Key developments since May 2003: In 2003, the European Union provided
mine action funding of €57 million ($64.5 million), a very significant
increase from 2002. In September 2004, the EC submitted to Member States for
approval its 2005–2007 Mine Action Strategy. During its presidency in the
second half of 2003, Italy carried out more than 50 démarches with
the aim of encouraging States not party to the treaty to join.
Key developments since 1999: All members of the European Union are
States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, with the exception of Poland (which is a
signatory), Latvia and Finland. The EU has vigorously promoted universalization
and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. In the five years since 1999,
the EU and its Member States have contributed more than €710 million to
mine action.
Mine Ban Policy
All members of the European
Union[1] (EU) are States Parties
to the Mine Ban Treaty, with the exception of Poland (which is a signatory),
Latvia and Finland.[2] In May
2003, the number of EU Member States increased from 15 to
25.[3] In 2003, the EU and its
Member States together allocated €182.6 million ($207 million) to mine
action.[4] In the five years
since 1999, the EU and its Member States have contributed more than €710
million to mine action.[5]
As a supranational body, the EU has supported banning antipersonnel mines
since 1995, engaged in advocacy on behalf of the Mine Ban Treaty, and made
annual financial contributions to mine action, including mine-related research
and development. The EU’s 1995 partial export moratorium was extended in
1996 to all types of antipersonnel landmines and all
destinations.[6] The EU Joint
Action of November 1997 extended the ban to include all transfers of
antipersonnel mine technology, and required Member States to take legal measures
to ban production of antipersonnel
mines.[7]
At the Fifth Meeting of States Parties in September 2003, the EU was
represented by Italy.[8] As
President of the EU, Italy said that the EU had been “among the first to
condemn the indiscriminate character of antipersonnel mines ... and to take
concrete action to curtail” the mine problem. But, despite the progress
made, “undiminished efforts aimed at eradicating anti-personnel mines
worldwide are still required.” Italy confirmed that support for
international mine action remains one of the EU’s political priorities.
It also noted “the decisive role played by non-governmental organizations
... [and] this unprecedented inter-action and fruitful cooperation between
public authorities and civil
society.”[9] At previous
annual meetings of States Parties, the EU was represented by Denmark (September
2002), Belgium (September 2001), France (September 2000), and Germany (May
1999).[10]
The EU was represented at the intersessional Standing Committee meetings in
February and June 2004 by Ireland, which was then President. At the First
Preparatory Meeting of the Review Conference, on 13 February 2004, Ireland said
that the Review Conference “should not only take stock of what has been
achieved but should also focus on the future. The EU hopes that the 2004
Nairobi Conference will succeed in agreeing on a clear and practicable Plan of
Action, containing concrete steps that are necessary to make significant
progress in the 2004 to 2009
period.”[11] The EU has
been represented at all intersessional meetings since 1999.
Support for Universalization
During its presidency in the second half of 2003, Italy carried out more than
50 démarches with the aim of encouraging States not party to the
treaty to join.[12] Italy also
carried out démarches promoting full implementation of Article 7
(transparency reporting) of the Mine Ban Treaty with States Parties, including
Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, Eritrea, Namibia, and Nauru. Belgium and
Denmark also reported carrying out a similar number of universalization efforts
during their presidencies of the EU, and Spain included the issue of accession
to the treaty in its political dialogue with the
US.[13]
In September 2003, Italy noted that EU funding for mine action continues to
be directed primarily to States which are party to the Mine Ban Treaty, and
“strict compliance with all its provisions remain a crucial element in
directing relevant EU
funding.”[14] At the
Standing Committee meetings in June 2004, the EC announced that it would commit
€4 million to assist Ukraine in the destruction of its stockpile of 6
million PFM antipersonnel mines. It added that this funding is conditional upon
the Ukraine’s “prior ratification of the Mine Ban
Treaty.”[15]
The Mine Ban Treaty has also been promoted by the EU in the context of the UN
General Assembly, where in October 2003 Italy described the treaty as having
established “an international norm ... that can be no longer ignored....
The EU continues to campaign for a universal and swift application of the
Convention.”[16]
As EU President at the time, Italy coordinated UN General Assembly Resolution
58/127, which calls for increased assistance for mine action. It was approved
by consensus on 19 December 2003.
Latvia and Finland are the only EU countries which have not signed or acceded
to the Mine Ban Treaty. Latvia has reported making preparations to join the
treaty in the near future.[17]
The fact that the EU has members outside the treaty was described by the EU
Commissioner for External Relations in October 2000 as limiting its
universalization efforts.[18]
Accession to the treaty is not an explicit condition for joining the EU, but
applicant countries have been encouraged to stop producing, possessing, trading
and using antipersonnel mines, and “to sign and ratify the Mine Ban
Treaty.”[19] In 2003,
after joining the EU, Estonia and Lithuania became States Parties to the treaty.
