Key developments since May 2002: Russian
federal forces and Chechen rebels continued to use antipersonnel landmines.
UNICEF and the ICRC continued mine risk education and survivor assistance
programs in the North Caucuses. In 2002, the Chechen Ministry of Health
reported 5,695 landmine and UXO casualties in Chechnya, including 938
children.
Background
In September 1991, Chechnya declared independence
from Russia, and adopted the name Chechen Republic “Ichkeria.” On
11 December 1994, the Russian Federation sent troops into Chechnya where mines
were used extensively in the fighting by both sides. Although peace agreements
were signed in August 1996, relations remained tense and deteriorated to the
point of Russia sending troops back into Chechnya in September 1999. Chechen
forces evacuated Grozny in February 2000 and the conflict entered a guerrilla
war phase. Fighting, replete with massive violations of human rights and laws
of war, including widespread use of mines by both sides,
continues.[1]
See Landmine Monitor Report 2001 for details regarding production,
trade, and stockpiling of antipersonnel mines in Chechnya; no new information is
available.[2]
Use of Mines by Russian Forces
Russian officials admit to large-scale use of
mines in Chechnya, but have repeatedly rejected allegations of indiscriminate
use by Russian forces.[3] In
August 2001, the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs described mine use in
Chechnya by Russian forces to Landmine Monitor:
Mine barriers have been laid to blockade specific base areas used by [rebel]
units and to close movement routes and convoy paths across the state border,
using fragmentation-action antipersonnel mines with self-destruction mechanisms
and control options that comply with requirements in [CCW Amended Protocol
II].... Mines are emplaced primarily on sectors of the border where difficult
physical and geographical conditions do not permit other forces or methods to be
employed effectively, where there are virtually no local inhabitants, and to
protect and guard positions and places where border divisions are
stationed.”[4]
Russian forces have also deployed antipersonnel mines from airplanes,
helicopters, and rockets, resulting in large tracts of mined land that is
unmarked and unfenced.[5] This
scatterable mining took place in 1999 and
2000.[6]
In early 2002, Russian officials again assertedthat
antipersonnel mines are always used in compliance with the requirements of
Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). They claim
all minefields are fenced and marked to prevent civilian casualties, and that
once active military operations are over, minefields are
cleared.[7] Neither past nor
current reports coming out of Chechnya validate these claims.
According to many observers, media reports, and Chechen officials, the
Russian Army mines areas and paths leading to troop positions, paths to
checkpoints, around commanders’ offices and governmental agencies, and
around military garrisons and camps; many places that the Army considers
“suspicious” are also mined. Apart from protection, the purpose is
largely to restrict access and limit movement through specific checkpoints to
control the population.[8]
In July 2002, a Chechen official estimated that Russia had planted
approximately three million mines during the Second Chechen
War.[9]
Use of Mines by Chechen Rebels
Throughout 2002 and 2003, Chechen rebels continued
to use landmines on an almost daily basis against both Russian and civilian
targets. The rebels lay mines to disrupt federal convoys and patrols. Roads
and bridges are often targeted. Lacking large numbers of mass-produced mines,
the rebels most frequently employ improvised explosive devices (IEDs). They are
often command-detonated (electrical) devices. On 12 February 2002, Russian
forces discovered a hidden plant for the production of mines, booby-traps, and
IEDs. The troops reportedly found “glass” fuzes filled with
mercury, which act like antihandling devices, blowing up the mine when it is
moved.[10]
The rebels continue to use civilians, including children, to plant landmines
and other explosive devices against Russian
targets.[11] Civilians are
reportedly paid for this work on a graduated scale tied to the impact of the
explosion; a Russian truck may bring up to $500, while an armored vehicle
fetches more than $1,000. In some cases, rebels have used threats and blackmail
to compel such civilian
help.[12]
Chechen rebels have disguised explosive devices as cigarette packets, cans,
videocassettes, and torches, and “plant” these weapons in populated
areas.[13] On 9 July 2002, a
13-year-old returning from the local market kicked what he thought was a can of
concentrated milk, but he lost his leg in the explosion that followed.
