Key developments
since March 1999: The Level One Survey, the first comprehensive survey of
its kind to be conducted in any landmine-affected country in the world, began in
January 2000. The Mine Clearance Unit of the National Demining Program
conducted its first operation and handed over the cleared field to villagers in
December 1999. Yemen began destruction of its antipersonnel mine stockpile in
February 2000. An additional 20,000 AP mines were found after submission of its
Article 7 report. Yemen has served as the co-chair of the Standing Committee of
Experts on Technologies for Mine Action. The Mine Ban Treaty entered into force
for Yemen on 1 March 1999.
Mine Ban Policy
Yemen signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December
1997 and ratified it on 1 September 1998. It entered into force for Yemen on 1
March 1999. There is no domestic law implementing the treaty. A Yemeni
official told Landmine Monitor that if a request is made to the Minister of
State for Cabinet Affairs about such a law, he has committed to put it forward
to the Minister of Justice.[1]
Yemen submitted its first Article 7 report in November 1999. Yemen was four
months late with its report because a helicopter crash claimed the lives of
several high ranking officers from the Ministry of Defense who had collected
information for the report.[2]
Yemen participated in the First Meeting of States Parties in Maputo in May
1999 with a delegation headed by Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs, Dr.
Mutahar Al Saidi. Yemen was named co-chair of the Intersessional Standing
Committee of Experts on Technologies for Mine Action and participated in the
nearly all of the intersessional meetings in Geneva.
Yemen voted for the December 1999 UN General Assembly resolution supporting
the Mine Ban Treaty, as it had on similar resolutions in the past. Yemen is a
state party to the original Protocol II (Landmines) of the Convention on
Conventional Weapons, but has not ratified Amended Protocol II. An official has
said that ratifying the amended protocol would “diminish” the role
of the Mine Ban Treaty, which is much more
comprehensive.[3] Yemen took
part in the Amended Protocol II conference in Geneva in December 1999.
Minister Al Saidi welcomed the ICBL’s establishment of its Resource
Center in Sana’a.[4] The
Yemeni National Demining Committee, with the support of Rädda Barnen (Save
the Children Sweden) and the Yemen Mine Awareness Association (YMAA), translated
the Landmine Monitor 1999 country report on Yemen into Arabic and distributed
2,000 copies nationally and regionally.
Production, Transfer, and Use
According to the government, Yemen has never
manufactured or exported AP
mines.[5] For many years Yemen
imported landmines from the Soviet Union, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, and
Italy.[6] The are no reports of
new landmine use in Yemen. The last reported use of mines was in 1994. Mine
use was a feature of the numerous internal conflicts in Yemen. Egypt also used
mines in Yemen during its intervention in the Royalist-Republican war. Yemen is
not currently involved in any armed internal or external conflict and has no
non-state actors operating in the
country.[7]
Stockpiling and Destruction
In its Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report, covering
the period 4 December 1997 to 30 November 1999, Yemen stated that there were
59,000 antipersonnel mines stockpiled, including POM-2 (44,500), PP-Mi-Sr-2
(11,000), PMN (2,000), and PMD-6
(1,500).[8] Since the
submission of that report, the military has “discovered” about
20,000 more antipersonnel mines. The exact number, types, and locations of
these newly discovered mines have not been
confirmed.[9] The locations of
stockpiled mines were not contained in the Article 7 report, but Landmine
Monitor has been told that 42,000 POMZ-2 and POMZ mines are kept in stores in
Aden, specifically at Ras Abas and Dar
Saad.[10]
Yemen retains a stockpile of 4,000 AP mines for demining training purposes.
