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LM Report 2001

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MOZAMBIQUE

Key developments since May 2000: According to the National Demining Institute, in 2000 a total of 4.98 million square meters of land was cleared, including over 317 kilometers of road. Landmine casualties continued to decline dramatically, from 133 casualties in 1998, to 60 in 1999, to 25 in 2000. The initial findings of the Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey were released in June 2001. It found that all ten provinces and 123 out of 128 districts in Mozambique are mine-affected. The survey identified 1,374 suspected mined areas, covering an estimated 562 square kilometers. Mozambique submitted its first Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency report, which provided the first public details on Mozambique’s stockpile of 37,818 antipersonnel mines.

Mine Ban Policy Production, Transfer, Use Stockpiling and Destruction Landmine Problem Survey and Assessment Mine Action Funding Coordination of Mine Action Mine Clearance Mine Awareness Landmines Casualties Survivor Assistance Disability Policy and Practice

Mine Ban Policy

Mozambique signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified on 25 August 1998 and the treaty entered into force on 1 March 1999. Mozambique has not yet enacted domestic implementation legislation.^[1] Mozambique submitted its initial Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 transparency report to the United Nations in August 2000, though it was dated 30 March 2000. The report covers the period from 1 March 1999 to 31 August 1999. Mozambique has not yet submitted its required annual updated Article 7 report, due by 30 April 2001. The report is being prepared and should be submitted prior to the Third Meeting of States Parties in September 2001.^[2]

Mozambique attended the Second Meeting of States Parties in September 2000, with a delegation led by its Minister of Foreign Affair and Cooperation, Leonardo Simão, who served as President of the First Meeting of States Parties, held in Maputo in May 1999. In a statement to the plenary, Minister Simão said the “landmines issue must be dealt with...from an inclusive perspective of post-conflict, peace-building, conflict prevention, socio-economic development and natural disaster preparedness.”^[3]

Mozambique attended the Mine Ban Treaty intersessional Standing Committee meetings in December 2000 and May 2001, with representatives from the capital as well as from its Geneva mission. In November 2000, it voted for UN General Assembly Resolution 55/33V, which calls for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Mozambique introduced the resolution along with Norway and Nicaragua, the past, present and future presidents of the meetings of States Parties. In February 2001, Mozambique participated in the Bamako Seminar on Universalization and Implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty in Africa, held in Mali.

Mozambique is not party to the 1980 Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Production, Transfer, Use

Mozambique has never produced or exported antipersonnel mines. It imported antipersonnel mines from a number of sources.^[4] No evidence of new use of antipersonnel mines was found in the reporting period.

Stockpiling and Destruction

In its initial Article 7 report, Mozambique revealed that it has a stockpile of 37, 818 antipersonnel mines.

Stockpiled antipersonnel mines^[5]

The Armed Forces of Mozambique are in the process of preparing a plan for stockpile destruction, but no mines have been destroyed. An initial, public destruction is scheduled for August 2001.^[6]

Mozambique’s Article 7 report did not indicate any antipersonnel mines retained for training or development purposes.^[7]

Landmine Problem

Few maps and records were kept of the mines laid during Mozambique’s decades-long civil war, which ended in 1992.^[8] Antipersonnel mines were laid both by Frelimo government and Renamo rebel forces around areas including towns, villages, water sources, power sources, pylon lines, dams, roads, tracks, paths, bridges, railway lines, and military installations.^[9]

The Article 7 report stated that more detailed information on Mozambique’s mine problem would be available after completion of a Landmine Impact Survey undertaken by the Canadian International Demining Corps (CIDC). The initial findings of the study were released in June 2001. (See also Survey and Assessment section.)

The Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey (MLIS) by CIDC found that all ten provinces and 123 out of 128 districts in Mozambique are mine-affected.^[10] A total of 768 of the mine-affected communities are classified as rural, but 23 urban communities are also affected, including three with populations greater than 30,000 persons. The survey identified 1,374 suspected mined areas, covering an estimated 562 square kilometers. Approximately 41 percent of suspected mined areas are less than 1,000 square meters in area, and less than five percent are larger than one square kilometer.

