Key
developments since May 2001: A national Landmine Impact Survey was
initiated in April 2002. While no demining has started in Ethiopia, two
demining companies have been trained, and some survey work has been carried out
since February 2002. During 2001, nearly 200,000 people received some form of
mine risk education. In April 2002, Ethiopia provided to the UN detailed maps
of mines its forces laid in Eritrea during the border conflict. In 2001, there
were at least 71 new landmine/UXO casualties, a significant decrease from the
previous year.
MINE BAN POLICY
Ethiopia signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December
1997, but has not yet ratified it. Ethiopia attended as an observer the Third
Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in September 2001 in Managua,
Nicaragua. The head of delegation said, “It should be noted that Ethiopia
was among one of the first countries to sign the Ottawa Treaty. Even though
Ethiopia has yet to ratify the treaty, it has been practically implementing the
provisions and objectives of the treaty, by clearing, not transferring and not
planting landmines. Ethiopia believes that universalization will ensure the
realization of the objective and spirit of the Treaty.... Ethiopia will stand
ready to ratify the Treaty when those states in question in our sub-region are
willing to adhere to the international legal norms that ban the use of
anti-personnel
landmines.”[1]
In November 2001, Ethiopia cosponsored and voted in favor of UN General
Assembly Resolution 56/24M calling for universalization and full implementation
of the Mine Ban Treaty. During the Mine Ban Treaty intersessional Standing
Committee meeting in Geneva in January 2002, the Ethiopian delegate told
Landmine Monitor that the ratification of the Mine Ban Treaty was not a priority
for the government compared to “issues of national and regional
security.”[2] At the May
2002 Standing Committee meetings, the delegate told Landmine Monitor that the
landmines issue has the attention of the government, and that discussions on
ratification are underway, but that there are other priorities, such as
HIV/AIDS.[3]
Ethiopia is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW); it
did not attend the third annual meeting of States Parties to Amended Protocol II
or the Second CCW Review Conference, both held in December 2001.
USE
There have been no reports of new use of
antipersonnel mines by Ethiopian forces since the end of the border conflict in
June 2000. There have not been reports of mine use by non-state actors in this
period either.[4]
Landmine Monitor Report 2001 reported serious allegations of use of
antipersonnel mines by Ethiopian forces during the 1998-2000 border conflict
with Ethiopia.[5] In a 23 July
2001 letter of response, the Ethiopian Foreign Minister denied any antipersonnel
mine use by Ethiopia.[6] During
the January 2002 intersessional Standing Committee meetings in Geneva, Ethiopia
again denied having used antipersonnel mines, stating, “Our government
only got involved in the removal of mines that were laid by the Eritrea forces
during the
occupation.”[7]
However, in April 2002 Ethiopia provided to UN MACC detailed maps of mines
Ethiopian forces laid in Eritrea during the
conflict.[8] These records
include information on mines remaining in the ground after Ethiopian forces
conducted substantial clearance operations prior to withdrawing from territories
it held.[9] MACC estimates
Ethiopia laid approximately 150,000 to 200,000 mines in Eritrea during this
period.[10]
PRODUCTION, TRANSFER, AND STOCKPILING
Ethiopia has stated that it does not produce
antipersonnel mines, and has not imported antipersonnel mines since the
overthrow of the Mengistu regime in
1991.[11] The size and
composition of Ethiopia’s stockpile of antipersonnel mines is not yet
known, though the types of mines found planted in Ethiopia have been
identified.[12]
There are no documented cases of Ethiopian export of antipersonnel mines.
However, Somalia’s Transitional National Government (TNG) has repeatedly
accused Ethiopia of supplying armed factions with weapons, including
landmines.[13] On 3 April,
2002, the Somali Interim President said, “We want Ethiopia to desist from
destabilizing Somalia by training militias against the TNG and certain regions,
sending mines, ammunition, and weapons into Somalia. They are doing it right
now.”[14]
On 23 May 2002, a group of 38 former military officials held a press
conference in Mogadishu to state their restored allegiance to Somalia. In the
press conference, Major Abdurahman Haji Mursal (aka Major Birreh) said the
Somali fighters had been approached by Ethiopia shortly after the formation of
the TNG and were taken into Ethiopia for training. According to Birreh, the
“Ethiopians taught us new explosive devices such as modern landmines and
their usage in fighting and terrorizing urban
areas.”[15]
LANDMINE PROBLEM
Ethiopia has had a landmine problem for the last
60 years, during which time 33 types of antipersonnel mines have been
used.[16] The country is
littered with large numbers of antipersonnel mines and unexploded ordnance
(UXO). Prior to the 1998-2000 border war with Eritrea, the Ethiopian demining
headquarters identified 97 minefields in three regions of the country where it
was operating.[17] Many of the
mines and minefields are near populated areas and inflict casualties on both
people and livestock.