In December 2003, the European Parliament approved a resolution calling on
the European Council to ask “present and future Member States to accede to
the [Mine Ban Treaty] in order to allow the European Union to play a full and
active part in the First Review Conference” in November
2004.[20] Another resolution
was passed on 22 April 2004, which also called for efforts to include the US and
the remaining Member States of the enlarged EU in the Mine Ban Treaty, and to
encourage the involvement of non-state
actors.[21] The
Parliament’s first resolution on antipersonnel mines was on 17 December
1992. A resolution on 29 June 1995, called on the Council and Commission to do
more to prevent the dissemination of mines, to concentrate more resources on
rehabilitation programs, and to expand mine action in affected countries. There
were further resolutions in later years. In 2000–2001, resolutions aimed
at improving the transparency and coordination of EU funding of mine action were
proposed, with input from the
ICBL.[22] Subsequently, the EU
introduced two Regulations for the funding of mine action.
In 2003, the EU again attended meetings of the Convention on Conventional
Weapons (CCW) and its Amended Protocol II. The EU has emphasized the
complementarity of the Mine Ban Treaty and Amended Protocol II. It has been a
strong supporter of work in the CCW on explosive remnants of war and antivehicle
mines, and in October 2003 attached “great importance to the establishment
of an overall mechanism for addressing compliance within the
CCW.”[23]
Mine Action Funding
Within the EU, the European Commission is responsible for external economic
relations, development cooperation and humanitarian aid, including mine action
funding. In 2003, the EC allocated €57,038,584 ($64.5 million) to mine
action, an increase of about 35 percent compared with 2002 (€42,081,000).
Major recipient countries included Afghanistan, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Angola,
Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Iraq, Mozambique, Sri Lanka, and Sudan.
Funding was allocated as follows, from several different budget
lines:[24]
Afghanistan: €12 million ($13.58 million) for integrated mine action
through the Mine Action Center for Afghanistan
Angola: €12,669,970 ($14.3 million), including €10 million for
the Emergency Mine Action Programme for Sustainable Return and Resettlement;
€1.5 million for Landmine Impact Survey and €1,169,970 for mine
clearance conducted by NGOs
Armenia: €1.4 million ($1.58 million) to UNDP for Landmine Impact
Survey
Azerbaijan: €1.35 million ($1.53 million) to UNDP for capacity
building and mine clearance
Bosnia and Herzegovina: €1 million ($1.13 million) for mine clearance
to aid the return of refugees and internally displaced persons and for mine
clearance capacity building
Cambodia: €449,539 ($508,653) for mine clearance
DR Congo: €986,585 ($1.1 million) for mine clearance by Mines Advisory
Group
Guinea Bissau: €600,000 ($678,000) to Handicap International for mine
clearance and mine risk education
Eritrea: €300,000 ($339,450) for extension of Landmine Impact Survey
by UNDP
Iraq: €9,870,000 ($11.17 million) for clearance of mines and
unexploded ordnance (UXO), including €2 million to UNDP for a Landmine
Impact Survey
Laos: €1,175,000 ($1,329,512) including €900,000 for mine and
UXO clearance and €275,000 for mine risk education and victim
assistance.
Lebanon: €504,309 ($570,626) for mine action in south Lebanon
Mozambique: €1 million ($1.13 million) to UNDP for national capacity
building
Myanmar: €700,000 ($792,050) including €500,000 to the
International Committee of the Red Cross for integrated mine action including
victim assistance, promoting compliance with international humanitarian law, and
mine risk education and €200,000 for victim assistance and mine risk
education for refugees population living in the border areas with Thailand.
Russian Federation: €370,000 ($418,655) including €170,000 for
mine risk education for communities in Chechnya and internally displaced persons
in Ingushetia and €200,000 for victim assistance in Northern Ossetia.
Sri Lanka: €5,719,000 ($6,471,049) for mine clearance, mine risk
education, surveys and victim assistance
Sudan: €3,546,261 ($4,012,594) including €2 million for Sudan
Landmine Information Response Initiative implemented by Landmine Action,
€500,000 to UNMAS for a technical survey, and €1,046,261 for
emergency mine action in Nuba Mountains
South-Eastern Europe: €2,850,000 ($3,224,775) for mine clearance in
borderlines regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Serbia &
Montenegro and Albania.
