Key developments
since March 1999: In April 1999, the “Program for Demining Assistance
in Ecuador/Perú” (PADEP) was established by the OAS. In August and
September 1999, UNMAS and the OAS conducted independent assessments of the mine
problem in Peru. An inter-ministerial Working Group on Antipersonnel Mines was
formalized in September 1999 to oversee implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty.
Perú has served as co-rapporteur of the Mine Ban Treaty Standing
Committee of Experts on Mine Clearance. Stockpile destruction is underway. More
than 30,000 landmines were cleared and destroyed in 1999 and early 2000.
Mine Ban Policy
Peru signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997.
On 19 May 1998, the Law for the National Adoption of the Ottawa Treaty
(Legislative Resolution 26951) was approved and on 17 June 1998, Peru became the
nineteenth nation to ratify the Mine Ban Treaty.
Peru has not yet enacted implementation legislation, though a Foreign
Ministry official told Landmine Monitor that such legislation should be
submittedfollowing the elections of April and May
2000.[1] Peru has reported
nearly a dozen different implementation measures already taken, such as
directives to the Armed Forces and Police informing them of their obligations of
the treaty, creation of a national committee in 1999 to assist disabled people,
the agreement between Ecuador and Peru to clear their common border of mines and
the creation of special units of engineers for
demining.[2]
An inter-ministerial Grupo de Trabajo sobre Minas Antipersonales (Working
Group on Antipersonnel Mines) was formalized by Legislative Resolution
430-99-RREE on 17 September
1999,[3] though it has been
active since December 1998. The Working Group is led by the Ministries of
Foreign Affairs and Defense and also includes the Ministries of Energy and
Mines, Interior, Health, and
Education.[4] The Working Group
is responsible for overseeing implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty, including
preparing the national implementation
law.[5]
A Peruvian delegation participated in the First Meeting of States Parties in
Maputo in May 1999. In his statement at the meeting, Ambassador Jorge
Valdéz Carrillo, Perú’s Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs,
said that the Working Group was formed to:
evaluate and recommend political, legal and administrative measures that need
to be taken in [national] territory. Some of the group’s recommendations
have already been approved – including that the Armed Forces and Police
convert production installations; clear, register and destroy mines used to
protect infrastructure from potential terrorist attack; train personnel in
[these tasks], and facilitate the rehabilitation of
victims.[6]
Since the Maputo meeting, Peru has served as co-rapporteur along with The
Netherlands of the newly created Standing Committee of Experts on Mine
Clearance. Peru has participated in all the intersessional meetings of the
treaty in Geneva. Peru has also actively supported regional initiatives to ban
AP mines and promote the Mine Ban Treaty.
Peru voted in favor of the December 1999 UN General Assembly Resolution
54/54B supporting the Mine Ban Treaty, as it had for similar resolutions in 1997
and 1998. At the 54th General Assembly, Francisco Tudela, Permanent
Representative of Peru at the United Nations said, “We believe that it is
highly important to continue to work so as to achieve the implementation of the
goals and provisions within the
[Convention].”[7]
Peru submitted its Article 7 transparency report in Spanish to the UN on 2
May 2000, more than eight months after its due date. A Foreign Ministry
official said the report was late because information was “dispersed
throughout the country,” often “out of date” and sometimes
sensitive requiring declassification by the
government.[8]
Peru ratified Amended Protocol II (Landmines) of the Convention of
Conventional Weapons on 3 July 1997. Peru has submitted its transparency report
under Article 13 of Amended Protocol II, and participated in the December 1999
First Annual Conference of States Parties to the amended protocol. Peru is a
member of the Conference on Disarmament, but has not been a noted supporter or
opponent of efforts to launch negotiations on a mine export ban in that forum.