Mines have the most frequent impact on: agricultural land (464 communities, 950,000 persons, 369 square kilometers); roads (231 communities, 369,000 persons); and non-agricultural land used for hunting, gathering firewood, and other economic and cultural purposes (180 communities, 291,000 persons, 137 square kilometers). Blocked access to drinking water is less frequent (55 communities, 87,000 persons), but it is nonetheless a serious impact.

Suspected Mined Areas And Affected Population, by Province^[11]

Mozambique experienced four major floods in 2000 and one in February and March 2001. While the floods in 2000 mainly affected the south of the country, the 2001 floods were in central Mozambique, in the provinces of Sofala, Manica, Tete, and Zambezia. According to the National Demining Institute (IND), the floodwaters covered known minefields and an undetermined number of landmines could have moved from their original location. To minimize this potential threat the government introduced an emergency plan, which included movement of flood victims to accommodation centers.

In February 2001, a new survey of flood-affected areas was initiated to determine the level of mine contamination and a working group was established to coordinate demining operations and to ensure the efficient use of the available resources. Three teams conducted mine surveys along the Buzi, Save and Limpopo rivers. Handicap International spent extra resources to cope with the need to run mine awareness campaigns, not only in the flooded areas, but also in the resettlement areas.^[12]

Survey and Assessment

According to the CIDC, in November 1997 the Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey was identified as a mine action priority by Mozambican authorities and the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA). The MLIS was subsequently included as a major component of Canada’s support for mine action in Mozambique as documented in an inter-governmental agreement signed in August 1998. CIDA funded the MLIS at an aggregate cost of US$2.2 million, of which almost US$500,000 was invested in vehicles and equipment that remain available for the National Demining Institute. CIDC was contracted to execute the MLIS in January 1999 and began a year of planning, preparation, recruiting and training of Mozambican personnel in February 1999. Fieldwork began in March 2000, and the MLIS was completed in July 2001. As of July 2001, the UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) was in the process of reviewing the final quality assurance report on the MLIS certification process.^[13]

The MLIS was conducted by the Canadian International Demining Corps in partnership with Paul F. Wilkinson and Associates Inc., with the aim “to collect, record and analyze information on the location of known or suspected mined areas throughout the country, and to provide an overview of their social and economic impacts as perceived by the residents of landmine-affected communities.”^[14]

Execution of the MLIS was based on the methodology developed by the Survey Working Group and endorsed by the United Nations.^[15] The MLIS interviewed approximately 13,000 persons. A Quality Assurance Monitor, funded by the US Department of State and the United Nations Foundation, provided regular reports to the UN Impact Survey Certification Committee for certification purposes. The survey was assessed using the UN Impact Survey Certification Guidelines to ensure that the process used was consistent with the Survey Working Group Protocols.^[16] Some mine action operators expressed concerns to Landmine Monitor about the methodology used in the survey.^[17]

According to CIDC, challenges and other factors that had to be taken into consideration included: the size of the country and the condition of its transportation infrastructure; the widespread distribution of landmine-affected communities; extensive flooding in central and southern regions; the absence of a current national gazetteer or equivalent; inadequate pre-existing mapping; and the relatively limited availability of expert opinion.^[18]

The “Assistance to Mine Affected Communities” (AMAC) project, based at the Peace Research Institute of Oslo (PRIO), was funded by the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) to conduct a socio-economic assessment in Mozambique, as part of a report by the UN Development Program and Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining on socio-economic approaches to mine action.^[19]

Mine Action Funding

It would appear that in 2000, mine action funding totaled some $17 million.^[20] Donors in 2000 include Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, United Nations, the European Community, and the United Nations Association-USA “Adopt-a-Minefield” program.

In 2000, $6.6 million was allocated to the National Demining Institute, of which $3.9 million had been received as of early 2001. At least another $10.5 million was provided in 2000 to mine clearance organizations. Details on bilateral funding for agencies engaged in mine action in Mozambique is included in the Mine Clearance and Survivor Assistance sections of this report.