MINE ACTION FUNDING
For 2001, the United Nations Mine Action
Investment Database lists $1,999,695 in mine action contributions to Ethiopia
from five donors.[18] These
include (all in US $): Canada, $135,381; Finland, $49,000; Germany, $148,648;
Netherlands, $1,000,000; and Norway, $666,666.
One U.S. government document indicates that no U.S. mine action funds were
provided to Ethiopia in
2001.[19] Another states that
in 2001, the U.S. “provided Ethiopia with $1 million in humanitarian
demining assistance,” and that a “U.S. State Department contractor
completed training of ... 160 deminers in September
2001.”[20] A UN report
indicated that the Ethiopian Mine Action Office (EMAO) has received $1.6 million
from the U.S. government to train the first two companies of
deminers.[21]
The UN reports that Norway and the Netherlands have contributed through UNDP
approximately $750,000 of the estimated $1.5 million that will be necessary to
complete the national Landmine Impact
Survey.[22]
UNICEF’s mine risk education program had a total budget of $840,000 for
the year 2001-2002, and UNICEF received these funds from the US, Finland, and
UNICEF-UK national
committee.[23]
EMAO has calculated a $3.34 million funding shortfall for 2002-2003,
including: equipment for two additional companies ($350,000), support for rapid
response teams ($250,000), mine detection dogs ($350,000), mechanical capacity
($340,000), mine risk education ($50,000), and support for EMAO headquarters and
training facility ($2
million).[24]
SURVEY AND ASSESSMENT
As reported in Landmine Monitor Report
2001, there was a rapid assessment survey carried out by the British NGO,
HALO Trust in cooperation with the Ministry of National Defense of Ethiopia
along the conflict areas bordering
Eritrea.[25] The results of the
survey remain undisclosed.
The Survey Action Center (SAC) and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) met
with EMAO in November 2001 for preliminary discussions on a Landmine Impact
Survey (LIS) for Ethiopia.[26]
SAC subsequently contracted NPA to work with EMAO to carry out the national
survey.[27]Work on the
Landmine Impact Survey began in April
2002.[28] The target for
completion is mid-2003.[29]
EMAO has also trained general surveyors to carry out minefield surveys. In
February 2002, they began surveys in Gerhu Sirnay and Marta, east of
Zalanbesa.[30]
The Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission released its ruling on the new
border between the two countries on 13 April 2002, paving way for accelerated
demining for border demarcation.
In April 2002, Ethiopia provided to MACC detailed maps of mines its forces
laid in Eritrea during the 1998-2000
conflict.[31] These records
include information on mines remaining in the ground after the Ethiopian forces
conducted substantial clearance operations prior to their withdrawal from
territories it held.[32] At an
UNMEE press briefing in June 2002, MACC Program Manager Phil Lewis said,
“On the minefield records issue, I'm delighted to announce that the
Ethiopian authorities have accepted 182 minefield records which will be utilized
to assist with expeditious, efficient, and safer mine clearance in Northern
Ethiopia. This is the final step in the exchange of detailed mine information
between the two parties [Eritrea and Ethiopia], and represents another major
step forward in the peace
process.[33]
MINE CLEARANCE AND COORDINATION
The Ethiopian Mine Action Office, an autonomous
legal entity, was established in February 2001 to be responsible for overall
mine action activities in
Ethiopia.[34] Its two directors
were appointed on 9 July 2001, after the Prime Minister approved the structure
and budget of the office.[35]
In Ethiopia, the UN's role in demining is largely advisory, under the aegis
of a technical team from the UN Development Program (UNDP). The UNDP team works
mainly on problems in the northern part of Ethiopia, though mechanisms are being
explored for expanding its efforts to help improve Ethiopia's demining
capacities nationwide.[36]
By September 2001, with the support of the US government, two companies of
200 deminers had been trained and provided with demining
equipment.[37] As of June 2002,
the EMAO deminers had not engaged in mine clearance in Ethiopia yet, but they
had moved to the north to prepare for operations in Gerhu Sirnay and
Marta.[38] Mine clearance has
been carried out in the Temporary Security Zone. (See Eritrea country report
for details).