Production
Peru states that its production of antipersonnel
mines ceased in 1997, and that the process of converting the production
facilities began in March
1999.[9] A UN Mine Action
Service (UNMAS) Assessment Mission to Peru reported that production of landmines
in the country only ceased entirely in January 1999, according to officials at
the Ministry of Defense.[10]
Peru states that the Centros de Fabricación de Armas of the War Navy
was the only state institution producing in the
past.[11] Some were produced on
request from public utility companies during the internal armed conflict of the
1980s and into the
mid-1990s.[12] According to
Peru’s Article 7 report, the War Navy produced two pressure-activated
antipersonnel mines: the CICITEC and the
MGP-30.[13]
According to a March 2000 report by the Defensoría del Pueblo (Office
of the Ombusdman of Peru), the utility company EDEGEL S.A. states that the War
Navy also manufactured shoebox-sized, pressure-activated DEXA landmines for use
on EDEGEL property. Later this mine was replaced by the MG MAP
304.[14]
Transfer
General Raúl O’Connor, Director of the
Information Office in the Ministry of Defense, told Landmine Monitor that Peru
has never exported mines.[15]
It appears to have imported mines from several countries, including Belgium,
Spain, the United States, and Yugoslavia. (See below).
Stockpiling and Destruction
Landmine Monitor Report 1999 indicated that
Peru reported to the OAS in 1997 that it had no stockpile of antipersonnel
mines.[16] However,
Peru’s Article 7 report submitted 2 May 2000 states that the country has a
stockpile of 334,756 antipersonnel
mines.[17] The composition of
Peru’s stockpile according to the Article 7 report is as follows: 16,564
PMB-6 mines;[18] 24,861 PMB-6N
mines; 5 EXPAL mines with fuse; 27 P4 A-1 EXPAL mines; 30,000 EXPAL mines
without fuse; 376 M-5 mines with fuse; 68 M-35 C/ESP BS-BG mines; 25,307 M-35
C/ESP M-5 mines; 11,587 M-409 mines; 68,212 PMA-3 mines; 49,712 POMZ-2M mines;
89,506 MGP A/R (CICITEC) mines; 328 CICITEC mines without cap or fuse; 108 M-16
mines; 150 MGP-30 mines; 9,957 60510 MN mines; 328 Multi-use Magnetic mines; and
7,660 M18A1 Claymore mines. These mines are in the possession of the War Navy,
National Army and National Police of Peru.
Peru reports that the War Navy destroyed 3,916 stockpiled CICITEC AP mines in
1999.[19]
In April 2000 a Ministry of Foreign Affairs official told Landmine Monitor
that a full stockpile destruction process was in preparation in the country,
subject to international technical assistance and
funding.[20] Peru reports that
the government plans to destroy 30% of its stockpile in 2000, 30% in 2001 and
40% in 2002 using controlled detonation and incineration as methods of
destruction.[21]
Peru plan to retain 9,526 AP mines for training, including 1,000 PMB-6, 1,833
A/R MGP CICITEC, 1,050 M-409, 1,100 PMA-3, 1,100 PMB-6N, 1,000 POMZ-2M, 108
M-16; 150 MGP 30, 985 AP60510, and 1,200
M18A1.[22]
Use
Peru has repeatedly stated that its Armed Forces
did not use antipersonnel mines during its border conflict with
Ecuador.[23] The Latin American
Association for Human Rights (ALDHU), however, estimated that both Ecuador and
Peru laid 130,000 to 150,000 AP mines during the
conflict.[24] At the January
1999 Mexico City Regional Seminar on Landmines, representatives from both
governments said that implementation of the peace agreement, including mine
clearance, was more important than trying to establish who placed the
mines.[25]
Peru acknowledges using AP mines inside the country as part of its
counter-insurgency campaign during the 1980s and early 1990s against the
guerrilla groups Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path) and Movimiento Revolucionario
Túpac Amaru (Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement). According to a December
1999 UNMAS Assessment Mission Report, the Peruvian government authorized the
laying of AP mines by its armed forces around high-tension electrical towers and
other installations in 1989 and 1990, at the height of the internal armed
conflict.[26] The Peruvian
government acknowledges laying 87,146 AP mines in the country. A total of 15,437
AP mines were used around public infrastructure installations in the Departments
of Puno and Cajamarca in the Andean highlands, as well as in Lima, including the
Puente de Piedra Bridge and the nearby Port of El
Callao.[27] A total of 71,709
CICITEC AP mines were used in the perimeter of high-tension electrical towers to
protect against guerrilla sabotage attempts, including 9,149 mines around 178
EDEGEL S.A. towers and 62,560 AP mines around 1,842 ETECEN
towers.[28] UNMAS reports mines
were also used around the remote maximum-security prison at Yanamayo in the
Andean highlands of Puno
Department.[29]
Landmine Problem
Peru’s landmine problem affects three parts
of the country. One is along the northern border with Ecuador, due to a
long-standing conflict between the two countries. A second is Peru’s
southern border with Chile, where the Chilean military used antipersonnel
landmines in the 1970s and 1980s due to tension between the countries. The third
area is around public infrastructure, especially electrical installations,
inside the country from attacks during Peru’s internal armed conflict in
the 1980s and 1990s.
