Key
developments since May 2001: The results of the Landmine Impact Survey
completed in May 2001 were published, revealing that a greater proportion of
communities are severely impacted than initially projected, and their geographic
distribution is unexpectedly wide. The LIS identified 417 contaminated areas
covering a total of 1,801 million square meters of land; mines and UXO affect
249 communities, and a total of 284,435 persons. Chad, for the first time,
revealed that it has a stockpile of 2,803 mines. It reported having destroyed
1,210 mines in June 2001 and April 2002. Chad submitted its initial Article 7
Report, dated 12 December 2001, as well as a follow-up report, dated 29 April
2002.
MINE BAN POLICY
Chad signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 6 July 1998 and
ratified it on 6 May 1999. The treaty entered into force for Chad on 1 November
1999. A draft decree to establish an Interministerial High
Committee[1] in charge of the
implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty and the National Strategic Plan to Fight
Mines and UXO has been prepared for the signature of the President of
Chad.[2]
Chad participated in the Third Meeting of States Parties in September 2001,
in Managua, Nicaragua. In Chad’s statement to the Meeting, Lt. Col.
Mahamoud Adam Bechir, coordinator of the National High Commission for Demining
(HCND),[3] declared his
country’s “firm commitment to intensify the fight against
mines....”[4] Chad also
attended the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in Geneva in January and
May 2002.
Chad submitted to the United Nations its first Article 7 transparency report,
dated 12 December 2001, and a second Article 7 report, dated 29 April
2002.[5]
Chad was absent during the vote of 29 November 2001 on UN General Assembly
Resolution 56/24M calling for universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty.
The country is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW). It
did not attend the third annual meeting of States Parties of Amended Protocol II
or the Second Review Conference of the CCW, both of which were held in Geneva in
December 2001.
PRODUCTION, TRANSFER, AND USE
Chad is not known to have produced or exported
mines. Landmine Monitor Report 2001 had noted allegations that Chad had
re-laid a handful of mines that it had cleared in the north of the country and
that it had signed contracts to buy new mines; Landmine Monitor indicated then
it had no independent evidence of use by
Chad.[6] At the Third Meeting of
States Parties, Lt. Col. Mahamoud Adam Bechir “formally” stated
Chad’s denial of these allegations; Bechir had also denied the accusations
at the time they appeared.[7]
On 21 April 2002, during Chad's parliamentary elections, the car of a senior
opposition figure, Gueti Mahamat, hit a landmine as he was traveling between two
polling stations on the road to Faya-Largeau airport. He died the next day. A
second mine was been found nearby and has been defused. Both the authorities
and the opposition Movement for Democracy and Justice in Chad accuse the other
of having laid the mines.[8]
STOCKPILING AND DESTRUCTION
Chad’s initial Article 7 Report indicated
that during the Landmine Impact Survey conducted from December 1999 to May 2001,
23 stockpile sites had been
recorded.[9] These stockpiles
were inventoried in April 2002, and only seven were found to contain
antipersonnel mines.[10]
Chad’s second Article 7 Report, dated 29 April 2002, gave details of the
stockpile of 2,803 antipersonnel mines at the seven
sites.[11]
Type
Quantity
Origin
NR442
516
Belgium
PPM2
1,460
Former East Germany
NR109
386
Belgium
NR409
441
Belgium
Total
2,803
[12] In April 2002, another
1,030 mines were destroyed, including: 184 NR409 mines in Mongo by the Chadian
and French Armies; and 700 NR409, 23 NR109, and 123 NR442 mines in Ounianga by
the German NGO, HELP.[13] The
quantity of mines to be kept for training purposes will be indicated in the next
Article 7 Report.[14]
Chad’s treaty mandated deadline for completion of stockpile destruction
is 1 November 2003.
LANDMINE PROBLEM, SURVEY, AND ASSESSMENT
A Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) was conducted in
Chad between December 1999 and May 2001, after a United Nations Mine Action
Service (UNMAS) request to the Survey Action Center (SAC). Handicap
International (HI) was the executing agent. The data was entered into the
Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) database, which in turn is
analyzed and used in strategic planning processes.
The LIS identified 249 mine-affected communities, with 417 different areas
contaminated by antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines, and unexploded ordnance
(UXO).[15] Most of these
communities are in the north of the country and the affected areas cover a total
of 1.801 million square meters. The contamination directly interferes with the
livelihood and safety of at least 284,435 persons.