The Mine Action Support Group, consisting of donor countries, carried out a
field mission to Ethiopia and Eritrea from 19-24 May 2002. The 24 May visit to
Ethiopia was to “acquire a clear view of this recently started program
directly under national
ownership.”[39] The field
mission noted that the country required “additional mine action assets
above the current field capacity of two companies of 200 manual
deminers....”[40] The MASG
also stated that training of two additional companies by September 2002 was
“essential,” noting that UNDP could provide the capacity to train
the companies, but funding was still
lacking.[41]
The UN has said it expects demining for border demarcation to be completed by
April 2003 “at the
latest.”[42] UNMEE would
start formal clearance of access routes to the areas where it is likely border
posts will be placed. “What we are doing at the moment is humanitarian
demining, general clearance. What we will be doing in support of the
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission (EEBC) project is ‘spot
clearing’— we will only clear a very small area inside either a
minefield or contaminated
area.”[43]
MINE RISK EDUCATION
Mine risk education (MRE) is being carried out by
RaDO in Tigray and Afar regions, all along the border with Eritrea, with
UNICEF’s technical and financial support. During 2001, nearly 200,000
people received some form of mine risk education. A total of 43,785 adults
received community-based MRE and 44,447 students through classroom-based MRE,
while 28,986 people were addressed by volunteers in 645 sessions through the
house-to-house approach. A total of 34,418 children not in school received MRE
from 379 trained Child Instructors and RaDO agents. A total of 3,694 deportees
also received mine risk education before their departure from the transit camp.
Sixty-five school clubs were formed, and 32,531 people were sensitized.
Moreover, 52 radio programs on mine issues were transmitted on a weekly basis
and 430 listening groups constituting about 4,300 members were established who
listen to the radio programs and discuss the issue further and disseminate the
information to family and other community
members.[44]
In the Tigray region, seven educators were trained in addition to the
existing 36. One thousand posters, 30,000 leaflets, 150 banners, 1700 T-shirts,
1,500 caps, 150 carry bags, and 500 cartoon characters were produced. Taskforces
are established from local administration, associations and government offices
to support the implementation process at different
levels.[45]
The RaDO MRE program was extended to the Afar regional state in April 2001,
where the program deals with a largely pastoralist community, which is totally
different from that of
Tigray.[46] The training and
deployment of mobile MRE agents, the use of clan leaders and Imams in the MRE
process, and Koranic schools as venues of MRE are some of the specific
approaches used in this area. Twenty-seven project staff have been recruited,
trained and deployed in the area. Through December 2001, 17,420 people received
community-based MRE, 9,491 people were covered through sensitization program,
710 students were reached in Koranic school and 20 school drama clubs were
established. There is also a weekly radio program in Afari language and 132
radio listening groups have been
established.[47]
With the support of the ICRC, the Ethiopian Red Cross Society, Tigray branch
initiated a video film production to further carry out mine awareness in Tigray
region, as a component of other humanitarian
activities.[48]
Handicap International had a project on Mine Risk Education in Eastern
Ethiopia in the Somali refugee
camps.[49] This project ended
in June 2001.[50]
UNMEE, with UNICEF and other NGOs, carried out mine risk education for the
population of the TSZ. By March 2002, 97,000 people had
participated.[51]
LANDMINE CASUALTIES
In 2001, there were at least 71 new landmine/UXO
casualties: 16 people were killed and 55 injured. Reported new casualties
decreased from 2000, when 202 new landmine/UXO casualties were reported in
Tigray, Afar, Somali National Region, and Dabu
Kebele.[52]
Casualty data was collected in RaDO’s mine awareness project. In the
Tigray region, 49 new mine/UXO casualties were reported, of which 11 died and 38
were injured; 27 were below 18 years-of-age. All the casualties were males.
RaDO also registered 22 new casualties in the Afar region, of which five were
killed and 17 injured; 12 were below 18 years-of-age, four were women and six
were men. Most of the casualties are child herders. The areas where the
incidents occurred were trenches and grazing
lands.[53] There are media
reports of landmine incident in other parts of the country, but these are not
well documented.