The border between Peru and Ecuador is mine-affected as a consequence of the
1995 border conflict, with the majority of AP landmines laid along a 78
kilometer-long contested area in the foothills of the Cordillera del
Cóndor mountain
range.[30] The Peruvian
government estimates there are approximately 120,000 AP mines along the border
with Ecuador: in the Río Santiago, Río Cenepa and Comainas
sectors; along the north-east frontier zone; and in the Departments of Tumbes
and Piura.[31] Peru does not
have maps of mined areas along the
border.[32] According to an
article in the official government gazzette, Ambassador Carlos Pareja
Ríos said, “Drafts of maps are not useful, because of the features
of the land. Because of heavy rains, it’s almost certain that the mines
have been displaced to other areas.... Thus, we are identifying the exact
location of these explosive
artifacts.”[33] The most
frequently encountered mines are the T-AB-1, PRB M409, P-4-B and
PMD-6M.[34] It is also reported
in the military trade press that the Chinese Type 72, Italian VS-50, and Belgian
M35 and M409 AP mines are also found in
Peru.[35]
Some 184,000 people live in the border areas with Ecuador that are
mine-affected.[36]The
dense jungle areas of the Peruvian-Ecuador border in Amazonas Department are
home to the Shuar and Achuar indigenous peoples on both sides of the border, and
the Aguaruna and Huambisa on Peruvian territory.These people were
displaced by the border conflict and their ability to return to a traditional
way of life is constrained by the landmine and UXO problem, according to
UNMAS.[37] UNMAS reports that
most AP mines are in the area between the rivers Cenepa and Coangos (hence the
so-called “Cenepa Conflict” of 1995) in the Department of Amazonas.
The region between Cuzumaza and Bumbuiza in the Department of Loreto and the
regions of Lagartococha and Güepi were previously mine-affected, but these
are reported to be mine-free now. According to the Peruvian government, these
regions were cleared of AP mines in order to facilitate border demarcation along
the Departments of Tumbes and
Piura.[38]
In the south of the country, Peru’s border with Chile in the department
of Tacnais also mine-affected. Only Chile is reported to have used AP
mines along that border, during the 1970s and 1980s. According to the Ministry
of Defense, the mine-affected lands in Tacna are productive agricultural lands
and the mined areas under the jurisdiction of the Peruvian government are
properly marked.[39]
The third mine-affected area is inside the country, mainly around electrical
installations. According to the Defensoría del Pueblo (Office of the
Ombudsman of Peru) report of March 2000, the Peruvian Ministry of Energy and
Mines reported that three electrical energy companies in the country had
mine-affected installations: EDEGEL S.A. has 176 mined electrical towers, each
with an average of 40 to 50 AP mines in its perimeter; ETECEN S.A. has 165 mined
electrical towers, each with an average of 40 AP mines in its perimeter; and
ETEVENSA S.A. has a thermal-power generation station ringed with
landmines.[40] According to
UNMAS, the National Police reportedly have records of the minefields but these
are “sketchy and of questionable accuracy”; UNMAS notes heavy
rainfall causes mine displacements and washes away protective fences and warning
signs.[41]
Surveys and Assessments
In addition to a number of internal assessments,
there have been two recent evaluations of the mine problem in Peru. A mission
was conducted by the Organization of American States (OAS) from 16-20 August
1999 in order to evaluate the AP mine situation along the border. As a result
of this mission, the OAS submitted working documents for consideration by both