Of the 28 departments surveyed in Chad, 23 are mine affected. The northern
departments of Borkou and Ennedi contain more than one-third of all affected
communities and more than one-quarter of the nation's
population.[16] Since the survey,
new mined areas have been discovered, particularly in the Lake region and the
regions of Borkou and Ennedi.[17]
It was not possible to survey the twenty-ninth department, Tibesti in the north,
because security concerns prevented operations there. The LIS reports, however,
that Tibesti is probably the region most heavily contaminated with both mines
and UXO.[18]
A greater proportion of communities are severely impacted than initially
projected, and their geographic distribution is more widespread than
anticipated. The northern region of the country contains 91 mine-affected
communities, 37 of which are highly impacted. The eastern region has 51 affected
communities, 10 of which are rated as highly
impacted.[19]
The most affected land is pasture and agricultural land, roads and trails, as
well as water resources and housing. Pastureland is an important economic
resource in Chad, a nation of many nomadic tribes where livestock outnumber
people. Suitable land is limited, especially in the
north.[20]
Some mine-affected areas are fenced or marked, but in other areas, local
authorities have been asked to inform the population of the dangers of unmarked
minefields.[21]
The LIS discovered six active military firing ranges that constitute a threat
to 12 communities with a total population of 11,045
inhabitants.[22] The ranges are
causing about 19 casualties per year. The survey also collected information on
25 abandoned ammunition depots that are no longer in use or under control of the
authorities and that represent a constant danger for the surrounding
communities.[23]
MINE ACTION FUNDING
In 2001, approximately $1.3 million was provided by
five donors to support mine action in Chad. Canada provided a total of
US$96,813 for the HCND via UNDP for mine
clearance.[24] Germany provided a
total of $395,896, including $276,032 for demining to the German NGO HELP and
$119,864 to UNOPS.[25]
Switzerland provided $120,000 including $60,000 to UNDP for mine clearance and
$60,000 as an in-kind contribution to
HCND/UNOPS.[26] The United
Kingdom provided $388,800 during its fiscal year
2000/2001.[27] The United States,
in its fiscal year 2001, contributed $325,000 to Chad's humanitarian demining
program to purchase demining equipment and to guarantee medical evacuation by
air for landmine victims.[28]
The final budget for the Landmine Impact Survey completed in 2001 was
$1,962,065, which included a large amount of non-expendable equipment (25%).
Funding for the survey was provided by the US ($688,900), the United Nations
Fund for International Partnerships ($685,100), the UK ($352,685), SAC ($85,380)
and HI ($150,000).[29]
Chad’s projected mine action budget for 2002 is
$3,821,500,[30] and the government
of Chad has allocated $915,714 for the HCND for its 2002
budget.[31] For 2003, the
projected mine action budget is
$5,070,000.[32]
Chad’s “National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO
2003-2015” has a total estimated budget of $76 million. This figure
anticipates all mine action related needs, including landmine survivor
assistance.[33]
At the intersessional Standing Committee meeting on Mine Clearance in May
2002, the head of the Chadian delegation questioned the way the European
Commission was using its funds for research and development. He underlined the
need for “more effective, affordable and simple technologies that would
help countries to meet their
targets.”[34]
COORDINATION AND PLANNING
The Interministerial Committee, assisted by its
Technical Committee, will oversee the National High Commission on Demining. The
HCND, part of the Ministry of Economic Promotion and Development, has staff at
headquarters, at its regional office in Faya Largeau, and at the national
training school in N'djamena.[35]
It consists of five operational units, including one for mine clearance, two for
UXO clearance, and two for both mine and UXO
clearance.[36] The Donor’s
Committee provides advice and guarantees transparency in
management.[37]
After the LIS survey, Chad developed a “National Strategic Plan To
Fight Mines and UXO: 2003-2015,” to be coordinated by HCND and implemented
through Annual Action Plans. The goal is to free the country of the impact of
mines and UXO before the end of 2015, defined as: “a country in which
mines blocking the access to infrastructure (houses, routes and wells), to
water, to pasture and agricultural land, will have been cleared or where these
will be made accessible through marked corridors; where every mined area
preventing the implementation of development programs or where the access to
vital areas is denied to the communities, will have been treated; where all
not-cleared areas will have been marked; where populations living in or close to