Increased use of booby-traps and mines led to the dissemination by Federal
officials of a special leaflet warning civilians not to touch or even approach
seemingly random objects for fear of explosives. Russian forces have also said
they have evidence that Chechen rebels have used Italian-made plastic
landmines.[14]
Mine Problem
There has been no effort to comprehensively survey
or catalogue the impact of mines in Chechnya. Estimates of the number of mines
in Chechnya vary greatly. An exact assessment of where mines are located and in
what quantity remains difficult given that battle lines have constantly changed
during the years of conflict, as well as other factors, such as seasonal
flooding, agriculture use, sporadic and limited clearance, scavenging and reuse,
and continued fighting. During his June 2002 trip to Russia, Olara Otunnu, the
UN special representative for children and armed conflict, called Chechnya
“one of the most landmine-polluted zones in the world.” After
touring Chechnya and neighboring regions, he said, “We estimate that
500,000 landmines have been planted in
Chechnya.”[15]
According to a media report, the engineering service of the North Caucasus
military district emplaced 123 minefields in Grozny in 1999 and 2000 (119
antipersonnel minefields, two antitank and two mixed), which have claimed 592
casualties in the last three years. Mines were also widely scattered from
helicopters, particularly in Staroshchedrinsky forest in Shelkovskaya district,
in the mountainous part of the Nozhai-Yurt and Vedeno districts, and in the
foothills of Urus-Martan
district.[16]
Mine Clearance
There has been no humanitarian mine clearance in
Chechnya since December 1999, when renewed fighting forced the HALO Trust, a
British demining NGO, to halt its program. The chaotic military situation and
the risk to humanitarian aid workers remain too great for any clearance to be
initiated. HALO has indicated that it would recommence mine clearance when a
settlement is reached, as it did during the interwar period from
1997-1999.[17]
Deminers from the Russian forces conducted military mine clearance, designed
to allow troop movements. Engineer units survey suspected areas on a daily
basis and, if necessary, clear some 450 kilometers of roads, as well as railway
stations, airfield runways, and helicopter landing
sites.[18] In May 2003, a
military spokesperson reported that approximately 100 explosive devices,
including 20 landmines, are cleared each
week.[19] Since 1999, Russian
Engineer Units in the North Caucasus have reportedly cleared more than 350,000
landmines and pieces of unexploded
ordnance.[20]
Mine Risk Education
The International Committee of the Red Cross
(ICRC) is the main international organization providing mine risk education
(MRE) in Chechnya and neighboring regions. The ICRC has focused its MRE
activities on two groups most at risk: children and returning internally
displaced persons (IDPs).