governments containing a proposal to provide coordinated international
assistance in integrated action against AP mines in their respective
territories.[42] In
August-September 1999, UNMAS conducted a multi-disciplinary and inter-agency
assessment mission to both Ecuador and
Peru.[43]
Mine Action Funding
Following ratification of the Mine Ban Treaty in
June 1998, Peru has benefited from access to international funding for demining,
specifically along its border with
Ecuador.[44] International
contributions received to date do not deal with Peru’s internal landmine
problem. Peru has appealed for technical and financial assistance for its medium
and long-term clearance.[45]
As part of the peace agreement of 26 October 1998, Peru and Ecuador agreed to
demining of the border under the supervision of the Ecuador/Peru Multinational
Observation Mission, MOMEP. MOMEP is made up of military representatives from
the United States, Brazil, Argentina and Chile. Canada, Japan, the United
States, Spain, OAS and UNDP have contributed funds to support mine clearance for
demarcation of the Ecuador-Peru
border.[46] Peru was formally
included in the U.S. humanitarian demining program on 22 February 1999 and will
receive approximately $3.225 million in assistance in 1999 and 2000.
In April 1999, the OAS set up the “Program for Demining Assistance in
Ecuador/Perú” (PADEP), with a Canadian government contribution of
CAN$300,000 (U.S.$198,000).[47]
According to the OAS, the PADEP contribution, divided equally between the two
countries, has been used exclusively for the purchase of equipment and materials
for activities to support humanitarian demining associated with the demarcation
of the border.[48]
Currently, the Engineers School of Lima counts with a program of training in
humanitarian demining supported by Spain and the United States.
Internationally, Peru has been co-rapporteur of the Mine Ban Treaty Standing
Committee of Experts on Mine Clearance since May 1999 and will co-chair this
committee beginning in September 2000. Peru has taken a keen interest in areas
including: the current review of demining standards; the criteria used to decide
the assignment of international co-operation; links between mine removal and the
consolidation of peace and of mutual trust between neighboring countries;
participation by Armed Forces in demining operations and in the need for primacy
of national decisions in the planning and management of action programs against
mines.[49]
Mine Clearance
The inter-ministerial Working Group on
Antipersonnel Mines is the coordination focal point for mine action efforts in
Peru. It has prepared a national action plan that addresses all aspects of the
mine problem, which is currently under consideration, according to the Article 7
report.
In May 2000, Peru reported that the Army and War Navy had cleared and
destroyed a total of 32,373 AP
mines.[50]
Demining of the Peru-Ecuador border is the responsibility of Peruvian Army
Engineers who have a current mine clearance capacity of 140 men separated into
ten teams of fourteen. The UNMAS Assessment Report describes in detail the mine
clearance procedures, equipment and logistics in the border’s tropical
jungle in which it is very difficult to
operate.[51] The first phase
involved clearance to permit placement of border markers. This was done in
collaboration with the Ecuadorian military at the beginning of 1999. The
operation took ninety days to complete and cost over U.S.$3.5
million.[52] A total of 439
TAB1, M-409 and M18A1 mines were cleared and
destroyed.[53]
The second phase is clearance of a road linking Ecuador to the Tiwinza
Memorial, which is on the Peruvian side of the border. Ecuador is responsible
for demining around the memorial and Peru is responsible for the access road.