Contributions to the National Demining Institute by Donor in 2000^[21]

The United States has been the largest donor. Between 1993 and 2000, the US provided $24.1 million to mine action in Mozambique, including $3.85 million in 2000.^[22] In 2000, the US Department of State provided $3.14 million for operational demining managed by Ronco (using mine detecting dogs), $343,000 for demining by HALO Trust, $241,000 for refurbishment of Boquisso demining camp, and $119,000 for vehicles and equipment for IND.^[23] The US Department of Defense provided $13,000 in 2000 for mine awareness education. In 2001, $2.17 million has been provided as of July 2001, including $1.9 million for operational demining managed by Ronco (six teams with dogs), and $271,000 to support training for IND personnel.^[24]

Coordination of Mine Action

The transformation of the National Demining Commission (CND)^[25] to the National Demining Institute (IND)^[26] brought about revived donor support for the National Demining Fund.^[27] In June 1999, the government established the IND with a mandate to coordinate, supervise and manage the cost-effective execution of a national mine action plan.^[28] The IND is a semi-autonomous governmental institute, which reports directly to the Minister of Foreign Affairs. It has a mandate to “successfully establish and develop a co-ordination, supervision and management mechanism, in close co-operation with all other relevant organisations and agencies, to ensure the cost-effective execution of a national mine action plan.”^[29]

An Emergency Mine Action Committee (EMAC) was established in 2000 to coordinate flood-related mine action activities, with the IND and the Canadian High Commissioner as co-chairs.^[30] An Inter-Ministerial Standing Committee chaired by the Director of IND was also created.

According to the new IND statutes, the Minister of Foreign Affairs and Co-operation has to convene a meeting of “cooperation partners” at least twice a year.^[31] The new statutes also made provision for the establishment of regional offices. The IND has a regional office in Nampula province, and a new regional office was opened on 1 April 2001 in Beira, Sofala province.^[32]

In 2001, as required by National Assembly Decree 38/99, a national mine action plan is being drafted to establish national priorities for mine action.^[33] In June 2001, the IND, in coordination with UNDP and Cranfield University, held a mine action management training course.

Mine Clearance

According to the IND, in 2000, the area of land cleared was 4,982,907 square meters, including over 317 kilometers of road. A total of 6,679 mines and 993 UXO were cleared and destroyed in 2000. From 1992 to 2000, a total of 200,169,636 square meters was cleared, including 60,821,630 square meters of land, 68,323,951 kilometers of road, 68,813,455 square meters of powerline conductors and 2,260,000 square meters of railway lines. In this period, 71,476 antipersonnel mines, 538 antivehicle mines and 34,386 UXO were cleared and destroyed.^[34]

There are several major humanitarian demining operators in Mozambique – Accelerated Demining Program (ADP), Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), HALO Trust, Handicap International (HI), and a number of smaller humanitarian and commercial mine clearance agencies.^[35]

Accelerated Demining Program (ADP)/Programa Acelerado de Desminagem (PAD). The ADP has gradually evolved from a UN-operated and managed program to an independent project with minimal UNDP involvement. It is now in the process of being transformed into a national NGO.^[36] ADP conducts humanitarian mine clearance using manual clearance methods and mine detecting dogs in the south of the country in Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane provinces. In 2000, it cleared 1,295,733 square meters of land, and destroyed 542 mines and 76 UXO. In 2000, ADP had 315 employees and a budget of $3,570,237.

Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA).^[37] NPA conducts humanitarian mine clearance using manual clearance methods and mine detecting dogs in the center of the country in Tete, Manica and Sofala provinces. In 2000, NPA cleared 2,624,231 square meters of priority land, including 239 kilometers of road, and destroyed 3,506 mines and 458 UXO. In 2000, it had about 500 employees and a budget of approximately $3.5 million (NOK 32 million). In 2000, NPA received funding from Norway (NORAD), Sweden (SIDA), Denmark (DANIDA) and The Netherlands. In April 2000, NPA Mozambique hosted internal discussions on interim international guidelines for humanitarian demining using mine detection dogs, with participation by GICHD, NPA Angola, NPA Bosnia and the NPA Mine Action Unit in Oslo.

In 2001, NPA plans to introduce a socio-economic impact assessment in order to maximize the positive impact from humanitarian mine action programs. NPA Mozambique and the AMAC project based at the PRIO have launched a pilot study to operationalize the community approach to mine action within NPA Mozambique. A pilot study was conducted from March to June 2001 and included nine community studies in the Manica province.