those areas keep on benefiting from sensitization programs; where demining
capacity is maintained to clear and mark where
needed.”[38]
In 2001-2003, national mine action is focusing on mine risk education,
surveying and marking of mine-affected areas, clearance of N’djamena and
Faya Largeau and their surroundings, staff capacity building and quality
control, and implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty by inventorying Chad’s
stockpiles of antipersonnel mines, planning their destruction and determining
the number to retain for training purposes, and contributing to the national and
international call for a mine-free
world.[39]
It is also targeting the re-opening of the most important axes in the Tibesti
region, opening a regional center in Bardai and organizing medical air
evacuation.[40] Since June 1998,
UNDP has provided technical assistance and capacity building programs to
government and HCND staff responsible for the implementation of the National
Strategic Plans.[41] Chad is
seeking also technical assistance for the IMSMA
database.[42]
MINE CLEARANCE
Chad’s mine action program was developed in
three phases. First the HCND was established, as well as mine clearance and
explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) capacity. Then, the Landmine Impact Survey was
carried out. The third phase has entailed deploying mine clearance assets to
the areas identified as mine action priorities by the government. The first such
clearance area was Faya Largeau, where the German NGO, HELP, is the primary
implementing partner.[43]
Based on the LIS, one-quarter of the estimated mine-contaminated area is flat
land with little to no vegetation and presents the lowest degree of difficulty
for clearance. Two-fifths of the contaminated land has rugged features with some
vegetative cover or moving sand dunes and presents significant obstacles for
mine clearance.[44]
Initiatives taken by local people to clear mines and UXO themselves
constituted the most important “mine action” activity in the two
years prior the completion of the Landmine Impact Survey. Often, to prevent
incidents or access by others, local communities have placed these devices in a
“safe” place such as a river or stream, a hollow tree, or specially
dug hole. More than one in ten communities have resorted to such informal
“mine action”
activities.[45]
During 2001 and 2002 HELP has been the only NGO carrying out mine action
programs in the Chad. HELP uses 70 local specialists, with one French
supervisor.[46]
According to Chad’s Article 7 reports, a total of 5,241 antipersonnel
mines were destroyed from June 2000 to April 2002. Between June 2000 and
November 2001, a total of 4,189 antipersonnel mines were destroyed in the
departments of Ounianga Kébir (808), Faya (30), Iriba (1) and Waddi-doum
(3,350).[47] Between February and
April 2002, another 972 antipersonnel mines were destroyed in Ouanianga
Kebir.[48]
An HCND report on the results of mine clearance operations between 26
September 2000 and 1 June 2002 states that 645,663 square meters of land were
demined, destroying 2,228 antipersonnel mines, 2,112 antivehicle mines and
28,781 UXO.[49]
The HCND has developed a project to clear the Tibesti region, which will
require the creation of a regional commission for demining in Bardai, with a
clearance unit, survey teams, mine risk education projects, and medical
evacuation capabilities.[50] Chad
is seeking international assistance to be able to carry out the project.
MINE RISK EDUCATION
In the two years prior to the completion of the
Landmine Impact Survey, only five out of the 249 contaminated communities
reportedly benefited from any kind of mine risk education
(MRE).[51] At the intersessional
Standing Committee meeting on Mine Clearance in Geneva on 29 May 2002, the head
of the Chadian delegation stated that all clearance should be accompanied by MRE
programs and that MRE experts should be integrated in all mine action
teams.[52]
The Landmine Impact Survey reported that many people sustain injuries as a
result of tampering with weapons, and especially with UXO. The LIS concluded
that there is a need for a focused mine risk education program to reduce
tampering with munitions, and a targeted effort to destroy highly concentrated
UXO "caches."[53]
After the Landmine Impact Survey, HCND initiated mine risk education
campaigns in the affected communities; these are carried out before demining or
destruction of mines.[54] In June
2002, after meetings between UNICEF and the coordinator of Chad’s mine
action program, it was agreed to update the current mine risk education proposal
for the country, “in light of the recently completed results of the
mine/uxo economic impact
survey....”[55]
LANDMINE CASUALTIES
In 2001, comprehensive data on new mine/UXO
casualties is not available. Following the completion of the Landmine Impact
Survey in May 2001, no on-going data collection system has been initiated.