In May 2000, Peru reported that it had cleared and destroyed nine hundred
sixty-three TAB1, M-409 and M18A1 mines while demining the
road.[54] The next priorities
are the provinces of Piura and Tumbes, the Cordillera del Cóndor in
Amazonas province, and then Loreto province, taking eight years at an estimated
cost of U.S.$35 million.[55]
Responsibility for clearance of mines around the electrical energy companies
appears to rest with the companies, but the executing agent is the Ministry of
the Interior, specifically the National Police. The National Police has a
specialized unit, the Division de Seguridad de Activacion de Minas y
Dispositivos Explosivos de Autoproteccion (DIVSAM-DEXA) dedicated to dealing
with mines and improvised explosive devices, which receives funding and taskings
from the electrical companies. DIVSAM-DEXA has an 84-man unit that can field
ten 8-man mine clearance teams, but UNMAS reports that they are poorly equipped,
with sub-standard and insufficient protection
equipment.[56]
In May 2000, Peru reported that it had cleared 6,084 MGP mines and 6,181
CICITEC and DEXA mines on the perimeter of high-tension electrical towers, as
well as 18,706 MGP mines around public infrastructure in Ventanilla,
Lima.[57]
In February 1999, the National Penitentiary Institute of the Ministry of
Justice reported that the high-security prison of Yanamayo, Puno Department, had
been cleared of mines.[58]
Ratification of the 1997 Mine Ban Treaty by Chile, currently a signatory, is
expected to lead to a mine clearance plan for this border area, including the
department of Tacna.
Mine Awareness
According to a Ministry of Foreign Affairs official
there are no mine awareness programs in the mine-affected areas, but “the
population at risk does seem to know about the problem as well as the implied
danger.”[59] The UNMAS
Assessment Mission reported that the local population in the border area
“seems to be generally aware of the landmine
threat.”[60] UNMAS noted
that the military had expressed an interest in initiating a mine awareness
education campaign and noted that the local indigenous communities could
implement effective community mine awareness programs if they are provided with
some technical
assistance.[61]
UNMAS also reported that the National Police and electrical companies have
implemented some information and prevention programs in settlements close to
mined towers and other such infrastructure facilities, including dissemination
of illustrated pamphlets, but recommended that the existing programs need be
reassessed in light of recent
casualties.[62]
Landmine Casualties
There are no official surveys that report on the
number of victims of AP mines in
Peru.[63] According to the
Director of the Information Office of the Ministry Defense, there are thought to
be approximately 130 AP mine victims in the country, the majority of them from
the Cordillear del Cóndor border
region.[64] The ICRC reported
thirty-seven mine accidents on the Peru-Ecuador border from 1994 to 1999,
including thirty-six military personnel and one
civilian.[65]
According to the UNMAS, seventy-two mine accidents have been reported around
electrical installations since they were mined in the late 1980s and early
1990s, including thirty-two accidents to national police, five to electrical
company employees, seven to other maintenance staff and twenty-eight to the
local civilian population.[66]
Along the Chilean border, the ICRC reported accidents including one civilian
mine accident in 1994 and one in
1998.[67] The human rights NGO
APRODEH also reported an accident that occurred in August 1999 where one
civilian was injured and another killed, later confirmed by the military
authorities.[68]
According to the Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, INR (National
Rehabilitation Institute), 10% of the 1,218 amputees it has treated are related
to accidents with explosive materials and firearms but it does not have specific
information on mine victims.[69]
The National Institute of Statistics and Information, INEI, does not have
reports of victims that died or were injured by mines or explosive artifacts.
The Ministry of Health does not provide official statistics on AP mine
casualties who have been treated in hospitals and it is not possible to
determine how many victims have been assisted.
Victim Assistance
While the Army and National Police guarantee and
provide medical assistance, physical rehabilitation and prostheses for their own
members injured by mines, in general medical attention that is available for
civilians is more limited, costly and does not include provision of ortheses and
prostheses.[70] The Armed
Forces have programs in place that provide vocational reintegration but the
National Police programs only deal with the physical and psychological aspects
of victim assistance.[71] For
veterans of the Cenepa Conflict of 1995, Law 26511 guarantees their right to
physical rehabilitation. Veterans’ benefits were extended by Law 27124
(27 May 1999) to those who were killed or incapacitated in that conflict. The
military and National Police have disability pensions for members, though these
are inadequate for covering the medical and social costs of becoming disabled in
Peru.[72]
Along the border regions, and in the Andean highlands, basic health care and
access to clean drinking water and sanitation are restricted. Civilians who are
seriously injured must be transferred to Lima for treatment, where the majority
of specialized health care services and well-trained professionals are
concentrated.