In 2002 and 2003, the ICRC continued to expand and develop the
“Cheerdig” character, a young boy known for his wise behavior that
the ICRC uses to teach children how to avoid mine-related injuries. Cheerdig
was featured in a new comic book distributed in 2002 and in “Danger, Mines
– The New Adventures of Cheerdig,” an educational show at the
Chechen Puppet Theater.[21] The
ICRC has also used child-to-child activities to spread MRE messages. Outside of
Chechnya, the ICRC conducts MRE programs for the displaced populations in
Ingushetia and for children taking vacation in the northern Caucuses. The ICRC
has held a poster contest for Chechen schoolchildren, with the four best posters
to be displayed outside local
mosques.[22]
The ICRC has distributed MRE leaflets and instructions to adult leaders of
IDP communities in Ingushetia. The warnings and suggestions instruct those
intending to return home to seek information on known mine-affected areas from
locals beforehand.[23] In 2002,
the ICRC began working directly with the Imams of the most mine-affected areas
of Chechnya, training them in MRE and providing them with MRE materials to
distribute. The Imams do not receive financial compensation for their
involvement in such
programs.[24]
In 2002 and 2003, UNICEF supported MRE activities for children living in IDP
camps in Ingushetia. UNICEF’s implementing partners, local NGOs
Let’s Save the Generation (LSG) and Voice of the Mountains (VoM), and
others have distributed and displayed MRE materials provided by UNICEF,
including posters and notebooks, in the camps, on buses and in bus
stops.[25] In May 2003, VoM
intensified MRE activities at Ingushetia IDP camps in preparation for the
expected movement of children back to Chechnya in the
summer.[26] In 2002 and 2003,
IDP children attended regular dramatic performances using MRE messages at the
Russian Academic Theater in Vladikavkaz, North
Ossetia.[27] LSG also conducts
MRE for children, by providing weekly bus trips to Vladikavkaz, where children
learn of the danger of landmines through theatrical performances and other
presentations, tailored to the children of a specific community and in their
native language. LSG also provides informational booklets on mine awareness to
IDPs in the camps.[28]
In October 2002, there were reports that hundreds of MRE warning posters
produced by UNICEF for Chechnya were not being used because the UNICEF
Coordinator in Moscow was concerned the posters could be used by Chechen rebels
to deceive Russian troops.[29]
The Danish Demining Group provided MRE in 2002 to 64,576 Chechen IDPs in
Ingushetia and 55,124 persons in Chechnya. It also trained 153 schoolteachers
from Chechnya.[30]
Landmine Casualties
The Ministry of Health of Chechnya reported that
5,695 landmine and UXO casualties were registered by health facilities in 2002,
including 938 children of which 125 were killed. In 2001, officials report that
there were 2,140 landmine and UXO
casualties.[31] Landmine
Monitor recorded about 300 mine/UXO casualties in Chechnya from international
media sources in 2002. In 2001, Landmine Monitor collated data on 1,153
mine/UXO casualties.[32]
In 2002, UNICEF recorded 244 new mine/UXO casualties, of which 21 people were
killed and 223 injured; 115 were men, 36 were women, and 93 were children.
Antipersonnel mines were responsible for 100 casualties, 14 were caused by
antivehicle mines, 59 by UXO, eight by booby-trap, and the cause of 62
casualties is unknown.[33] In
2001, UNICEF recorded 154 new civilian casualties, of which 21 were killed and
133 injured.[34] As of July
2003, the UNICEF database contains information on 2,281 mine and UXO casualties
in Chechnya, of which 464 were killed and 1,817
injured.[35] UNICEF reports
that around 34 percent of mine/UXO casualties require an amputation as a result
of their injuries, and the 15 to 29-year-old age group is the most
affected.[36] The majority of
casualties have been recorded in Grozny. VoM is the focal point for the
collection of mine casualty data which is provided by the WHO, the ICRC, Danish
Demining Group, and several other local NGOs, including LSG, working in IDP
camps and in the territory of Chechnya. VoM maintains the database in
Ingushetia.[37]
According to various media and military sources, there were over 1,300 mine
incidents involving Russian federal forces in Chechnya from 1999 to March 2003,
resulting in 2,500 military casualties. In 2002, there were at least 360 mine
incidents among Russian forces. Landmine Monitor reported that in 2001, based
on various sources, 279 Russian armed forces, including police and internal
forces, were killed in reported landmine incidents and 684 injured. In 2000,
approximately 300 Russian servicemen were killed in reported landmine incidents
and over 1,000 injured.[38] Not
all military casualties were the result of rebel mine use; accidents and
improper handling or storage of mines also caused many
casualties.[39]
Olara Otunnu, the UN special representative for children and armed conflict,
said in June 2002, “We estimate between 7,000 and 10,000 people have been
maimed by landmines [in the course of two Chechen conflicts], and easily more
than half of those are
children.”[40]
Casualties continue in 2003 with over 130 new mine/UXO casualties reported in
the international media to June 2003.