According to HCND, it occasionally receives reports of new casualties, but lacks
resources to set up and maintain a
database.[56] The Landmine Impact
Survey recorded two incidents in 2001, one in January and one in May. In the
incidents, five people were killed and five injured, including eight
children.[57]
Between January 1998 and May 2001, 339 casualties were reported: 122 were
killed and 217 injured, of whom 87 percent were men. The fatality rate was 39%
for males and 18% for females. Among both men and women, the age group most
affected is 5-29 years old, with 260 of the recorded casualties. Of the total
of 295 male casualties, 286 were civilians. Activities at the time of the
mine/UXO incidents were: tampering 121, herding 73, traveling 48, farming 28,
playing 15, military activities 9, housework 8, collecting food/water 5, and 32
casualties while engaging in other activities or
unknown.[58] Of the 339 recent
casualties, 39 were as a result of incidents involving abandoned munitions/UXO
on military firing ranges.[59]
Landmine/UXO Casualties 1 January 1998 to 1 May
2001[60]
The number of “victims of less recent date” as recorded by the
Landmine Impact Survey totaled 1,349 casualties, of which 703 were killed and
646 injured.[62] Of 249
communities surveyed, 180 reported a history of mine
incidents.[63] No data is
available for the Tibesti region in the north.
In 2001, no casualties have been reported during demining
operations.[64]
On 21 April 2002, during the parliamentary elections, a senior opposition
figure, Gueti Mahamat, was killed when the car in which he was traveling hit a
landmine on the road to Faya-Largeau
airport.[65]
SURVIVOR ASSISTANCE
In Chad, medical care and rehabilitation services
for mine casualties remain
rudimentary.[66] According to the
Landmine Impact Survey, of recent casualties not killed immediately in the
incident, 181 received some form of emergency care; however, no survivors
reported receiving physical rehabilitation or vocational training. Eighteen
survivors reported receiving no care. As a result of their wounds and type and
level of care they received, 45 of the survivors had amputation of the upper
limbs and 17 of the lower limbs. In addition to the victims with upper limb
amputations, another 20 victims reported losing all or some of their fingers.
Sixteen survivors are now blind and another ten lost partial sight. Another 119
sustained other types of injuries, mostly burns or fractures, with a few cases
of paralysis reported. Only six survivors were permanently incapacitated by
their injuries, however, a significant number reported being unable to earn an
income due to their injuries.[67]
The HCND has one old ambulance to evacuate mine victims to the hospital at
Faya.[68] However, under an
informal agreement, all Chadian and French airplanes are obliged to carry
landmine casualties free of
charge.[69] U.S. funding for
Chad’s Mine Action Program includes funds to support medical evacuation by
air.[70] The French army operates
a surgical unit at the military hospital in N’Djamena with the capacity to
assist mine victims.[71] The
military hospital also provides continuing medical care for mine survivors.
Other hospitals or health centers reportedly do not have the capacity to do
so.[72]
In September 2001, first aid training was organized in Faya Largeau by the
Chadian Army Medical Service and the ICRC to enhance participants' knowledge in
the areas of treating the war-wounded, emergency care, and preparing casualties
for evacuation.[73] The ICRC
supplied the army's medical facilities in Faya Largeau with two dispensary
tents, three hospital beds and 50 blankets and medical supplied. In October
2001, the Ministry of Defense and the ICRC organized a war-surgery seminar for
24 civilian and military surgeons from the main hospitals in N'Djamena, Faya
Largeau, Abéché, and Sarh, to enable participants to improve their
skills in war-surgery techniques.