On 4 October 2001, a vehicle carrying seven Ethiopian Armed Forces soldiers
hit a landmine, killing one soldier and injuring six, in an incident in Sector
West of the TSZ.[54]
According to the U.S. State Department, since 1995 landmines have killed at
least 172 civilians and injured 113, while Ethiopian deminers have suffered four
deaths and 16 wounded in clearance
operations.[55]
In Ethiopia, few hospitals are capable of
performing emergency surgery and most health posts in the mine-affected areas do
not have the capacity to provide emergency care to mine casualties. Adigrat
hospital provides emergency care and physiotherapy services, with support from
Medecins Sans Frontieres-Holland in surgery. In 2001, the hospital assisted
five landmine casualties; three crutches were also supplied to landmine
survivors.[57] Shire Hospital,
a government hospital, has also assisted a number of landmine casualties in
emergency care and treatment. In 2001, 12 landmine survivors were assisted by
the hospital and two crutches were
supplied.[58] The ICRC supports
the Ethiopian Red Cross Society (ERCS) Tigray branch: ERCS first aid volunteers
and ambulance service provides emergency assistance in mine-affected
areas.[59]
In Ethiopia there are centers providing physical rehabilitation and
orthopedic devices; some are government run and others are operated by NGOs or
international agencies. The Rehabilitation Affairs Department, of the Ministry
of Labor and Social Affairs is responsible for providing rehabilitation services
for the disabled. It oversees four orthopedic workshops in different parts of
the country: Addis Ababa, Mekelle, Harar, and Dessie.
The Addis Ababa Prosthetic-Orthotic Center (POC) is a referral center for
physical rehabilitation and operates an orthopedic workshop and physiotherapy
department. In 2001, the center assisted 5,361 persons with disabilities,
including 1,546 landmine survivors. The center produced 863 prostheses, 61
wheelchairs, 2,234 crutches, 1,111 orthoses, and 1,055 other assistive devices.
It also provided physiotherapy treatments for 1,339 people. Patients who cannot
afford to pay receive free services; for those who can pay the cost is from US$5
to US$200, depending on the type of service. The annual budget for the program
is 2.8 million ETB (US$329,411) with funding for the program from the sale of
orthopedic devices, charges for services, and donations from the ICRC,
Christoffel Blinden Mission (CBM) and the Sheraton
Addis.[60] The ICRC Special
Fund for the Disabled (SFD) manages a training center at the Addis Ababa POC.
In 2001, 31 prosthetics from 14 countries benefited from the
training.[61]
The Dessie Orthopedic workshop provides physical rehabilitation services to
persons with disabilities, free of charge. In 2001, the center assisted 194
persons with disabilities, including 88 landmine survivors. In 2001, the
workshop produced 161 prostheses, 449 crutches, and 23 orthoses, and distributed
10 wheelchairs. The annual budget for the program is provided from two sources;
the Government allocated 189,600 Birr (US$22,305) and the ICRC allocated Birr
106,000 (US$12,470). The workshop plans to continue providing similar services
in 2002 in cooperation with VVAF, Pact and the
ICRC.[62]
The Harar Orthopedic workshop provides physical rehabilitation services. In
2001, the center assisted 142 persons with disabilities, including 92 mine
survivors. The workshop produced 142 prostheses and 100 crutches, of which 88
prostheses and all the crutches, together with three wheelchairs, were
distributed to landmine survivors. The sources of funding for the workshop are
the regional government and the
ICRC.[63]
The Mekelle Orthopedic workshop is operated by the Tigray Disabled Veterans
Association. In 2001, the center assisted 728 persons with disabilities,
including 206 landmine survivors. The workshop produced and supplied 330
prostheses, 1,322 crutches, and 377 assistive devices, and supplied 21
wheelchairs. Of these 193 prostheses, 386 crutches, and 13 assistive devices
were for landmine survivors. The annual budget of the center is 382,500 Birr
(US$45,000).[64]
The ICRC continues to support the orthopedic workshops in Addis Ababa,
Dessie, Harar, and Mekelle. The support includes assistance with the provision
of transportation, accommodation, orthopedic devices, physiotherapy services,
psychological support, and technical
assistance.[65] In 2001, the
