measures for people with disabilities, improving
their mobility, and increasing socioeconomic integration through training
activities.[116] The Chad
National Fund to Support Professional Training trained at least eight women in
crafts in 2005.[117]
In 2005, the UN Portfolio of Mine Action Projects included eight proposals
for survivor assistance activities in
Chad.[118] Three projects
submitted by SECADEV were selected for funding by Belgium, through ICRC; at the
end of 2005, SECADEV was awaiting the
funds.[119] The 2006 Portfolio of
Mine Action Projects included four proposals for survivor assistance activities,
including one on advocacy for disability rights and three on socioeconomic
development for landmine survivors and people with
disabilities.[120]
Disability Policy and Practice
Chad has legislation protecting the rights of people with
disabilities.[121] The Ministry
of Social Action and Family is responsible for disability issues; in 2000, under
decree 580/MASF/2000, it created the Special Direction for the Reintegration of
Persons with Disabilities, which developed a national action plan. As of May
2006, implementation of this action plan was limited due to the lack of
funding.[122]
The government provides limited support to services, education and employment
for people with disabilities.[123] A validation workshop was held from 13 to 15 February 2006 on a new law
for the rights of people with disabilities and improvement of their quality of
life.[124]
It is estimated that there are about 100 associations of people with
disabilities in Chad. Many are members of the National Union of Persons with
Disabilities in Chad.[125] On 7
February each year, a National Day of Persons with Disabilities is organized to
promote the development of people with disabilities and their reintegration into
society.[126]
[1] Interview with Col. Mahmoud
Abakar Nassour, Coordinator, Haut Commissariat National de Déminage
(HCND), and Michel Destemberg, Chief Technical Advisor, Humanitarian Demining
Program in Chad, UN Development Programme (UNDP), Geneva, 9 May 2006. [2] Previous Article 7 reports were
submitted on 12 December 2001, 29 April 2002, 30 April 2003, 27 May 2004 and 27
September 2005. For the most recent report, the date of submission on the UN
website is 27 September, but the date on the report itself is 30 April 2005.
Landmine Monitor received a draft copy of that report on 2 July 2005, which was
cited extensively in Landmine Monitor Report 2005. [3] The undated letter, described
as a draft, was sent in an email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 12 July
2006. [4] Article 7 Report, Form G, 30
April 2003. [5] Article 7 Report, Form G, 27
May 2004; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 5 July 2004. [6] Article 7 Report, Form G, 27
September 2005. A total of 1,034 mines were discovered by the NGO HELP during
demining around abandoned buildings in d’Abeche (642 PMA 3; 218 NR 409; 81
M14; 55 NR 413; 22 NR 109; 12 MB51-55; and 4 M18A1). Eighty-two NR 442 mines
were discovered by HELP in a container abandoned by the Libyan army near Wadi
Doum military base. Forty NR 409 mines and two M18A1 mines were discovered by
the HCND during demining around a building in N’Djamena. [7] “Children killed by mines
in Chad after rebellion,” Agence France-Presse, 28 April 2006. [8] Email from Michel Destemberg,
UNDP/HCND, 1 May 2006. Other mine action, humanitarian aid and human rights
representatives also told Landmine Monitor that there was no evidence of use of
antipersonnel mines by government forces. [9] “Démenti
(Denial),” Chief of the Army General Staff, Ministry of National Defense,
N’Djamena, 29 April 2006. Unofficial translation by Landmine Monitor. [10] Email from a medical
technician working for a humanitarian NGO in eastern Chad, December 2005. [11] Under Protocol V of the
Convention on Conventional Weapons, explosive remnants of war are defined as
unexploded ordnance and abandoned explosive ordnance. Mines are explicitly
excluded from the definition. [12] UNDP/HCND/UNICEF,
“Journée internationale de l’appui des Nations Unies aux
programmes de déminage humanitaire,” Leaflet, 4 April 2006;
statement by Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine
Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May
2006. [13] Presentation by Chad,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 2
July 2005. [14] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 28 March 2006. [15] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, pp. 290-291. [16] Interviews with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour, HCND, and Assane
N’Guéadoum, Administrator, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006. [17] Ibid. [18] Ibid. [19] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; and email, 14 July
2006. [20] Ibid. [21] UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, p. 6. [22] Mine Action Support Group,
“MASG Newsletter - First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May
2006, p. 6, www.state.gov, accessed 28 May
2006. [23] Interviews with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, and Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane
N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006. Average exchange rate for
2005: US$1 = (CFA Franc BEAC) XAF532.74656 Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com. [24] Emails from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 19 June and 14 July 2006. [25] Interview with Cmdt. Bellier
de Villentroy, Engineering Liaison and Cooperation Officer, French Military
Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006. See also Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 238. [26] Interview with Cmdt. Bellier
de Villentroy, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006. [27] CPADD, “Bilan total du
Centre de Perfectionnement aux Actions post-conflictuelles de Déminage et
de Dépollution (CPADD),” April 2006, provided to Landmine Monitor
on 26 April 2006 ; email from Cmdt. Bellier de Villentroy, French Military
Cooperation, 1 July 2006. [28] UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, p. 2. [29] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006. [30] Interview with Allassoum
Bedoum, Resident Representative Assistant for Governance, UNDP, N’Djamena,
28 March 2006. [31] Interview with Assane
N’Guéadoum, HCND, N’Djamena, 28 March 2006. [32] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. [33] Ibid; UNDP/UNOPS,
“Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, pp. 1-2.