SECADEV, a Catholic development organization, works with the ICRC, to provide
physical rehabilitation services for amputees at their prosthetic/orthotic
center in the capital, N’Djamena. In 2001, with financial support from
the ICRC, the center was renovated and 94 landmine survivors were fitted with
artificial limbs. The ICRC also arranged for nine amputees from Faya Largeau to
be airlifted to the center to be fitted with prostheses, with the costs of their
14-day stay fully covered by the ICRC. The ICRC works in partnership with the
HCND to identify beneficiaries for its amputee assistance
program.[74]
Authorities report that, due to a lack of resources, insufficient effort has
been made to address the needs of landmine survivors for physical and
psycho-social rehabilitation and economic reintegration. International
assistance and expertise is needed for infrastructure, capacity building and
rehabilitation programs.[75] It
is also acknowledged that mine survivors, and other persons with disabilities,
are stigmatized both at the private and public
level.[76]
[1] The Interministerial High Committee will
be presided by the Prime Minister and will be composed by the Minister of
Economic Promotion and Development, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, the
Minister of National Defense and Reinsertion, the Minister of Health, the
Minister of Interior and Security, the Minister of Finance, the Resident
Representative of the UNDP, and the President of the Donor’s Office. Its
Technical Committee will be presided by the General Director of the Ministry of
Economic Promotion and Development; the General Director of the Ministry of
Foreign Affairs will be Vice-President; the committee will further be composed
by the General Directors of the Ministry of Health, of Finances and of Interior,
the Chef d’état Major General des Armées, two donor
representatives, the Coordinator of the HCND, the Program Officer of the UNDP,
the Main Technical Advisor of the HCND. A copy of the decree was given to
Landmine Monitor in May 2002. [2]
Interview with Lt. Col. Mahamoud Adam Bechir, Coordinator, National High
Commission on Demining and Representative of the Ministry of Economic
Promotion and Development, Geneva, 29 May 2002.
[3] In French: Haut Commissariat National
au Déminage. [4] Statement of Lt.
Col. Mahamoud Adam Bechir, Coordinator, National High Commission on Demining and
Representative of the Ministry of Economic Promotion and Development, at the
Third Meeting of State Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September
2001. [5] Chad made publicly available
copies of its Article 7 Reports during the May 2002 Standing Committee Meetings
in Geneva. The reports are “pending input” into the UN database.
The first report had been due on 29 April 2000. The reporting period for the
first report is given as “Renseignements pour la periode du mois de
decembre 2001,” and the second is “Renseignements pour la periode du
mois d’avril 2002.” [6]
Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 63. [7]
Statement of Lt. Col. Mahamoud Adam Bechir, Managua, Nicaragua, 18-21 September
2001; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
63. [8] “Angry, supporters of the
killed opposition leader accuse the authorities,” Agence France Presse, 25
April 2002; “Chad opposition leader dies after hitting
‘terrorist’ mine,” Agence France Presse, 22 April 2002.
[9] Article 7 Report, Form B, 12 December
2001. [10] Article 7 Report, Form B, 29
April 2002. [11] Article 7 Report, Form
B, 29 April 2002. There is a discrepancy in the report in that a total figure
of 2,965 is given, but quantities of individual mines add up to 2,803. Chad
confirmed to Landmine Monitor that 2,803 is the correct number. Email from
Mahamoud Adam Bechir, 15 July 2002. [12]
Article 7 Report, Form G, 12 December
2001. [13] Article 7 Report, Form G, 1, 29
April 2002. [14] Ibid., Form
D. [15] Mines have been found from
Belgium, former Czechoslovakia, former West Germany, Italy, former Soviet Union,
the United States, and former Yugoslavia. For mine details see Article 7
Report, Form C and Annex II, 12 December 2001; Article 7 Report, Form C, 29
April 2002. [16] “Landmine Impact
Survey, Republic of Chad,” pp.
14-19. [17] HCND, “National
Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO: 2003-2015.” A copy was provided to
Landmine Monitor in May 2002. [18]
“Landmine Impact Survey, Republic of Chad,” p.
13. [19] Ibid., p.
30. [20] Ibid. pp. 13-19,
37-40. [21] Article 7 Report, Form I, 12
December 2001. [22] “Landmine Impact
Survey, Republic of Chad,” p.
25. [23] Ibid., p.
27. [24] UNMAS, Mine Action Investments
Database, at www.mineaction.org. [25]
Ibid. [26]
Ibid. [27] Hansard, 29 March 2001, col.
723W, and 21 March 2002, col. 471W. [28]
US Department of State, “To Walk the Earth in Safety, the United States
Commitment to Humanitarian Demining,” November 2001, p.