HALO Trust. The HALO Trust conducts humanitarian mine clearance using manual and mechanical clearance methods in the north of the country in Niassa, Cabo Delgado, Nampula and Zambezia provinces. In 2000, it cleared 173,097 square meters of land and destroyed 2,605 mines and 363 UXO. In 2000, HALO had 125 employees and a budget of $1,105,426. For HALO’s operations in 2001,^[38] the Netherlands is providing $699,544 for two manual clearance teams and one mechanical team in Nampula, as well as mine dogs. Switzerland is providing continued funding for three manual teams in Cabo Delgado. Ireland is providing $246,212 for one manual team in for Niassa. The U.K. (DFID) is providing £249,139 for the project in Zambezia, which is now in a two-year transition phase to handover to the national authorities in 2003, when the problem in Zambezia will be minimal. HALO has also received new funding from Australia (Austcare) for two manual teams and from Tokyo Broadcasting Systems for a manual team.

Handicap International (HI).^[39] HI conducts humanitarian mine clearance using manual clearance methods in the south of the country, in Inhambane province. In 2000, it cleared 106,350 square meters of land and destroyed 36 mines and 316 UXO. HI’s demining project had 28 deminers in 2000 and its expenditure for demining activities was $466,428.

Empresa Moçambicana de Desminagem, Lda. (EMD).^[40] In 2000 EMD, a commercial clearance company completed a mine clearance operation in Sofala province. It cleared six mined areas totaling 735,075 square meters, three secondary roads (123 kilometers), and destroyed 1,119 AP mines and 102 UXO. In another operation, it cleared two mined areas in Sofala, completing the work in January 2001. In this operation, 140,466 square meters was cleared, and two antipersonnel mines and seven UXO destroyed. Both of these clearance operations were completed within seven months using $720,000 in funding provided by Austria. Qualitas Lda., a subsidiary company of BRZ International, provided quality assurance. In 2001, EMD cleared 107 kilometers of a national road (EN 1), including four bridges, and destroyed five antipersonnel mines and three UXO. It also cleared a secondary road where fibre optic cable will be laid, and destroyed one UXO.

Menschen gegen Minen (MgM). In 2000, MgM started a mine clearance operation in Mozambique using manual and mechanical methods. From October to December 2000, MgM cleared 5,668 square meters of land around bridges, including seven antipersonnel mines, twelve antivehicle mines and six UXO, to enable rehabilitation and access to the operational mine clearance area along the Limpopo railway line in Gaza province.^[41] It employs three expatriates and fifty locals and receives $500,000 per year in funding from Germany for its clearance of the railway line, which is due for completion in 2002.^[42]

Afrovita. Afrovita conducts commercial mine clearance using manual clearance methods. It operates in Maputo, Sofala and Zambezia provinces, with quality assurance provided by Qualitas. It started operating in Matalene in February 2001.^[43] In 2000, it cleared 78 kilometers of road, including one mine and 64 UXO.

The Forcas Armadas da Defesa de Mozambique (FADM). Recognizing that Mozambique needs a long term demining capacity, the United States has been providing training and equipment to the 1st Battalion of the Mozambican infantry.

Other agencies engaged in mine action in Mozambique include Mechem, Minetech, Ronco, Special Clearance Service (SCS), Carlos Gassmann Tecnologias de Vanguarda Aplicadas Lda (CGTVA), Lince Lda and Necochaminas.

A Quick Reaction Demining Force (QRDF) is being established that will be based in Mozambique, but with global scope. The United States provided $1.75 million in 2000 for the QRDF, and another $1.3 million will be provided in 2001. Training started in May 2001 for four mine clearance teams with ten persons in each, including medics and dog handlers. The QRDF is due to be launched operationally in August 2001.^[44] The goal is for the QRDF to receive tasks from the IND and deploy within ten days to anywhere in the world that the US Department of State, in coordination with UNMAS, directs them.

Mine Awareness

Handicap International has been participating in the creation of a national capacity for mine risk education (MRE) coordination since 1995.^[45] In 1999, HI formally ended its field activities in regions and handed over the tasks of coordination to the IND. Because of flood emergencies (February 2000 and March 2001), the project continued in order to formalize the transfer of knowledge to IND. During this transfer, the introduction of MRE into the national curriculum of education at the national level will be completed, as well as the strengthening of technical competencies of local partners such as Mozambican Red Cross.