[34] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006, and email, 14 July
2006. [35] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; interview with Didier
Léonard, Technical Operations Manager, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March
2006; UNDP/UNOPS, “Chad Mine Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6
July 2005, p. 6; email from Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006. [36] HCND, “Plan
stratégique national de lutte contre les mines et les engins non
explosés au Tchad 2006-2009,” 20 May 2005; presentation by Chad,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006. [37] Statement by Col. Mahmoud
Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education
and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May 2006. [38] “Chad National Poverty
Reduction Strategy Paper (PRSP),” June 2003, p. 106. [39] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. [40] Ibid; see Landmine
Monitor Report 2005, p. 235. [41] UN, “2006 Portfolio of
Mine Action Projects,” New York, pp. 111-112; UNDP/HCND document
(untitled), 28 March 2006. [42] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; see Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 235. [43] UNDP/HCND, “Chad Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report,” 6 July 2005, pp. 1-15. [44] Ibid. [45] Statement by Col. Mahmoud
Abakar Nassour, HCND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education
and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 11 May 2006. [46] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006; see Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 237. [47] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006. [48] Interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006. [49] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. [50] Interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006. [51] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. [52] Interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006. [53] HCND, “Bilans
chantiers 30 Novembre 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 25 March
2006. [54] “MAG/DoS 2005
report,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 25 March 2006; HCND,
“Bilans chantiers 30 Novembre 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on
25 March 2006. [55] UNDP/HCND/UNICEF,
“Journée internationale de l’appui des Nations Unies aux
programmes de déminage humanitaire,” 4 April 2006. The total of
13,993 antipersonnel mines destroyed includes 5,855 stockpiled antipersonnel
mines. [56] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006. [57] Interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006. [58] HCND, “Bilans
chantiers 31 Mars 2006,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April 2006;
MAG, “Bilan MAG/DOS 2005,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April
2006. [59] Interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006, and email, 1 June 2006;
email from Tim Carstairs, Director of Policy, MAG, 11 July 2006. [60] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. The NGO HELP had worked
in Fada in 2002-2004; see Landmine Monitor Report 2005, p. 237. [61] Interviews with Cmdt.
Bellier de Villentroy, and Yves Reboulleaux, Mines Officer, French Military
Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006; French Military Cooperation,
“Bilan des destructions du 1 Janvier au 23 November 2005,” provided
to Landmine Monitor on 27 March 2006. [62] Interview with Yves
Reboulleaux, French Military Cooperation, N’Djamena, 24 March 2006. [63] HCND, “Bilans
chantiers 31 Mars 2006,” provided to Landmine Monitor on 19 April
2006. [64] Presentation by Chad,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006; interviews with Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND,
Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10
May 2006. [65] Interviews with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahamoud Abakar Nassour, and Assane
N’Gueadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006; interview with Didier
Léonard, MAG, N’Djamena, 23 March 2006; email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 14 July 2006. [66] Interviews with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, Col. Mahmoud Abakar Nassour and Assane
N’Guéadoum, HCND, Geneva, 10 May 2006. [67] Interview with Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 25 March 2006. [68] MAG, “La
sécurisation des points d’eau au Tchad, Les interventions de MAG au
Tchad,” leaflet, undated. MRE through leaflet distribution and
presentations is listed as one of four key-elements of MAG’s work in
Chad. [69] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 12 July 2006. [70] Email from Muriel Legros,
Consultant, Child Protection Office, UNICEF, Chad, 10 July 2006. [71] Mine Action Support Group,
“MASG Newsletter-First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1 May
2006. [72] HCND, “Bilan des
activités d’E.R.M. realisées en 2004 et en 2005 et besoins
2006,” N'Djamena. [73] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, pp. 238-239. [74] UNICEF, “Mine Risk
Education Programme in Chad, Final Report, October 2005,” Chad, p. 5. [75] Email from Muriel Legros,
UNICEF, Chad, 10 July 2006. [76] UNICEF, “Mine Risk
Education Programme in Chad, Final Report, October 2005,” Chad, p. 7;
interview with Muriel Legros, UNICEF, Chad, 28 March 2006; Mine Action Support
Group, “MASG Newsletter - First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC, 1
May 2006, UNICEF section; presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on Victim
Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May 2006. [77] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, 1 May 2006; presentation by Chad, Standing Committee on
Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May
2006. [78] UN, “Country Overview:
Chad,” updated 28 December 2005, www.mineaction.org, accessed 1 June
2006. [79] Presentation and statement
by Chad, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine
Action Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006. [80] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, pp. 239-240; email from H. Murphey McCloy Jr., Senior Demining
Advisor, US Department of State, 10 July 2006. [81] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 239. [82] UNDP/HCND,
“Détail des contributions versées par les donateurs au
projet PNUD/HCND,” provided to Landmine Monitor in March 2006; UNDP/HCND,
“Détail des contributions bilatérales versées par les
donateurs dans le cadre bilatéral,” provided to Landmine Monitor in
March 2006. [83] Email from H. Murphey McCloy
Jr., US Department of State, 10 July 2006. [84] US Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety,” June 2006, p.11; Mine Action Support
Group, “MASG Newsletter- First Quarter of 2006,” Washington DC,
1 May 2006, www.state.gov, accessed 28 May
2006. [85] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 240. [86] Response to Landmine Monitor
VA Questionnaire by Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March
2006. [87] Information provided by
Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 7 June 2006, and email, 14 July
2006. [88] “Children killed by
mines in Chad after rebellion,” Agence France-Presse
(N’Djamena), 28 April 2006. [89] Statement by Chad, Standing
Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May
2006. [90] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 27 May 2006. [91] Interview with Saleh Hissein
Hassan Halaki, Coordinator, HCND, N’Djamena, 18 May 2005; interview with
Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 20 May 2005. [92] Response to Landmine Monitor
VA Questionnaire by Michel Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March
2006; see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 296. [93] Emails from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 15 March and 14 July 2006. [94] US European Command
Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha
Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006. [95] UN, “Final Report,
First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and on Their Destruction, Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004,”
APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33. [96] Statement by Chad, Sixth
Meeting of States Parties, Zagreb, 28 November-2 December 2005. [97] Statement by Chad, Standing
Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 8 May
2006. [98] HCND, “Plan
stratégique national de lutte contre les mines et les engins non
explosés au Tchad 2006-2009,” 20 May 2005; statement by Chad,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 10 May 2006. [99] Statement by Chad,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 8 May 2006. [100] WHO, “Chad: Health
Sector Needs Assessment,” 15 February, www.who.int, accessed 31 May 2006. [101] US European Command
Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha
Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006. [102] Email from Didier
Léonard, MAG, 11 April 2006. [103] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, pp. 296-297. [104] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006. [105] ICRC Physical
Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received
19 May 2006, p. 20. [106] Response to Landmine
Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Executive Director, Our Lady
of Peace Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006. [107] US European Command
Humanitarian Mine Action, “Chad Mine Victims Assistance Initiative Alpha
Mission,” N’Djamena, 22 February 2006. [108] ICRC Physical
Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received
19 May 2006, p. 20; email from Nadège Régent, Project Coordinator,
Kinésithérapeutes du monde (KDM), N’Djamena, 17 February
2006. [109] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006. [110] ICRC Physical
Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2005,” Geneva, draft received
19 May 2006, p. 20. [111] Response to Landmine
Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace
Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006. [112] Email from Walter
Stocker, former Head of Delegation, ICRC, N’Djamena, 10 March 2006. [113] Email from Nadège
Régent, KDM, N’Djamena, 17 February 2006. [114] Ibid; response to
Landmine Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace
Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006. [115] Response to Landmine
Monitor VA Questionnaire by Father Michel Guimbaud, Our Lady of Peace
Rehabilitation Center, Moundou, 6 March 2006. [116] International Christian
Service for Peace (EIRENE), “Support for People with Disabilities:
Integration of People with Disabilities in Chad,” 9 March 2006. [117] Interview with
Mbaïtoubam Saklah Djimadoungar, Director, Reintegration of Persons with
Disabilities, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 24 May
2005; Mbaïtoubam Saklah Djimadoungar, “The Implementation of the
Decade of People with Disabilities in Chad,” 2 April 2005. [118] See Landmine Monitor
2005, p. 241. [119] Email from Michel
Destemberg, UNDP/HCND, N’Djamena, 8 February 2006. [120] UN, “2006 Portfolio
of Mine Action Projects,” New York, pp. 113-119. [121] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 243. [122] Email from Nguendoyoum
Gaknanbaye, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 23 February
2006. [123] US Department of State,
“Country Reports on Human Rights Practices-2005: Chad,” Washington
DC, 8 March 2006. [124] Email from Nguendoyoum
Gaknanbaye, Ministry of Social Action and Family, N’Djamena, 23 February
2006. [125] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2005, p. 243. [126] See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 298.