ICRC made 40 technical visits to the centers to provide training and to monitor
the quality of patient services. The ICRC also works with the Ethiopian Red
Cross Society, the Ministry of Health, the Bureau of Labor and Social Affairs,
and the Tigray Disabled Veterans Association. The ICRC sponsored two national
technicians to undertake a 3-year course in prosthetics/orthotics at TATCOT in
Tanzania.[66]
The local NGO, Arbaminch Rehabilitation Center, provides assistance in
physical and medical rehabilitation, and social, economic and vocational
reintegration. The center works in partnership with the Arbaminch Hospital,
Action Aid and Integrated Community Development Programme (ICDP). From 1
January to 17 November 2001, the center assisted 83 landmine survivors with
physiotherapy treatments and CBR. If the patient has a poverty certificate the
cost is Birr five to ten (US$0.60 to US$1.20), otherwise services cost from Birr
200-1,000 (US$24 to US$118). In 2001, the center produced 83 prostheses, 175
crutches, 11 assistive devices, and supplied three wheelchairs; 63 prostheses,
112 crutches and six assistive devices were for landmine survivors. The
center’s socio-economic reintegration program assisted 397 persons with
disabilities, including 83 landmine
survivors.[67]
Addis Development Vision is a local NGO in Addis Ababa, with services
including the provision of basic rehabilitation services, referral services,
vocational training, and financial support for education, to persons with
disabilities. In 2001, the organization assisted 331 people, including 11 mine
survivors.[68]
The Landmine Survivors Network’s (LSN) program in Ethiopia uses
community-based outreach workers, who are also amputees, to work with individual
survivors to assess their needs, offer psychological and social support, and
educate families about the effects of limb loss. The program also provides
material support, and prostheses and physiotherapy through referrals. In 2001,
LSN assisted 380 people, including 232 mine survivors; services are free of
charge. The annual budget for the program is approximately US$239,000. LSN
receives technical cooperation and duty-free privileges from the Bureau of Labor
and Social Affairs and Bureau of Foreign Relation and Development
Cooperation.[69]
The Ethiopian Prosthetics-Orthotics National Professional Association was
established in 21 June 2001. This association advocates for a high standard of
prosthetic-orthotic care for landmine survivors through research, education and
practice, working in partnership with the Ministry of Health, ICRC, EPTA,
Maltaser, Ethiopia, and Handicap
International.[70]
The local NGO, Rehabilitation and Development Organization (RaDO) works in
the Somali refugee camps providing social and physical rehabilitation services.
The program is implemented in collaboration with UNHCR, Stichting Vluchteling
(SV) and the Administration for Refugees and Returnees Affairs (ARRA). In 2001,
530 people were assisted, including 24 landmine survivors. The program provides
psychological support, physiotherapy service and
prostheses.[71] RaDO also
provides physical and social rehabilitation services to Sudanese refugees, in
four camps, in partnership with UNHCR and Stichting Vluchteling (SV). In 2001,
895 people received physical rehabilitation services. The number of landmine
survivors assisted is not
known.[72] Since September
2001, RaDo has provided counseling service to landmine survivors in Tigray.
RaDO’s assessment identified 41 mine survivors in need of the counseling
service; 32 received counseling service and as a result, most of the children
under counseling started attending
school.[73]
Other organizations assisting persons with disabilities, including landmine
survivors, in physical rehabilitation, orthopedic devices, and social and
economic reintegration include: Cheshire Service Ethiopia, Handicap
National-Action for Children with Disabilities (HN-ACD), Ethiopian
Physiotherapists Association, Ethiopian National Association of the Blind,
Ethiopian National Association of the Deaf, and the Ethiopian National
Association of the Physically
Handicapped.[74]
DISABILITY POLICY AND PRACTICE
The Ethiopian Federation of Persons with
Disabilities (EFPD) is an umbrella organization of the five national disability
associations. The Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs and the EFPD coordinate
disability issues at the national level. The principal disability law that