Surgical and general health facilities in Chechnya
remain devastated because of war damage and a lack of resources and maintenance.
A lack of skilled staff, equipment, and the security situation also hampers the
delivery of adequate
assistance.[42] Before the
conflict, Chechnya had 18 social rehabilitation centers and 13 social services
facilities; all have since been partially or totally
destroyed.[43] Many
international agencies and local and international NGOs are working to
strengthen the health infrastructure in Chechnya, and neighboring republics with
medicines, hospital supplies, expertise and training for local staff at
hospitals and health posts. Others support mobile clinics, psycho-social
support services, transportation to medical facilities, and other humanitarian
aid activities.
In March 2003, the World Health Organization (WHO) released the “Health
Sector Field Directory” detailing health services available to all
Chechens, including the internally displaced in neighboring
republics.[44] Organizations
active in mine survivor assistance-related activities include Agency for
Rehabilitation and Development, CARE International, Centre for Peacemaking and
Community Development, Danish Refugee Council/Danish Peoples Aid, Hammer Forum,
Handicap International, ICRC, International Humanitarian Initiative,
International Medical Corps, Islamic Relief, Medecins du Monde, Médecins
sans Frontières, Memorial, People in Need Foundation, Saudi Red Crescent
Society, Save the Generation, Serlo, UNHCR, UNICEF, VESTA, WHO, and World
Vision.
On 13 March 2002, the ICRC signed an agreement with the Chechen Ministry of
Health and the Chechen branch of the Russian Red Cross to assist the health
facilities in Chechnya. Assistance included the repair of facilities, the
supply of medicines, and two Russian Red Cross mobile
clinics.[45] In 2002, the ICRC
provided medicines, surgical supplies and equipment to nine hospitals in
Chechnya and two referral centers in Ingushetia and Dagestan. The ICRC also
provided basic medical supplies to Ministry of Health facilities in the Urus
Marlan and Shali districts. One Chechen surgeon participated in war-surgery
seminar in Moscow in
October.[46] In addition, the
ICRC distributed 29 wheelchairs and 600 pairs of
crutches.[47] In 2003, the ICRC
has shifted its operational focus to the Chechen republic and will double its
support to hospitals and undertake additional structural rehabilitation
work.[48]
To improve physical rehabilitation in Chechnya, the ICRC has started a
two-year training program in prosthetics and orthotics for Chechen staff who
will work at the Grozny Prosthetic/Orthotic Center. In 2002, three students
completed the initial six months of training and commenced work, and another
five started their training in November. The Ministry of Labor and Social
Development started reconstruction of the orthopedic center in 2002 and
installed electricity and heating. The ICRC supplied the equipment. Prosthetic
production commenced at the end of January and 30 amputees were fitted with new
limbs before the official opening of the Ministry of Labor and Social
Development-run center on 24 April 2003. The center will have the capacity to
fit more than 300 amputees a year once training of staff is
complete.[49]
UNICEF works with the WHO to facilitate services for the physical and
psycho-social rehabilitation of mine survivors. In the physical rehabilitation
component of the UNICEF Mine Action Program, children and women from Chechnya
and the IDP camps are transported to the Vladikavkaz Rehabilitation Center and
the Vladikavkaz Prosthetic Center on a weekly basis where in addition to
receiving orthopedic and assistive devices, psycho-social counseling is
available to assist survivors in coping with their disability. The program
involves a two-month cycle of visits for physiotherapy treatment and
psycho-social support.[50] In
2002, 1,341 women and children were provided with assistive devices including
176 prostheses, 230 wheelchairs, 603 crutches, and 1,589 walking sticks.
