Landmine Monitor is an unprecedented initiative by
the International Campaign to Ban Landmines (ICBL) to monitor implementation of
and compliance with the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty, and more generally to assess the
efforts of the international community to resolve the landmines crisis. It is
the first time that non-governmental organizations are coming together in a
coordinated, systematic and sustained way to monitor a humanitarian law or
disarmament treaty, and to regularly document progress and problems.
The main elements of the Landmine Monitor system are a global reporting
network, a central data base, and an annual report. Landmine Monitor Report
1999: Toward a Mine-Free World is the first such annual report. To prepare
this report, Landmine Monitor had over eighty researchers gathering information
in more than 100 countries. It is largely based on in-country research,
collected by in-country researchers. Landmine Monitor has utilized the ICBL
campaigning network, but has also drawn in other elements of civil society to
help monitor and report, including journalists, academics and research
institutions.
It should be understood that Landmine Monitor is not a technical verification
system or a formal inspection regime. It is an effort by civil society to hold
governments accountable to the obligations that they have taken on with regard
to antipersonnel mines; this is done through extensive collection, analysis and
distribution of information that is publicly available. Though in some cases it
does entail investigative missions, Landmine Monitor is not designed to send
researchers into harm’s way and does not include hot war-zone reporting.
Landmine Monitor is meant to complement the States Parties reporting required
under Article 7 of the Mine Ban Treaty. It was created in the spirit of Article
7 and reflects the shared view that transparency and cooperation are essential
elements to the successful elimination of antipersonnel mines. But it is also a
recognition that there is a need for independent reporting and evaluation.
Landmine Monitor and its annual report aim to promote and facilitate
discussion on mine-related issues, and to seek clarifications, in order to help
reach the goal of a mine-free world. Landmine Monitor works in good faith to
provide factual information about issues it is monitoring, in order to benefit
the international community as a whole. It seeks to be critical but constructive
in its analysis.
In this first annual report Landmine Monitor has attempted to establish a
baseline of information from which to measure progress in alleviating the
landmine crisis. Landmine Monitor Report 1999 contains information on
every country of the world with respect to landmine ban policy, use, production,
transfer, stockpiling, mine clearance, mine awareness, and survivor assistance.
Thus, the Monitor does not only report on States Parties and their treaty
obligations, it also looks at signatory states and non-signatories as well. All
countries --as well as information on key players in mine action and victim
assistance in the mine-affected countries --are included in this report in the
belief it will provide an important means to gauge global effectiveness on mine
action and banning the weapon.
We have faced a number of serious challenges in producing this initial
report, first and foremost time constraints. When Landmine Monitor was
launched, a decision was made to prepare the report for release at the First
Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. That date turned out to be 3
May 1999, and, due to the complexities of establishing and developing the
Landmine Monitor system, the researchers were unable to begin formally their
work until November 1998. Finished country reports were submitted on 1 March
1999, leaving just one month for editing and preparation of the report. We
particularly regret that the extremely tight time deadlines did not allow for
full synthesis and analysis of the wealth of information contained herein. This
will be an ongoing task for Landmine Monitor.
Landmine Monitor should be viewed as a work in progress, a system that will
be continuously updated, corrected and improved. We welcome comments,
clarifications, and corrections from governments and others, in the spirit of
dialogue and in the search for accurate and reliable information on a difficult
subject. Some of the country studies contained herein are extraordinarily
detailed, containing much more information than ever before assembled. Others
are quite scant, and await further development. It is hoped that with a
baseline established by this report, Landmine Monitor will be able to fill the
gaps in future reports. Landmine Monitor will also in the future evaluate the
reporting of States Parties under Article 7, and as such, will provide a
mechanism to seek formal clarifications on a state-to-state basis.
The Establishment of Landmine Monitor
In June 1998 in Oslo, Norway, the ICBL formally agreed to create Landmine
Monitor as an ICBL initiative. A Core Group was established to develop and
coordinate the Landmine Monitor system and to produce its first report. The Core
Group consists of Human Rights Watch, Handicap International, Kenya Coalition
Against Landmines, Mines Action Canada, and Norwegian People’s Aid.
Overall responsibility for, and decision-making on, the Landmine Monitor system
rests with the Core Group.
A key meeting was held in September 1998 in Dublin, Ireland, in which NGOs
from within and outside the ICBL and others met to exchange information, assess
what research and data gathering had already taken place, identify gaps, and
develop common research methods and reporting mechanisms for the Monitor. The
Work Plan developed at the Dublin meeting set out the production schedule for
the first annual report of Landmine Monitor.
Shortly after Dublin, research application forms were circulated soliciting
country researchers for the first report and in late October, the Core Group met
in Brussels to consider research grant applications. Decisions were made,
researchers identified, and the research began.
In early December in Ottawa, Landmine Monitor researchers discussed their
initial findings. Key documents designed to guide and refine the research were
circulated. For the next three months, the researchers collected and analyzed
information, and wrote their reports, and by early February 1999, over one
hundred draft research reports were submitted to the Landmine Monitor Core Group
for review and comment.
At the beginning of March, Monitor researchers met again in Oslo to present
their reports and discuss their main findings through a peer review process.
Throughout March, a small team of editors at Human Rights Watch verified
sources, edited and assembled the entire report. Landmine Monitor Report
1999 also includes appendices with reports from major actors in the mine ban
movement, such as key governments, UN agencies and the ICRC. This report was
printed during April and released at the First Meeting of States Parties to the
1997 Mine Ban Treaty in Maputo, Mozambique in early May 1999.