relates to landmine survivors is Proclamation No. 101/1994, the Right of Persons
with Disabilities to Employment. Disabled civil servants receive a pension,
however, there is no special attention given to persons with
disabilities.[75]
A component of the Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Project (EDRP)
is the strengthening of five regional POCs and the establishment of a National
Rehabilitation Center.[76] The
EDRP, using a loan from the World Bank, has allocated US$9 million for
construction and US$10.3 million for equipment for the
project.[77]
[1] Statement by Miheret Getahun, Head of
Delegation, Permanent Mission of Ethiopia to the United Nations, at the Third
Meeting of States Parties, Managua, Nicaragua, 19 September
2001. [2] Interview with Tekleweled
Mengesha, Director, Ethiopian Mine Action Office (EMAO), Geneva, 30 January
2002. [3] Interview with Tekleweled
Mengesha, Director, EMAO, Geneva, 29 May
2002. [4] NSAs are active particularly
in the eastern part of Ethiopia in the Somali National regional state and have
used mines in the past. See, Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
211. [5] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
pp. 208-210. [6] Letter from Seyoum
Mesfin, Minister of Foreign Affairs, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, to
Landmine Monitor, 23 July 2001. [7]
Interview with the Ethiopian delegation during the intersessional Standing
Committee meeting, Geneva, 30 January
2002. [8] Email from Phil Lewis, Program
Manager UNMEE MACC, 23 April 2002. [9]
Email from Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, 29 April
2002. [10]
Ibid. [11] Landmine Monitor Report 2000,
p. 159. [12] See, for example, Landmine
Monitor Report 1999, pp. 145-146. [13]
TNG issued a press release on 28 February 2002 accusing Ethiopia of training and
arming militias in Bay and Bakool regions. See also BBC Somali Service
interview with Prime Minister Hassan Abshir, 2 March 2002; “Ethiopian
Troops Deploy in Somalia,” BBC, January 7,
2002. [14] A press report quoting an
interview with the president of Somalia’s interim government, Abdiqassim
Salad Hassan. “Ethiopia threatens peace, says Somali president,”
Reuters (Mogadishu), 3 April 2002. [15]
“Ethiopia ‘trained us to terrorise Somalia,’” BBC News
Online, 23 May 2002. Birreh named two of six Ethiopian military (Colonel
Hamsala and Colonel Walto) who were allegedly responsible for the 45-day-long
training session in the Ethiopian town of
Godey. [16] Interview with Ethiopian
delegation, Geneva, 30 January
2002. [17] United States Department of
State, “To Walk the Earth in Safety,” November 2001, p.
6. [18] UNMAS, “Mine Action
Database,” (see http://webapps.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/mai/), visited 2 July
2002. [19] US Department of State, Fact
Sheet, “The US Humanitarian Demining Program and NADR Funding,” 5
April 2002. [20] US Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety,” November 2001, p.
6. [21] “Humanitarian Activities
and Reconciliation in the North of Ethiopia,” UNCT, prepared for UN
Security Council Mission to Ethiopia, UNDP Project Report, 21 February 2002,
p. 1. [22] “The Ethiopia
Humanitarian Update November 2001,” UNCT for Ethiopia, November 2001, p.
4. [23] UNICEF/RaDO Project Statements,
14 May 2001 and 1 August 2001. [24] Mine
Action Support Group, “June Newsletter,” 14 June
2002. [25] Landmine Monitor Report 2001,
p. 213. [26] “The Ethiopian
Humanitarian Update November 2001,” UNCT for Ethiopia, November 2001, p.
4. [27] Discussion with Dr. Michael L.
Fleisher, deputy team leader, NPA Landmine Impact Survey Team, 1 April
2002. [28] Email from Survey Action
Center, 24 July 2002. [29] Mine Action
Support Group, “June Newsletter,” 14 June
2002. [30] “Humanitarian
Activities and Reconciliation in the North Ethiopia,” UNCT prepared for
the UN Security Council Mission to Ethiopia, UNDP project report, 21 February
2002, p. 4. [31] Email from Phil Lewis,
Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, 23 April
2002. [32] Email from Phil Lewis,
Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, 29 April
2002. [33] UNMEE Press Briefing, UN
Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (Addis Ababa), 10 June
2002. [34] Ethiopian Council of
Ministers, Regulation No. 70/2001, 5 February
2001. [35] Interview with Tekleweled
Mengesha, Director, EMAO, Geneva, 30 January
2002. [36] “UNMEE News,”
UNMEE monthly newsletter, July 2001, p.