This stockpile consists of 1,000 of each of the following types: PP-Mi-Sr-2,
PMD-6, POM-2, and PMN. The mines are retained by the Military Engineering
Department and will be located at five different military training
camps.[11]
Yemen began the destruction of its AP mine stockpile on 14 February 2000,
when 5,050 PMD-6 and PP-Mi-Sr-2 were destroyed at two separate places. The
first destruction was arranged as an international celebration near the Jaolah
minefield (B-12) with fifty PMD-6 detonated by the Minister of State for Cabinet
Affairs and Head of the National Demining Committee, Dr. Mutahar Al Saidi. The
second destruction of 5,000 PP-Mi-Sr-2 took place at Al Whed outside Little Aden
where the majority of stockpile destruction will occur. Mines are destroyed by
open detonation in consultation with the Yemen Environmental Protection Council
and according to the UN’s international standards for disposal of
unexploded ordnance. The cost has not been estimated yet, but a non-confirmed
figure of $15,000-20,000 has been
mentioned.[12] Yemen has not
received any assistance from other governments for stockpile destruction costs,
but has indicated that it can destroy its entire stockpile within a year if a
donor country would fund
it.[13]
The Landmine Problem
Yemen’s Article 7 report designated 889
places as mine-affected. As of February 2000, 1,207 mine-affected communities
in 274 districts in 18 of 19 governorates had been identified. Most of the
minefields in Yemen are located either in agriculture and grazing areas, close
to water sources, or close to electricity sources in such places as Aden, Abyan
and Lahej. There are minefields in populated areas in Al Dhala, Ibb, Aden,
Lahej, and Hadhramout (often on the roadsides) and in desert areas in Shabwa and
Hadhramout.[14] Only the Al
Mahweet governorate has been declared mine-free. Fences and warning signs are
missing around many of the minefields known by the military. Funds from the
U.S. will cover the cost of some of the fences and signs that will be put
up.[15]
Survey and Assessment
UNMAS selected Yemen as the first mine-affected
country to have the Level One Survey “Landmine Impact General
Survey” (Level One Survey) with the Information Management System for Mine
Action (IMSMA).[16] Canada is
funding the survey with $1.1 million and Japan has donated $450,000. The total
budget for the survey is $1.8 million.
Three offices have been set up in Sana’a, Aden, and Mukalla. National
staff have been recruited; twenty-eight personnel have been trained as
supervisors/editors and three as data processors. The first training of field
supervisors/editors was conducted 4-21 September
1999.[17]
The first test of the survey questionnaire was conducted 25-29 September 1999
in twenty-seven villages in fourteen governorates. The questionnaire, which had
been translated into Arabic, worked well in general, but a retraining of the
supervisors was needed to reinforce their
skills.[18] The second test was
conducted in special districts in the governorates of Sana’a, Ibb, Aden,
Abyan and Hadramouth between 3 November and 2 December 1999. Twenty-two field
supervisors/editors were involved and a total of eighty-five communities were
surveyed.[19] The training of
field survey enumerators was conducted in Aden between 6-30 November 1999.
The survey started after Ramadan in January 2000, simultaneously in fourteen
governorates. After an announcement on television and radio regarding the Level
One Survey, over sixty new mine suspected communities
responded.[20] It is estimated
that the survey will be finished by July 2000. After all the village level data
has been collated and reviewed, a Survey Certification Committee will review the
survey methodology and data collected before the aggregated results are released
to the public.[21] The results
of the survey will be available at the National Mine Action
Center.[22]
Mine Action Funding
The government of Yemen spent an estimated $1.7
million in 1999 to support its National Mine Action Program, including salaries,
allowances, health care, and transportation for the approximately 400 national
staff involved, as well as barracks for the deminers, the training facility in
Dar Saad in Aden, and the building where the National Mine Action Center in
Sana’a is located.[23]
The Yemen government’s expenditures are budgeted at $3,250,000 for the
period 10 May 1999 to 30 April 2001 in the United Nations Development
Program’s Project Document regarding support to the National Mine Action
Program.
Yemeni businessmen have provided in-kind contributions for printing of mine
awareness education material, provision of medical treatments, food and water
tanks for the deminers in the field. This contribution is estimated to
$10,000.[24] Members of the
Yemen Mine Awareness Association have voluntarily provided in-kind contribution
regarding mine awareness education.