3. [29] “Landmine Impact Survey,
Republic of Chad,” p. 73. [30] HCND,
“Preparatory Document to the Third Meeting of State Parties of the Ottawa
Convention,” p. 23. [31] Interview
with Moussa Ali Sountali, Program Administrator, HCND, N'djamena, 5 February
2002. [32] HCND, “National Strategic
Plan to Fight Mines and UXO:
2002-2015.” [33]
Ibid. [34] Statement of Lt. Col. Mahamoud
Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [35] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
pp. 65-66. [36] HCND, “Annual
Workplan: 2002-2003.” A copy was provided to Landmine Monitor in May
2002. [37] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
pp. 65-66. [38] HCND, “National
Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO:
2003-20015.” [39] HCND,
“Preparatory Document to the Third Meeting of State Parties of the Ottawa
Convention,” pp. 19-20. [40] HCND,
“Annual Workplan:
2002-2003.” [41] Ministry of
Economic Promotion and UNDP, “Support for the implementation of the
National Strategic Plan to Fight Mines and UXO: 2002-2005, Project
Document.” [42] Interview with Lt.
Col. Mahamoud Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [43] UNDP, "Support to the Mine
Action Programme in Chad," at
http://www.mineaction.org/misc/dynamic_overview.cfm?did=50. [44]
“Landmine Impact Survey, Republic of Chad,” p.
44. [45] Ibid., p.
41. [46] Email from Markus Haake, Germany,
24 June 2002, providing information from Birgitte Schulze, Project Coordinator,
HELP, Germany. [47] Article 7 Report, Form
G, 12 December 2001. The Article 7 report totals the clearance as 4,269
antipersonnel mines however when Landmine Monitor calculated clearance by
department the total came to 4,189. [48]
Article 7 Report, Form G, 29 April
2002. [49] HCND, “Results of the
Mine Clearance Operations in Chad between 26 September 2000 and 1 June
2002.” In the report, another 765,284 square meters of land is listed as
“Superficie depolluee,” and an additional 988,066 square meters is
listed as “Superficie
controlee.” [50] HCND,
“Project for clearance of the Tibesti region.” A copy was provided
to Landmine Monitor in May 2002. [51]
“Landmine Impact Survey, Republic of Chad,” p.
42. [52] Statement of Lt. Col. Mahamoud
Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [53] “Landmine Impact Survey,
Executive Summary,” pp. 3-4, 7. [54]
Interview with Moussa Ali Sountali, Program Administrator, HCND, N'Djamena, 5
February 2002. [55] Mine Action Support
Group, “June Newsletter,” New York, 14 June 2002, p.
22. [56] Interview with Lt. Col. Mahamoud
Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [57] Landmine Monitor analysis of
Landmine Impact Survey “Recent Victims”
data. [58] “Landmine Impact Survey,
Republic of Chad,” pp. 31-34. [59]
Ibid., p. 25. [60] Landmine Monitor
analysis of Landmine Impact Survey “Recent Victims” data. Due to
discrepancies between various sources, the number of civilian casualties each
year add to one more than the total of 330.
[61] Only two incidents were recorded;
one in January and one in May. [62]
“Landmine Impact Survey, Republic of Chad,” p.
31. [63] Ibid., p.
9. [64] Interview with Lt. Col. Mahamoud
Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [65] “Chad opposition leader
dies after hitting ‘terrorist’ mine,” Agence France Presse, 22
April 2002. [66] Interview with Moussa
Ali Sountali, Program Administrator, HCND, N’djamena, 5 February
2002. [67] “Landmine Impact Survey,
Republic of Chad,” p. 34. [68]
Information provided by Moussa Ali Sountali, Program Officer, and Tahir Togou
Djmet, HCND, on the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic
Reintegration Questionnaire on Landmine Victim Assistance, 31 May
2002. [69] Interview with Moussa Ali
Sountali, Program Administrator, HCND, N’djamena, 5 February
2002. [70] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
p. 65. [71] Interview with Alasoum Bedoum,
Program Officer, UNDP, N’djamena, 8 February
2002. [72] Information provided by Moussa
Ali Sountali, and Tahir Togou Djmet, 31 May
2002. [73] ICRC (Geneva), Special Report,
Mine Action 2001, July 2002, p. 17. [74]
Ibid. [75] Interview with Lt. Col.
Mahamoud Adam Bechir, Coordinator, HCND, Geneva, 29 May 2002; information
provided by Moussa Ali Sountali and Tahir Togou Djmet, 31 May
2002. [76] Information provided by Moussa
Ali Sountali and Tahir Togou Djmet, 31 May 2002.
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