Physiotherapy treatments were provided for 85 children and 400 IDP children and
115 mothers received specialized counseling. Although many of the beneficiaries
were mine/UXO survivors it is not possible to provide the exact number, as some
survivors received more than one type of
assistance.[51]
The NGO Minga, in cooperation with UNICEF, distributes wheelchairs, crutches,
and walking sticks in six districts of
Chechnya.[52]
Handicap International (HI), with financial support from the WHO, ECHO,
Stichting Vluchteling, and Refugee International Japan, continues to strengthen
health, rehabilitation, and social services for persons with disabilities,
including landmine survivors. In 2002, HI supplied seven hospitals and other
NGOs with rehabilitation facilities and equipment, and assisted in the
structural rehabilitation of facilities. HI facilitated the fitting of
prostheses through referral of people in need to appropriate facilities.
Assistive aids such as walking sticks, crutches, and wheelchairs were
distributed to people with disability in their homes. HI supported the Grozny
Medical College, translated rehabilitation training material, and conducted four
seminars for a total of 62 health professionals and disability workers on
physical rehabilitation. In cooperation with the Society of Invalids in
Chechnya, HI is developing income generation projects. HI is also raising
awareness on the rights of people with
disabilities.[53]
CARE International, with the support of UNICEF and local NGO New Generation,
runs a psycho-social rehabilitation program for groups of 30 war-affected
children at the Medical-Psychological Rehabilitation Center in Vladikavkaz. The
children, including mine survivors, visit the center twice a week and receive
counseling and participate in activities including dance and music therapy,
embroidery, yoga therapy and physical exercise. A field-based psychologist
works in the IDP camp Satsita to assist mine/UXO-affected children and their
parents. From May 2002 to February 2003, the program assisted 215 war and
mine-affected children.[54]
In July 2002, LSG organized a two-week trip for 37 IDP children from
Chechnya, including 12 mine survivors, to a mountain resort in North Ossetia.
The trip was funded by the Social Insurance Fund of the Russian
Federation.[55] In August 2002,
LSG, with support from the WHO, established a psycho-social rehabilitation
center for children with a disability in Grozny; most of the children are mine
and UXO survivors. The center, with a capacity of about 60 to 80 children and
adolescents, provides counseling and training in music and
sports.[56]
In June 2002, the UNICEF vocational training program in Ingushetia ended with
a new program organized in
Grozny.[57] VoM, with support
from UNICEF, commenced vocational training courses in English and computers at
the Grozny Technical College for groups of 30 mine/UXO-affected adolescents. In
two graduations in October and December 2002, a total of 43 mine/UXO survivors
completed their studies. The participants also receive psycho-social support
from the LSG program if
needed.[58]
In June 2002, UNICEF and VoM set up a soccer team of child mine survivors in
Grozny. The team plays games and participates in joint training with the
Vladikavkaz professional amputee football
club.[59] In December, the team
won second prize in the junior tournament for amputees in
Moscow.[60]
Disability Policy and Practice
The Federal Fund of Obligatory Medical Insurance
and a Russian Federation Ministry of Health decree, dated 16 May 2001, ensure
medical care for the Chechen population in other
republics.[61]
Small pensions are available for persons with disabilities through the
Ministry of Labor and Social Development. However, according to the head of
Chechnya’s Society of Invalids, the pensions are inadequate to cover the
basic costs of living. The Ministry acknowledges that the budget for assisting
the disabled “was not nearly enough” but that it was not possible to
reallocate resources.[62]
[1] For details on past use in the
1994-1996 conflict and the fighting post-September 1999, see Landmine Monitor
Reports 1999, 2000, and 2001. [2]
Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp.