The INR offers programs for amputees and burn victims, including physical and
occupational therapy, psychological counseling and social services. According
to the Director of the Congreso Nacional de Discapacitados, CONADIS (National
Congress of the Disabled), the INR receives about 120 patients each
year.[73] CONADIS is the
inter-ministerial body dedicated to the protection of disabled
persons.[74] CONADIS is in
charge of the “Plan for the Development of the Disabled,” which
according to an official at the Ministry of Health does not make reference to
assistance for employment and socio-economic reintegration of the
disabled.[75]
According to an official at the Ministry of Health, Peruvian laws do not make
special provisions or provide pensions to civilians disabled by AP
mines.[76]
The UNMAS Assessment team received a petition from the Association of Persons
Disabled by Explosive Devices (APIDEX) which described the objectives of the
association, called for better treatment from the national health service for
its disabled members, and appealed to the UN for international technical support
and cooperation.[77]
[1] According to another official in the
Foreign Ministry, “by constitutional disposition, the Ottawa Convention is
automatically part of domestic law, regardless of whether being proclaimed by an
enacting law,” but officials understand it is necessary to “specify
crimes against the Ottawa Convention, and corresponding penalties, by means of
enacting a complementary penal code law.” Email from Carmen Azurin Araujo,
Project Planning and Assessment Office, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru, 24
April 2000. [2] Article 7 report, Form
A, submitted 2 May 2000. [3] The Working
Group is chaired by Ambassador Carlos Pareja Ríos. See El Peruano
(Official Government Gazzette), Lima, 22 September
1999. [4] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
21. [5] Email from Carmen Azurin Araujo,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 April
2000. [6] Statement by Ambassador Jorge
Váldez Carrillo, Vice-Minister for Foreign Affairs of Peru, at the First
Meeting of State Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, Maputo, 3-7 May
1999. [7] Statement by Ambassador
Franciso Tudela, Permanent Representative of Peru to the United Nations, at the
54th General Assembly Plenary on Agenda Item 35 (“Assistance in Mine
Action”), 18 November 1999, New
York. [8] Email from Carmen Azurin
Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 April 2000.
[9] Article 7 report, Form E, submitted
2 May 2000; and, email from Carmen Azurin Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
24 April 2000. The Article 7 report indicates that the Peruvian War
Navy’s production facilities for CICITEC antipersonnel landmines at the
Naval Base of Callao are currently being
converted. [10] UNMAS, “Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
21. [11] Email from Carmen Azurin
Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 April 2000; and, Article 7 report, Form
E, submitted 2 May 2000. [12] Email from
Carmen Azurin Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 April
2000. [13] Article 7 Report, Form H, 2
May 2000. The Article 7 report repeatedly refers to CICITEC as an AP mine, but
UNMAS has indicated that CICITEC is a manufacturer of mines, particularly the
MG-MAP 304. See UNMAS, “Mine Action Assessment Mission Report:
Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
12. [14] Defensoría del Pueblo,
“El problema de las minas antipersonales dentro del territorio
nacional,” Lima, March 2000. UNMAS states that the DEXA mine was
designed by the national police and was locally manufactured. The report also
states that the replacement MG-MAP 304 mines were produced by CICITEC. See
UNMAS, “Mine Action Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December
1999, p. 12. [15] Telephone interview
with General Raul O’Connor, Director of the Information Office of the
Ministry of Defense, 19 April 2000. [16]
Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p. 278, citing OAS, “Summary Table:
Antipersonnel Landmines, as of May 1,
1998.” [17] Article 7 Report, Form
B, 2 May 2000. [18] The PMB designation
is not one found in standard reference materials. From the description, this
would appear to be a variation of the Soviet PMD-6 wooden box
mine. [19] Article 7 Report, Form G, 2
May 2000. [20] Email from Carmen Azurin
Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 24 April 2000. Peru’s representative
to the 10 December 1999 meeting of the SCE on Stockpile Destruction said that it
needed help with technical aspects of destruction and asked for assistance. He
also asked the OAS to certify the destruction
process. [21] Article 7 Report, Form E,
2 May 2000. [22] Ibid., Form
D. [23] “Perú did not lay
such mines before, during, or after the Cenepa Conflict [with Ecuador],”
Article 7 Report, Form C, 2 May
2000. [24] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p. 11, citing ALDHU
report dated August 1999. [25] Remarks
at the Regional Seminar on AP mines, Mexico City, 11-12 January
1999. [26] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
8. [27] Article 7 Report, Form C, 2 May
2000. [28]
Ibid. [29] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
24. [30] Ibid., p.