Handicap International is also finalizing tools to accompany the transfer of capacities, including a chronological study of mine incidents from 1996 to 2000, a document on MRE norms and procedures, capitalization of education integration mechanisms as MRE pedagogical tools, and a MRE Handicap International guideline for the National Coordination Program of Education Activities to Prevent Mines and UXO Accidents (PEPAM) implementation projects, based on Mozambican experience.

Landmines Casualties

Landmine casualties continue to decline dramatically, from 133 casualties in 1998, to 60 in 1999, to 25 in 2000. The reduction in the number of incidents would appear to be a positive outcome of mine action activities.

According to the IND and Ministry of Health, in the year 2000 there were 16 mine incidents resulting in 25 casualties (seven deaths and 18 injured).^[46] Of the seven deaths, two were men, two were women and three were children. Of the 18 injured, eight were men, one was a woman and nine were children. Maputo province recorded the most casualties with seven incidents resulting in 11 casualties (five deaths and six injured).

On 16 July 2001, a deminer and four mine detecting dogs were killed when a vehicle carrying seven NPA deminers and a driver hit an antivehicle mine on a road in Machaze district in Manica province.^[47]

From 1992 to 2000, there were 385 registered mine incidents which resulted 623 casualties (249 deaths and 374 injured).^[48] Of the 249 deaths, 146 were men, 36 were women, and 67 were children. Of the 374 injured, 197 were men, 54 were women and 123 were children.

Mine Casualties by Province in 2000^[49]

The Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey (MLIS), conducted by CIDC, also collected information on mine casualties. At least 172 of the total of 2,145 landmine victims recorded by the MLIS had “come to harm” recently, during the two years preceding the survey (approximately the period from 1998 to 2000).^[50] Of the 172 casualties, 53 were killed.^[51] A total of 429 communities reported mine victims while 319 reported none.

Number of Victims^[52]

* Within the two years preceding the group interview

Age and Sex of Recent Victims^[53]

Survivor Assistance

It is government policy to have one ortho-prosthetic center in each of the ten provinces.

Handicap International has established six orthopedic centres in the cities of Vilanculos, Inhambane, Lichinga, Tete, Pemba and Nampula, which are fully integrated into the Ministry of Health.

POWER, a UK-based NGO, continues to provide materials for the manufacture of limbs, in the four former ICRC centers now under the responsibility of the Ministry of Health, and the remaining six centers referred to above.^[54] POWER provides advice to the Ministry on logistical support, quality control and service delivery, and is seeking to introduce new rural facilities to improve patient access. The Ministry, POWER and donors are jointly undertaking an evaluation of service provision throughout Mozambique, and an independent report will be submitted before the end of 2001. This study’s principal objective is to find more cost-effective ways in which to deliver high quality victim support, probably via a partnership approach involving both the public and the private-not-for-profit sector. POWER is also working closely with other international agencies and with local disability organizations, through the recently created Council for Action on Disability, which will be a major vehicle to build capacity internally and move towards long-term sustainability.

Jaipur Limb Campaign. The Jaipur Limb Centre opened in February 2000 in Gaza province, Manjacaze district. It is the first rehabilitation center to be wholly run by a Mozambican NGO, the Mozambique Red Cross Society (MRCS). As of July 2001, a total of 171 people with disabilities had been provided with mobility appliances and physiotherapy services; 86 were fitted with new limbs and 17 fitted with orthoses. Most beneficiaries are victims of landmines. Funding was provided in 2000 by Comic Relief, Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, and Diana Khalatbari.^[55]

Landmine Survivor Network. LSN has been active in Mozambique since 1999.

Disability Policy and Practice

Several laws and decrees support the rights of the disabled, including the 1990 Constitution.^[56] Law no. 25/91 reasserts Law no. 2/77 relating to free health services. For militaries, Decree no. 19/92 institutes pensions for invalid soldiers. Demobilized soldiers from the government with disabilities enjoy special legal status and state pension. Ex-guerrilla soldiers with or without disabilities do not receive any pension. Despite the fact that there are approved laws and regulations recognizing the rights of disabled people, their implementation is yet to be seen.