934-936. [3] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, pp. 801-802. [4] Response to
Landmine Monitor by Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russian Federation, sent by
fax to Landmine Monitor Coordinator by Vassily V. Boriak, Counselor, Embassy of
the Russian Federation to the United States, 16 August 2001. Original in
Russian, translated by Global Communications, LLC, Washington,
DC. [5] “Unexploded Federal
Ammunition Makes Up Most of Landmines Used by Chechen Guerillas,” Interfax
(Moscow), 20 May 2003. [6] Interview
with Major Yevgeny Pasynok, Chief of Engineering Service, Grozny Military
Commandant's office, published in “Unexploded federal ammunition makes up
most of landmines used by Chechen guerillas,” Izvestia Interfax-AVN
(Moscow), 20 May 2003. [7] Interviews
with officials from the RF Ministry of Foreign Affairs during January-March
2002. The Russian Federation is a party to the 1980 Convention on Conventional
Weapons, but has not adopted its Amended Protocol
II. [8] “Terrorists Crossing from
Pankissi Gorge to Chechnya,” RosBusinessConsulting (Grozny), 20 March
2002. [9] Umar Khanbiev, Minister for
Health of the Chechen Republic, citation translated from Russian by Landmine
Monitor, 18 July 2002,
www.chechenpress.com. [10]
Oleg Petrovsky “Hellish Surprises,” UTRO.RU Information Agency, 12
February 2002. [11] Sharon LaFraniere,
“Chechnya’s Children Fall Prey to Mines,” Washington Post, 20
October 2002. Abdurakhman Ilyasov, a teenage Chechen who planted mines for the
rebels, explains, “There was one occasion when I laid the mine and waited
for an APC [armored personnel carrier]. Then I saw a deminer who found it and
began to defuse it. I thought, ‘I don’t want the mine to be lost,
so at least I’ll blow up one soldier.’” Timur Aliev,
“Chechnya: Blasts Signal New Campaign,” CRS No. 179 (Znamenskoye),
15 May 2003. [12] Aleksei Bodrov,
Vyacheslav Smirnov, TVTs television channel, “New Terrorist Acts in
Chechnya,” 12 September 2000. [13]
Oleg Petrovsky, “Hellish Surprises,” UTRO.RU Information Agency, 12
February 2002. [14]
Ibid. [15] “U.N. envoy says
Chechen kids run landmine gauntlet,” Reuters (Chechnya), Moscow, 24 June
2002. See also, Press Briefing by UN Special Representative for Children and
Armed Conflict, 1 July 2002, available at
www.un.org. [16]
“Unexploded federal ammunition makes up most of landmines used by Chechen
guerillas,” Izvestia Interfax-AVN (Moscow), 20 May
2003. [17] HALO describes its Chechnya
demining program as “currently suspended,” but states it “will
reopen when the relevant authorities agree to mine clearance once again.”
Following the 1994-1996 conflict, HALO identified 296 mined areas and employed
over 150 Chechen staff for mine clearance teams. HALO website:
http://www.halotrust.org/cauc.html.
[18] Information provided to
IPPNW-Russia by Russian military
sources. [19] Timur Aliev,
“Chechnya: Blasts signal new campaign,” CRS No. 179 (Znamenskoye),
15 May 2003. [20] Information provided
to IPPNW-Russia by Russian military
sources. [21] ICRC, “Russian
Federation/Chechnya: ICRC Community-based Mine/Unexploded Ordnance Awareness
Program in 2002,” 3 February 2003; ICRC, “New Mine-Awareness Cartoon
for Schoolchildren,” ICRC News 02/38, 19 September
2002. [22] ICRC, “Russian
Federation/Chechnya: Mine/UXO Awareness in 2002,” 3 February
2003. [23]
Ibid. [24]
Ibid. [25] UNICEF, “Humanitarian
Assistance in the Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, 10 February 2003,
and 13 January 2003. [26] UN Office for
the Coordination of Humanitarian Assistance, “OCHA Humanitarian action in
Chechnya and Neighbouring Republics (Russian Federation) 16-31 May 2003,”
ReliefWeb, 31 May 2003. [27] UNICEF,
“Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report,” 10 February 2003, and
October 2002. [28] Hayden Roberts,
“Helping Hands in a Shattered Republic: Victim Assistance in
Chechnya,” Journal of Mine Action, Fall
2002. [29] “Chechnya’s
Children Fall Prey to Landmines,” Washington Post, 20 October
2002. [30] Email to Landmine Monitor
(NPA) from Malene Hombolt, Danish Demining Group, 19 May
2003. [31] UNICEF, ”Northern
Caucasus,” Situation Report,” No. 61: 10-24 February 2003; US
Department of State, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2002,
Russia, Section 1.g.: Use of Excessive Force and Violations of Humanitarian Law
in Internal Conflicts,” 31 March 2003, available at
www.state.gov. [32]
See Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p.