10. [31] Article 7 Report, Form C, 2 May
2000. [32]
Ibid. [33] Mónica Macedo Latorre,
“Perú avanza en el desminado de la frontera norte,” El
Peruano (Official Government Gazette), 26 October
1999. [34] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
11. [35] Jane’s Mines and Mine
Clearance, on-line update, 18 November
1999. [36] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
13. [37] Ibid., p. 3,
13. [38] Ibid., p.
11. [39] Telephone interview with
General Raúl O’Connor, Ministry of Defense, 19 April
2000. [40] Defensoría del Pueblo,
“El problema de las minas antipersonales dentro del territorio
nacional,” March 2000. [41] UNMAS,
“Mine Action Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December 1999, p.
12. [42] See Landmine Monitor appendix,
Report of the OAS Mine Action Program,
2000. [43] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Peru,” 3 December
1999. [44] Mónica Macedo Latorre,
“Perú avanza en el desminado de la frontera norte”, El
Peruano (Official Government Gazette), 26 October, 1999, Especial
VIII. [45] See Statement by Amb.
Franciso Tudela, Permanent Representative of Peru to the UN, 18 November 1999,
p. 5. [46] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
22. [47] Report of the OAS Mine Action
Program, 2000. [48]
Ibid. [49] Statement by Amb. Franciso
Tudela, Permanent Representative of Peru to the UN, 18 November
1999. [50] Article 7 Report, Form E, 2
May 2000. [51] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
15. [52] Ibid., p.
16. [53] Article 7 Report, Form E, 2 May
2000. [54]
Ibid. [55] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
16. [56] Ibid., p.
17. [57] Article 7 Report, Form E, 2 May
2000. [58] Instituto Nacional
Penitenciaro [National Penitentiary Institute] of the Ministry of Justice,
Document 090-99 INPE-VP, 23 February
1999. [59] Telephone interview with
Carmen Azurin Araujo, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru, 21 April
2000. [60] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
18. [61] Ibid., p.
25-26. [62] Ibid., p.
26. [63] Telephone interview with
Elizabeth Cornejo, Official of the Ministry of Health of Peru, 16 April
2000. [64] Telephone interview with
General Raul O’Connor, Ministry of Defense, 19 April
2000. [65] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
13. [66]
Ibid. [67]
Ibid. [68]
Ibid. [69] Oficio No.926-DG-INR-99, 25
November 1999. [70] UNMAS, “Mine
Action Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
19. [71]
Ibid. [72] Telephone interview with
Colonel Walter Ríos, Military Attaché of the Peruvian Embassy in
Colombia, 26 March 2000. [73] Telephone
interview with Francisco Velásquez, Director, CONADIS, 20 April
2000. [74]
Ibid. [75] Telephone interview with
Elizabeth Cornejo, Official of the Ministry of Health of Peru, 16 April
2000. [76]
Ibid. [77] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Assessment Mission Report: Perú,” 3 December 1999, p.
19.