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^[1] As noted in its Article 7 report, Mozambique has some structures such as the National Demining Institute (IND) that in part carry out implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty, but Mozambique has not undertaken specific legislative or other measures to fully implement the range of Mine Ban Treaty obligations, including imposition of penal sanctions for violation of the treaty.
^[2] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Olaf Juergensen, Chief Technical Advisor, National Demining Institute, 27 July 2001.
^[3] Statement by H.E. Leonardo Simão, Minister of Foreign Affair and Cooperation of Mozambique, to Second Meeting of State Parties, 11 September 2000, pp. 1-2.
^[4] For details, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p. 45.
^[5] Article 7 report, Form B, dated 30 March 2000.
^[6] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Olaf Juergensen, NDI, 27 July 2001.
^[7] Article 7 report, Form D, dated 30 March 2000.
^[8] Interview with Artur Verissimo, National Director, National Demining Institute, and Pieter de Villiers, CTA, National Demining Institute, Maputo, 19 February 2001.
^[9] Landmines produced in the following countries have been found in Mozambique: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, China, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, France, Italy, Portugal, Rhodesia, South Africa, UK, US, USSR and Yugoslavia. See Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p. 45.
^[10] Unless otherwise noted, all MLIS information is taken from “Summary of MLIS Activities and Findings,” attachment to Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from David Horton, Canadian International Deming Corps (CIDC), 26 July 2001.