Yemen has received (or will receive based upon commitments made to date)
nearly $7.3 million from international donors for the national mine action
program for the period October 1998 to September 2000. The National Demining
Committee asks all donors who want to contribute to Yemen’s Mine Action
Program to go through the Minister of State for Cabinet Affairs and conclude an
agreement before starting activities. This procedure is in place to make sure
that actions are performed according to the international UN standards and
guidelines and to avoid duplication and unnecessary
costs.[25] The UNDP has taken
on the role of coordinating the funds from international
donors.[26]
U.S. funds are partly channeled through the Ministry of Defense while the
Ministry of Finance handles UN and other bilateral assistance. Prior to
dispersal, the Ministry of Finance first needs approval from the National
Demining Committee and the signature of its head, the Minister of State for
Cabinet Affairs. This has led to a delay due to the fact that the national
demining budget is outside the normal state procedures because the national mine
action program was formed with a resolution by the Prime Minister and not as a
ministerial decree.[27]
International Contributions to Yemen’s Mine Action
Program
[42] During 1999 around
forty-five trainers from the U.S. have alternatively, in short assignments, been
training the Mine Action Centers’ staff. Additionally, the U.S. has
donated $290,000 to UNDP’s cost-sharing fund for the National Mine Action
Program.[43]
Mine Clearance
A unit of the Engineering Department of the
Ministry Defense and a separate body, the Mine Clearance Unit of the Regional
Mine Action Center, undertake mine clearance in Yemen. The deminers from the
Engineering Department work on an on-call basis and are hampered by outdated
equipment and techniques.[44]
The Mine Clearance Unit consists of two companies (a total of 180 staff),
trained and equipped by the U.S. These deminers are seconded from the military
to the National Demining
Program.[45] A third company of
deminers is scheduled to be trained in April 2000 and two more companies in
2001.
The first operation by the Mine Clearance Unit occurred in June 1999 at
minefield C6 outside Aden. The Ministry of Defense has cleared this field twice
before but there were still mines left. UXO and four antitank mines were found
and destroyed in situ.[46] The
cleared field, which will be used for grazing, was handed over to the villagers
at a small celebration ceremony in early December 1999.
The National Demining Committee has designated the governorate of Aden and
the Lahej corridor as the focus of its initial clearance effort. This area has
been divided into four zones and will begin with twenty-one minefields in Zone
B.[47] Field A1, in the Al
Habil area, where the Yemen Mine Awareness Association (YMAA) and Rädda
Barnen have had one of their community based mine awareness education pilot
projects, has been chosen on a special request from the President to be one of
the very first new areas to be cleared. This will constitute a complete mine
action operation in this location, starting with mine awareness education,
followed by a victim survey, a Level Two Survey, and mine clearance.
A problem regarding allowances for the demining staff in the field has been
reported. Most of the deminers in the Mine Clearance Unit of the National
Demining Program originally came from the Engineering Department of the Ministry
of Defense. Since this secondment, they have not received special field
allowances. The National Demining Committee does not have funding at the moment
for this purpose nor for any life insurance. International donors are not
willing to pay salaries or allowances to government employees. There is a hope
however that an agreement can be reached between the Ministry of Defense and the
National Demining Committee to solve the
matter.[48] As a step forward
an agreement was reached in March 2000 between UNMAS, UNDP, and the National
Demining Committee stating that the deminers will be given free meals (funded by
the UNDP) when they are in the
field.[49]
Coordination of Mine Action
The Yemeni National Mine Action Program was
established on 17 June 1998. It is the overall policy and decision-making body
concerning all mine action in Yemen and is headed by the Minister of State for
Cabinet Affairs. Other members include the Director of the Military Engineering
Department, the Deputy Minister of Public Health, the Deputy Minister of Social
Affairs, the Deputy Minister of Interior, the Deputy Minister of Information,
the Deputy Minister of Education, the Director of Work and Administration at the
Prime Minister’s Office, a representative from the Ministry of Planning, a
representative from the Environment Protection Council, and a representative
from the Yemen Mine Awareness Association. There is also a corresponding
Regional Demining Committee, chaired by the Governor of Aden. The composition of
the committees reflects an understanding that humanitarian demining involves the
civil society and all concerned ministries and not only the Ministry of
Defense.
Different advisory groups, such as the Victim Assistance Advisory Group and
the Mine Awareness Education Advisory Group, have been formed. They meet once a
month to coordinate the work between the different donors, NGOs, the staff at
the National Mine Action Program, specially appointed coordinators from some
ministries and the Yemen Mine Awareness Association. Donors, together with
staff from the National Demining Committee, have formed a group called
“Friends of
Demining.”[50] Special
working groups have also regularly met within the Victims/Survivors Assistance
and Mine Awareness Education Advisory Groups, to draw up plans for future mutual
work.
All major decisions regarding mine action are taken by the National Demining
Committee on advice from the national and international staff in the National
Mine Action Program. The National Mine Action Center (also called NTEU,
National Technical Executive Unit) in Sana’a and the Regional Mine Action
Center (RTEU, Regional Technical Executive Unit) in Aden are the operating units
for the National Mine Action Program.