Included in the total is €500,000 ($565,750) donated to the NGO Geneva
Call for engaging non-state actors in Colombia and the Middle East in the mine
ban; €37,920 ($42,906) for interpretation at the 2003 intersessional
meetings; and €10,000 ($11,315) to the EC Joint Research Centre for a
field handbook on metal detectors. As part of the total for 2003, the main EC
budget line B7-661 for mine action allocated €18,763,505 ($21.2
million)[25] of which
€15.8 million ($17.9 million) was actually disbursed in
2003.[26] As in previous years,
funds allocated in one year are disbursed in the following years, in all or in
part.[27]
For 2004, the EC’s main mine action budget line committed
€18,460,000 ($20.88 million), including €4 million ($4.5 million)
for stockpile destruction in Ukraine, and €460,000 ($520,490) for the
Joint Research Center to perform test and evaluation of demining equipment. The
focus countries in 2004 are: Angola, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Eritrea, Georgia
(Abkhazia), Kyrgyzstan, Mozambique, Peru/Ecuador, Somalia, Sudan, Tajikistan,
and Ukraine.[28]
In December 2003, the EC started to prepare its 2005–2007 Mine Action
Strategy, which was submitted to Member States for approval in September
2004.[29] At the Standing
Committee meetings in February 2004, the EC stressed the need to fully integrate
mine action into development programs in the field: “for this we need mine
affected countries to prioritise post-conflict rehabilitation needs within their
national development programme, thus integrating mine action into a wider
framework of related activities.”
[30]
The EC planned to start, at the end of 2004, a general assessment of its mine
action funding, to be followed in 2005 by geographically-based
evaluations.[31]
In the period 1999–2003, the EC has allocated €188.8 million
($214 million) in funding for mine action, including research and
development.[32] In previous
years, major EU funding has been directed to countries in Southeast Europe
(Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, and the Former Yugoslav Republic of
Macedonia), in addition to those funded in 2003.
These totals exclude substantial additional mine action funding provided by
Member States. In 2003, the EU and its Member States provided a combined total
of €182,640,318 ($207
million).[33] In 2002, a
combined total of €145.6 million in mine action funding was provided, and
in 2001 €143.1
million.[34] This represents
substantial and sustained increases from the combined total of US$95 million
donated by the EU and its Member States in 1998, which Germany, speaking as
President of the EU at the First Meeting of States Parties, described as making
“the EU the world’s major donor” for mine
action.[35] In the five years
since 1999, the EU and its Member States have contributed more than €710
million.[36]
EC and EU and Member State funding of mine action, 1999–2003 (€
million)[37]
Mine action funding
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
Total
by EC
31
32.3
26.4
42.1
57
188.8
by EU and Member States
91.3
139.1
143.1
145.6
182.6
710.7
The EC Mine Action Strategy 2002–2004 adopted on 3 December 2002
allocated €45 million for 2002–2004 (€12 million in 2002,
€33 million for 2003–2004) from its main budget line for mine action
(B7-661).[38] Funding
priorities were identified as mine clearance, mine risk education, stockpile
destruction, and increasing the efficiency of mine action and local capacity.
Criteria for deciding which countries receive funding include the humanitarian,
social and economic impact of landmines, accession to the Mine Ban Treaty,
national prioritization of the mine problem, and strategic importance for the
EU. Other considerations include rapid deployment of mine action teams,
supporting the ICBL, support for promising research and support for
international standards on mine clearance and
detection.[39] The policy of
concentrating EU funding on mine-affected States that are party to the Mine Ban
Treaty was announced at the First Meeting of States Parties in May
1999.[40]
For the period 2002–2009, an overall contribution of €240 million
was established by the two Regulations issued on 23 July 2001. From this total,
€140 million was to be distributed by the B7-661 budget line (averaging
€16 million per year) and €100 million by thematic and geographical
programs.[41]
The 2001 Regulations, to which the ICBL contributed via support for
resolutions of the European Parliament, state that activities which they fund
“shall in principle benefit those countries which are committed to the
fight against anti-personnel landmines and are parties to the Ottawa Convention.
Exceptions may be made for humanitarian emergency, for assistance to mine
victims, and for actions in direct support of vulnerable civilian communities,
such as refugees and displaced persons, or where the national administration is
not functioning.”[42]
These Regulations are the basis for EC funding of mine action, including
assistance to affected countries in their implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty,
support for international structures and local capability, responses to
humanitarian emergency, prevention of casualties and rehabilitation of mine
victims, coordination of mine action, encouraging consistency with sustainable
development, and destruction of mines in
stockpiles.[43] The 2001
Regulations state, “Mine action shall be integrated into all country
strategies for mine affected developing
countries.”[44]
Overall policy coordination for mine action is the responsibility of the
External Relations Director-General. An ad hoc Mine Action Coordination
Group, made up of EC country desk officers for mine-affected countries and
representatives of different departments and programs, meets regularly to
establish mine action funding
priorities.[45]
The EU first established a specific budget line (B7-661) for mine action in
1996, in addition to mine clearance financed in the context of humanitarian aid,
reconstruction and development
cooperation.[46] Geographic and
thematic budget lines have also contributed substantially to mine action, as has
the European Development Fund
(EDF).[47] These additional EU
funding mechanisms include the
following.[48]
Southeast Europe has been a high priority for EU mine action, due to
the socio-economic and humanitarian disruption suffered by those living in the
region and its proximity.[49]
The EU initiated the Stability Pact for South East Europe which aims to ensure
cooperation among its participants on regional reconstruction and development.