11. [37] US Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety,” November 2001, p. 6;
“Humanitarian Activities and Reconciliation in the North of
Ethiopia,” UNCT, prepared for UN Security Council Mission to Ethiopia,
UNDP Project Report, 21 February 2002, p. 1; “US donates de-mining
equipment,” IRIN, Nairobi, 8 November
2001. [38] “Humanitarian
Activities and Reconciliation in the North of Ethiopia,” UNCT, prepared
for the Un Security Council Mission to Ethiopia, UNDP Project Report, 21
February 2002, p. 4. [39] Mine Action
Support Group, “June Newsletter,” 14 June 2002. The MASG is a group
of 22 donor countries and the EU. The May 2002 field trip to Eritrea and
Ethiopia was the first of its kind for
MASG. [40] Mine Action Support Group,
“June Newsletter,” 14 June
2002. [41]
Ibid. [42] UN Integrated Regional
Information Network (IRIN) report of 29 April 2002, quoting Phil Lewis, Program
Manager, UNMEE MACC, Asmara. [43]
Ibid. [44] Interview with Ato Temesgen
Abrha, Tigray Mine Risk Education Project Manager, 1 January
2002. [45]
Ibid. [46] Interview with Ato Abdu Ali,
Afar Mine Awareness Project Manager, 11 January
2002. [47] Ibid., 4 January
2002. [48] Interview with Thomas
Russell, Cooperation Delegate, 4 January
2002. [49] “MRE in Eastern
Ethiopia, Evaluation of Effects,” Handicap International, Lyon, 2001, p.
38. [50] Olivier Francois, HI Country
Representative-Mine Risk Education in Ethiopia, project summary and
achievements, Addis Ababa, September
2001. [51] UN Security Council,
“Progress report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and Eritrea,”
S/2002/245, New York, 8 March 2002. [52]
Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp.
216-217. [53] Interviews with Ato Abdu
Ali and Ato Temesgen of Afar and Tigray mine awareness projects, respectively,
January 2002. [54] UN Security
Council, “Progress report of the Secretary-General on Ethiopia and
Eritrea,” New York, 13 December
2001. [55] US Department of State,
“To Walk the Earth in Safety,” November 2001, p.
6. [56] For more details see Landmine
Monitor Report 2001, pp. 217-219. A more detailed report on survivor assistance
in 2001 is available from Landmine
Monitor. [57] Interview with Dr. Amanuel
Gessessew, Medical Director, Adigrat Hospital, Adigrat, 30 January
2002. [58] Interview with Dr. Yibrah,
Medical Director, Shire Hospital, 24 December
2001. [59] Interview with Thomas
Russell, ICRC delegate, 4 January
2002. [60] Interview with Ato Yohannes
Berhanu, POC General Manager, 8 January
2002. [61] ICRC Special Fund for the
Disabled, Annual Report 2001. [62]
Interview with Ato Daniel Kassa, Manager, Dessie Orthopedic Workshop, December
2001. [63] Interview with Ato Tsegaye
Weldemedhin, Manager, Harar Orthopedic Workshop, December
2001. [64] Interview with Girmay
Gebremeskel, General Manager, Mekelle Orthopedic Workshop, 11 April
2002. [65] Interview with Thomas
Russell, ICRC delegate, 4 January
2002. [66] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation
Programmes Annual Report 2001. [67]
Interview with Ato Tafesse Chirbo, General Manager, Arbaminch Rehabilitation
Center, 15 December 2001. [68] Interview
with Ato Adane Alemu, Executive Director, Addis Development Mission, 25 December
2001. [69] Interview with Ato Yiberta
Taddesse, Social Worker, LSN-Ethiopia, 29 December 2001; response to Landmine
Monitor Survivor Assistance Questionnaire, 13 March
2002. [70] Interview with Ato Mulugeta
Gedu, President, EPONPA, 20 December
2001. [71] Interview with Ato Negussie
Seifu, Program Coordinator, RaDO, 11 January
2002. [72] Interview with Ato Alemayohu
Mitiku, Technical Coordinator, Addis Ababa, 15 January
2002. [73] Interview with Ato Temesgen
Abrha, Tigray Mine Risk Education Project Manager, 1 January
2002. [74] Interview with Ato Alemayohu
Teferi, Ethiopian Federation of Persons with
Disabilities. [75] Interview with Ato
Kassaye Tikuye, Acting Team Leader, Rehabilitation Affairs Department, 24
December 2001. [76] “Emergency
Demobilization and Reintegration Project,” Progress Report No. 4, prepared
for the UN Security Council Mission to Ethiopia, 21 February 2002, p.
6. [77] Ato Negussie Kibret, Head of
Accounting Department, EDRP, 22 February 2002.
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