The National Demining Committee has delegated to the National Technical
Executive Unit the responsibility for planning different strategies and mine
action policies. The National Demining Committee decides on these plans and the
Mine Action Centers implement them together with their different partners like
national and international agencies, communities and concerned
ministries.[51]
Mine Awareness Education
The mine awareness education national staff at the
National Mine Action Program, in coordination with the Mine Awareness Education
Advisory Group, has responsibility for producing national guidelines conforming
to UN standards, a strategy paper and a work plan for 2000. The YMAA and
Rädda Barnen are members of the Mine Awareness Education Advisory Group and
Rädda Barnen has been appointed the lead agency among the international
donors for Mine Awareness Education.
The Ministry of Information has promised to regularly broadcast on television
and radio, and to publish in the newspapers, mine action progress in Yemen,
international landmine issues, accidents caused by mines or UXOs, and mine
survivors’ plight and
achievements.[52] A television
program was produced detailing Yemen's stand on the Mine Ban Treaty and mine
action activities and was broadcast in December 1999 and March 2000 on
anniversary dates of the treaty.
The Mine Awareness Department (staff of six) at the Regional Mine Action
Center in Aden concentrates on raising awareness of different target groups
living in the villages close to the minefields and to supporting the work of the
deminers. The department has reached around 6,000 persons as of February
2000.
The YMAA and the Mine Awareness Education Department are designing new
posters on mines and UXO in different parts of Yemen at the Regional Mine Action
Center in Aden. A team with staff from the RMAC and members of YMAA has started
community-based mine awareness education projects in the villages around
minefield B12 in the Jaolah
area.[53]
The YMAA has been granted $31,000 for community-based mine awareness
education and for advocacy work around the Mine Ban Treaty. This funding will
go toward producing new mine awareness education material, especially for
children, and a quarterly newsletter. The YMAA together with Rädda Barnen
continued community-based mine awareness education projects in Al Habil (Lahej
governorate), Masabeen and Imran (Aden governorate) and Al Kood (Abyan
governorate). Four schools and 2,904 school children in Al Kood, Al Habeel,
Masabeen, and Imran have received training using the child-to-child approach.
Four teams of educators are active in the villages. An evaluation of the
project has been carried out in March 2000, but is still not compiled in a
report.[54]
A regional Mine Awareness Education workshop organized by Rädda Barnen
was held in Aden between 27 November and 3 December 1999. Participants from
Sudan, Jordan, Palestine, Lebanon, and Yemen took part in the weeklong
workshop.[55]
Landmine Casualties
There are still no accurate records of mine
victims. The Level One Survey will provide nationwide information, but it will
only record information on victims that have had landmine accidents during the
past year.
The results of a mine/UXO survivor survey carried out by the YMAA and
Rädda Barnen together with community members in Al Habil, Masabeen, Imran,
and in Al Kood were released in
1999.[56] The survey showed that
herding and playing are the most commonly performed activities resulting in
landmine accidents, and the most common victim is the male
child.[57]
The Adventist Development and Relief Agency International (ADRA) completed a
landmine accident survivor survey in three districts: Hais, Jabal Ras, and Al
Khokha. The survey was extended to a fourth bordering area, Shameer in the Taez
governorate. In the survey, 1,326 people with disabilities were identified,
including 51 mine victims. Most of the mine victims were middle aged and in
great need of financial resources. Most victims that lost limbs did not have any
prosthetic device or artificial
limb.[58]
The only known records kept of mine injuries in 1999 are with the communities
in the four pilot areas in which the Yemen Mine Awareness Association and
Rädda Barnen have supported community-based mine awareness education. Key
people in the villages have been supplied with record books, in which they have
been asked to register all mine/UXO casualties that have occurred in the area.
Al Habeel registered a mine accident in August 1999 when a mine explosion
injured two shepherd boys.
Survivor Assistance
In general, health facilities in Yemen are
inadequate in most regions, and only the main cities have hospitals. There
have, however, been several recent developments in the provision of assistance.
In October 1999 a Rehabilitation Department was established within the
Ministry of Public Health, in part to analyze the needs of people with
disabilities and to coordinate at the national level.