^[11] Canadian International Demining Corps and Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc., “Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey, National Report Highlights Draft,” 14 June 2001.
^[12] Interview with Nicolas Bordet, Director, Handicap International, Maputo, 19 February 2001.
^[13] Email from UNMAS to Landmine Monitor (HRW), 31 July 2001.
^[14] CIDC also notes that a wide range of organizations and individuals played important roles in the MLIS, including the National Demining Institute; the National Statistics Institute; the ADP; HALO Trust; NPA; HI and USAID. International participation included UNMAS, the SAC and the GICHD. “Summary of MLIS Activities and Findings,” attachment to Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from David Horton, CIDC, 26 July 2001.
^[15] Its basic components were: “(i) collection and analysis of expert opinion to identify communities that are likely to be affected by landmines or UXO; (ii) visits to each of the communities so identified to validate that information, and completion of group interviews in those that self-identified as landmine-affected; (iii) visits to a sample of the communities not identified by expert opinion as landmine-affected, and conducting group interviews in those found to be landmine-affected; (iv) entry of the data collected into a database; and (v) conduct of preliminary analysis thereof.” “Summary of MLIS Activities and Findings,” attachment to Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from David Horton, CIDC, 26 July 2001.
^[16] Email from UNMAS to Landmine Monitor, 31 July 2001; Survey Action Center, Global Landmine Survey, submission to Landmine Monitor, July 2001.
^[17] For example, HALO Trust expressed the view that CIDC did not sufficiently check with operators on the ground and did not visit every reported site physically. Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Alan McDonald, Africa Desk Officer, The HALO Trust, 23 July 2001.
^[18] “Summary of MLIS Activities and Findings,” attachment to Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from David Horton, CIDC, 26 July 2001.
^[19] UN Development Program and Geneva International Center for Humanitarian Demining, A Study of Socio-Economic Approaches to Mine Action (Geneva: UNDP and GICHD, March 2001). See also, Ananda S. Millard and Kristian Berg Harpviken, Reassessing the Impact of Humanitarian Mine Action: Illustrations from Mozambique (Oslo: AMAC and PRIO, 2000). Email to Landmine Monitor (NPA) from Ananda S. Millard, AMAC/PRIO, 12 July 2001.
^[20] A review of Landmine Monitor country reports indicates about $18.5 million in funding, but it appears some of the funds are committed for 2001. See country reports on Australia, Austria, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, United States, and European Community.
^[21] Information provided by the National Demining Institute, 2001.
^[22] US Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, “Demining Program Financing History,” 24 October 2000. Figures are for US fiscal years; FY 2000 is 1 October 1999 to 30 September 2000.
^[23] US Department of State, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, “FY00 NADR Project Status,” 27 December 2000.
^[24] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Pat Patierno, Director, Office of Humanitarian Demining Programs, Department of State, 19 July 2001.
^[25] The CND was created in 1995 as the first government mechanism for the co-ordination of policies, strategies, direction, control and supervision of all demining activities through its Demining Executive Body (DED).
^[26] On 10 June 1999, the Mozambican Council of Ministers approved a new legislation (Decree 37/99 of Government of Mozambique) to change the status of the CND into a semi-governmental institute, IND. Decree 38/99 determines the national priorities for demining.
^[27] The Demining Fund is a long-term fund aimed at providing funds for demining activities. Initially donors were reluctant in supporting the fund saying that the IND did not have a mandate to carry out demining activities, would not be cost-effective and lacked transparency. Interview with Artur Verisimo, National Director, National Demining Institute, Maputo, 19 February 2001.
^[28] Gareth Elliot, “Mozambique: Development Through Demining,” South African Journal of International Affairs, Vol. 7, No.1, Summer 2000, p.102.
^[29] National Demining Institute, “Strategy for the Development of an Integrated Mine Action Coordination Capacty in Mozambique,” p. 2.
^[30] During a meeting between IND and donors, held on 20 February 2001 in Maputo, the IND 2000 annual report and its budget for 2001 was presented and discussed. The Canadian High Commissoner also resigned from his post reportedly to allow new people with fresh ideas to have input since he had been chairing the committee from its inception. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor at IND Donor meeting, Maputo, 20 February 2001.
^[31] “Co-operation partners” include representatives from the government, donors, UN and civil society. Interview with Artur Verisimo, National Demining Institute, Maputo, 19 February 2001.
^[32] The issue on whether to place the regional center in Chimoio or in Beira was controversial. It appears that the government decided to place the office in Beira without fully consulting its partners. Apparently Norwegian People’s Aid wanted to set up a regional center in Chimoio to operate in close cooperation with a new IND regional center. Notes taken by Landmine Monitor at IND Donor meeting, Maputo, 20 February 2001.
^[33] Interview with Artur Verisimo, National Demining Institute, Maputo, 19 February 2001.
^[34] National Demining Institute (IND), “History of Mine Action in Mozambique,” 31 January 2001.
^[35] Unless otherwise indicated, the information in this section is from National Demining Institute (IND), “History of Mine Action in Mozambique,” 31 January 2001.
^[36] UNADP, “Project proposal for the transformation of UNADP into an NGO,” 2000, p. 1.
^[37] Emails to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Janecke Wille, Norwegian People’s Aid, 27 and 30 July 2001.
^[38] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Alan McDonald, Africa Desk Officer, The HALO Trust, 23 July 2001.
^[39] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Erik Lamontagne, Desk Officer for Mozambique, Handicap International, 23 July 2001.
^[40] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Barry Vermeulen, Empresa Moçambicana de Desminagem, Lda., 27 July 2001.
^[41] Email to Landmine Monitor (Andrei Lari) from Hendrik Ehlers, Chairman, MgM, 18 July 2001.
^[42] Email to Landmine Monitor (NPA) from Hendrik Ehlers, Chairman, MgM, 20 April 2001.
^[43] Field visit to Matalene, 27 February 2001.
^[44] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Pat Patierno, US Department of State, 19 July 2001.
^[45] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Erik Lamontagne, Handicap International, 23 July 2001.
^[46] “Resumo de Acidentes Provocados por Minas ou Engenhos Explosivos por Provincia, Ano: 2000,” provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Health.
^[47] Norwegian People’s Aid Press Release, “Serious AT mine accident in Mozambique,” July 2001.
^[48] Information provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Health and IND.
^[49] “Resumo de Acidentes Provocados por Minas ou Engenhos Explosivos por Provincia, Ano: 2000,” provided to Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Health.
^[50] Total victims are for the period since the start of the Independence Struggle. Recent victims are for the two years preceding the group interviews (roughly, therefore, 1998-2000). Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Paul F. Wilkinson, Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc., 27 July 2001.
^[51] Email from David Horton, Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc., to Landmine Monitor (HRW), 28 July 2001.
^[52] Canadian International Demining Corps and Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc. “Mozambique Landmine Impact Survey. National Report Highlights Draft,” 14 June 2001.
^[53] Ibid.
^[54] Email to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Michael Boddington, POWER, 26 July 2001.
^[55] Email from Isabel Silva, Projects Officer, Jaipur Limb Campaign, to Landmine Monitor (HRW), 31 July 2001.
^[56] Articles 68, 94 and 95. All citizens have the right to be assisted in case of incapacity. The State promotes and fosters the creation of conditions in order to fulfil this right. It is the Government’s duty to promote and enforce assistance to people with disabilities through rehabilitation services and education.