805. [33] Email to Landmine Monitor
(HIB) from Tullio Santini, Emergency Program Coordinator, UNICEF Moscow, 18 July
2003. [34] Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
p. 805. [35] Email from Tullio Santini,
UNICEF, 18 July 2003. [36] UNICEF,
“Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 63: 11-24 March
2003. [37] UNICEF, “Northern
Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 60, 27 January–9 February
2003. [38] Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
p. 738. [39] Information provided to
IPPNW-Russia by Russian military
sources. [40] “U.N. envoy says
Chechen kids run landmine gauntlet,” Reuters (Moscow), 24 June
2002. [41] Information in this section
focuses on civilian mine casualties as Russian military mine casualties receive
medical care in military hospitals and subsequent
rehabilitation. [42] See Landmine
Monitor Report 2002, p. 806. [43] WHO,
“Health Action in the North Caucasus,” Newsletter on Emergency
Preparedness and Response, June-July 2002, p.
8. [44] WHO, “Health Sector Field
Directory: Republics of Ingushetia and Chechnya, Russian Federation,”
Nazran, March 2003, available at
www.who.int/disasters/repo/9010.doc. [45]
“Medical aid stepped up in Chechen Republic,” ICRC News 02/12, 21
March 2002. [46] ICRC, “Annual
Report 2002,” Geneva, June 2003, p.
269. [47]
Ibid. [48] “Chechnya: still in
dire need of help,” Operational update, ICRC, 18 June
2003. [49] ICRC, “Annual Report
2002,” p. 269; “Limb-fitting Center Reopens in Grozny,” ICRC
News 03/51, 8 May 2003; and WHO, “Health Action in the North
Caucasus,” Newsletter: Mar-Apr 2003, pp.
6-7. [50] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, pp. 807-808. [51] Email from
Tullio Santini, UNICEF, 18 July
2003. [52] WHO, “Health Action in
the North Caucasus,” Newsletter: Jan-Feb 2003, p.
10. [53] WHO, “Health Sector Field
Directory: Ingushetia and Chechnya,” Nazran, March 2003, p.
11. [54] WHO, “Health Action in
the North Caucasus,” Newsletter, Oct-Nov 2002, p. 8; UNICEF,
“Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 59, 14-26 January 2003;
UNOCHA, “OCHA Humanitarian action in the North Caucasus,”
Information Bulletin, 1-15 Mar
2003. [55] UNOCHA, “OCHA
Humanitarian action in the North Caucasus,” Information Bulletin, 1-31
July 2002. [56] WHO, “Health
Action in the North Caucasus,” Newsletter, Aug-Sept 2002, p.
8. [57] UNICEF, “Northern
Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 42, 18 May–2 June
2002. [58] WHO, “Health Action in
the North Caucasus,” Newsletter, Oct-Nov 2002, p. 8; UNICEF,
“Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 51, 25 September–5
October 2002; UNICEF, “Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 56,
1-17 December 2002. [59] UNICEF,
“Northern Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 53, 21 October-3 November
2002. [60] UNICEF, “Northern
Caucasus,” Situation Report, No. 57, 17-31 December
2002. [61] WHO, “Health Action in
the North Caucasus,” Newsletter, April/May 2002, p.
7. [62] Timur Aliev, “Little help
for Chechnya’s disabled,” Institute for War & Peace Reporting, 4
July 2003.
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