The Victim Assistance Advisory Group has representatives from the Ministries
of Public Health, Social Affairs and Education, as well as Rädda Barnen,
Handicap International, Movimondo and ADRA, together with national and
international staff from the National Mine Action Program. The advisory group
has agreed to translate the ICBL's “Guidelines for the Care and
Rehabilitation of Survivors” into Arabic, and to add a special page on
Yemeni conditions. The UNDP and Rädda Barnen are funding this guide, and
it will be widely distributed to all mine-affected areas of the country.
In January 2000 Handicap International (HI) began training staff at a new
rehabilitation center in Aden together with the Ministries of Health and Social
Affairs. This center is meant to serve landmine survivors and others in need of
orthopedic devices from the governorates of Aden, Abyan, Shabwa, Lahej, and
Dhale. The building and the equipment is provided by GAVTT (General Authority
for Vocational and Technical Training, which is funded by the World Bank and
Germany), and HI receives funding from ECHO (European Community Humanitarian
Office) as well.
ADRA has started a project that assists mine survivors, which is funded by
the Canadian government and the British
Council.[59] It has also signed
an agreement with the Ministry of Insurance and Social Affairs, the Minister of
Health and the National Demining Committee to support a community-based
rehabilitation (CBR) program for adults. This program is located in the same
mine-affected areas in which Rädda Barnen is supporting the Ministry of
Insurance and Social Affairs community-based rehabilitation program for
children.[60]
A team of Italian doctors has begun training Yemeni surgeons on mine victim
operations in Al Thowra hospital in Taez, that will also serve as the national
referral hospital for mine victims.
For two weeks in September 1999 a four-person U.S. medical team specializing
in eye injuries was brought in for consultation and training of staff at the
Regional Mine Action Center and Aden Hospital. Mine victims with eye injuries
were brought in for check-ups and treatments. A total of 150 mine victims were
examined, thirty-eight of whom were treated, including eight surgical
operations.[61]
Disability Policy and Practice
The Yemeni government has not segregated mine victims from other people with
disabilities. Apparently there exists a firm belief among the decision-makers
and donors to the Yemeni National Mine Action Program that health service
structures for mine victims should not be separated from the already existing
structures for people with disabilities. However, there is a serious intention
to improve the structures already in
place.[62]
The draft for the Care and Rehabilitation of the Disabled Act that was
mentioned in Landmine Monitor Report 1999 is still being reviewed by the
Parliament.
[1] Interview with Rashida Al Hamdani,
Secretary of the National Demining Committee, Sana’a, 12 February
2000. [2] Interview with Mansour
El-Azzi, the Executive Officer and General Coordinator of the National Mine
Action Program, Sana’a, 22 November
1999. [3] Interview with Rashida Al
Hamdani, National Demining Committee, 10 April
2000. [4] Interview with Dalma Foeldes,
coordinator of the ICBL resource center in Sana’a, January
2000. [5] Interview with Colonel Al
Sheibani, Director of the Technical Unit of the National Demining Center,
Sana’a, 23 January 1999. [6]
UNMAS, “Joint Assessment Mission Report: Yemen,” 21 September
1998. [7] Interview with Rashida Al
Hamdani, National Demining Committee, 25 April
2000. [8] Yemen’s Mine Ban Treaty
Article 7 Report, Form B, submitted 30 November 1999. Although the designation
POM-2 is used in the report, this mine is usually referred to as the
POMZ-2. [9] Interview with General Al
Dhahab, Deputy Chief of Staff for Logistics, Ministry of Defense, Sana’a,
19 February 2000. [10] Interview with
Fadhle Mohammed Obaid Garama, Head of the Mine Clearance Department at the
Regional Mine Action Center in Aden, Aden, 29 November
1999. [11] Interview with General Al
Dhahab, 19 February 2000. [12] Interview
with Phil Lewis, Chief Technical Advisor for the National Mine Action Program,
Sana’a 19 February 2000. [13]
Ibid.; Interview with General Al Dhahab, 19 February
2000. [14] Interview with Colonel Al
Sheibani, Technical Unit of the National Demining Center, 22 November
1999. [15]
Ibid. [16] Qadeem Tariq, MCPA,
“Global Landmine Impact General Survey, Republic of Yemen,” November
1999, p. 5. [17] Interview with Qadeem
Tariq, MCPA team leader, 22 November
1999. [18]
Ibid. [19] Interview with Qadeem Tariq,
26 January 2000. [20] Interview with
Qadeem Tariq and Justin Brady, the UN Level One Survey Quality Assurance
Monitor, Sana’a, 17 February
2000. [21]
Ibid. [22] Qadeem Tariq, “Global
Landmine Impact General Survey, Republic of Yemen,” November 1999, p.
7. [23] Interview with Phil Lewis,
National Mine Action Program, 22 November
1999. [24] Interview with Colonel Al
Sheibani, Technical Unit of the National Demining Center, 22 November
1999. [25] Interview with Rashida Al
Hamdani, National Demining Committee, 23 November
1999. [26] Interview with Mr. Mutahar Al
Huthi, officer in charge of the UNDP Mine Action Program, Sana’a, 24
November 1999. [27] Interview with
Colonel Al Sheibani, Technical Unit of the National Demining Center, 22 November
1999. [28] Interview with Al Huthi, UNDP
Mine Action Program, Sana’a, 24 November
1999. [29] Interview with Sheryl
McWilliams, Director for the ADRA Victim Assistance Project in Yemen,
Sana’a, 17 February 2000. [30]
Interview with Colonel Al Sheibani, Technical Unit of the National Demining
Center, 23 November 1999. [31] Interview
with Nicolas Drouin, Program Officer at the Mine Action Unit, CIDA, Geneva, 30
March 2000. [32] Interview with Sheryl
McWilliams, ADRA, 17 February 2000. [33]
Interview with Mr. Al Huthi, 24 November
1999. [34] UNDP, “Project Document
for Support to the Yemen National Mine Action Program,”
p.1. [35] Interview with Phil Lewis,
National Mine Action Program, 25 January
2000. [36] Interview with Rashida Al
Hamdani, 10 April 2000. [37] Interview
with Leif Trana, Second Secretary at the Norwegian Embassy in Riyadh,
Sana’a, 4 December 1999. [38]
Ibid. [39] Interview with Abdul Karim
Ahmed, Head of the Rädda Barnen suboffice in Aden, Aden, 14 February
2000. [40] Interview with Tryggve Nelke,
Regional Representative for Rädda Barnen, the Middle East Program, Beirut,
23 February 2000. [41] UNDP,
“Project Document for Support to the Yemen National Mine Action
Program,” p.1. [42] Interview with
Major Elzie, outgoing head of the U.S. assistance team to Yemen’s Mine
Action Program, Sana’a, 25 November
1999. [43] Interview with Mr. Al Huthi,
24 November 1999. [44] Interview with
General Al Dhahab, 19 February
2000. [45] Interview with Major Elzie,
26 November 1999. [46] Landmine Monitor
Researcher’s field visit to the C6 minefield accompanied by Aysha Saed,
Program Officer and Chair of the Yemen Mine Awareness Association, Shafika Saed
and Agmal, members of the Yemen Mine Awareness Association, 4 October
1999. [47] Interview with Major Elzie,
26 November 1999. [48]
Ibid. [49] Interview with Mr. Ian
Mansfield, Mine Action Team Leader, UNDP head office in New York, Geneva, 28
March 2000. [50] Interview with Phil
Lewis, Mine Action Program, Sana’a, 24 November
1999. [51] Interview with Rashida Al
Hamdani, National Demining Committee, 10 April
2000. [52] National Mine Awareness
Education Advisory Group meeting, Speech by Deputy Minister of Information,
Sana’a, 28 October 1999. [53]
Interview with Aysha Saed, Program Officer Rädda Barnen and Chair of the
Yemen Mine Awareness Association, Aden, 15 February
2000. [54]
Ibid. [55]
Ibid. [56] For details, see Landmine
Monitor Report 1999, p 867. [57] Yemen
Mine Awareness Association and Rädda Barnen, “Landmine UXO Survivor
Survey within Three Governorates in the Republic of Yemen,” December
1998. [58] ADRA, “Report from a
Survey on Landmine Accident-Survivors in Al Hodeida Governorate,” 1999;
Interview with Sheryl McWilliams, ADRA, 17 February
2000. [59] Interview with Sheryl
McWilliams, ADRA, 17 February 2000. [60]
Ibid. [61] Interview with Jane
Brouillette, Rädda Barnen, 17 February
2000. [62] Interview with Jane
Brouillette, 22 November 1999.
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