In 2001, the EU’s CARDS Program (Community Assistance for Reconstruction,
Development and Stabilization) financed mine clearance in Croatia, and Bosnia
and Herzegovina.[50] In 2003,
the CARDS Program financially contributed to the Exit strategy for creation of
sustainable demining capacities within the Republic Srpska and the Federation in
Bosnia and Herzegovina.[51]
Africa, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) states are associated with the EU
under the 1975 Lomé Convention, and receive financial aid from the
EDF.[52] In 2001, the EDF
financed demining along the Zimbabwe-Mozambique border in northeast Zimbabwe, as
well as an assessment of the landmine problem in
Sudan.[53] In 2003, the EDF
allocated €10 million for the Program of Emergency Mine Action for
Sustainable Return and Resettlement in
Angola.[54] Mine action in ACP
states can also be supported through the budget line for rehabilitation and
reconstruction for developing countries
(B7-641).[55]
Eastern Europe and Central Asia has benefited from the EU’s
Tacis program, which in 2001 financed a feasibility study for Ukraine’s
Mine Action Center.[56] Other
budget lines relevant for mine action funding in the region are B7-520 for
assistance to partner countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and B7-522
for rehabilitation and reconstruction in partner countries of Eastern Europe and
Central Asia.[57]
Mediterranean and Middle East countries benefiting from EC mine action
funding include Lebanon, which has received funding under budget line B7-431
since 2001, including in
2003.[58] Other budget lines and
financial instruments may also be used to support mine action in the
region.[59]
Asia and Latin America countries receiving EC funding include
Cambodia, which prior to 2001 was the second largest recipient of EC mine action
funding. In 2001, Afghanistan received mine action funding from the EC.
Several budget lines may be used to fund mine action in this region.
Horizontal programs which have also provided mine action funding include ECHO
(the European Commission’s Humanitarian Aid Office) and the Rapid Reaction
Mechanism. ECHO provides emergency assistance and relief to the victims of
natural disasters or armed conflict outside the European Union. Sources of ECHO
funds are the general EC budget and the EDF. In 2001, ECHO funded mine action
in Afghanistan, mine awareness and minefield marking in Eritrea, and mine
awareness in the Russian Federation/North
Caucasus.[60] In 2003, ECHO
financed humanitarian mine clearance in Angola, Cambodia, Iraq and Sri Lanka and
mine risk education in Laos, Myanmar, Sri Lanka and Northern
Caucasus.[61]
The Rapid Reaction Mechanism can be used both to conduct one-off actions
arising from a crisis situation, and to initiate projects requiring longer-term
follow-up through other assistance instruments. In 2001, it funded urgent mine
and unexploded ordnance clearance in Afghanistan and the Former Yugoslav
Republic of Macedonia.[62] In
2003 it financed emergency mine action in Nuba Mountains,
Sudan.[63]
Research and Development (R&D)
EC funding policy for mine-related R&D is implemented through
multi-annual framework programs. The EC budget for R&D for humanitarian
demining under the Sixth Framework Programme (2002–2006) was €17.5
million. Under the fifth program (1998–2002) the budget was €16
million, and under the fourth program (1994–1998) €17
million.[64] The fourth program
focused on improving mine detection, while the fifth and sixth programs focused
on technologies to enhance area reduction and use of information
technology.[65]
In 2003, no new projects were launched, but six existing projects
continued.[66] These projects
started in 2001–2002 and will conclude in 2004–2005. Total EC
expenditure on the six projects in 2003 is estimated at €12.55 million
($14.2 million at 2003 exchange rate), financed in 2001 from the 2000
budget.[67] The projects were
ARC (area reduction by multi-level aerial survey), SMART (area reduction based
on aerial survey), BIOSENS (mine detection by vapor nose), CLEARFAST (area
reduction based on infrared rays), DEMAND (multi-sensor mine detectors), and
EUDEM2 (information service for researchers).
For possible funding in 2004, three new projects were selected: STREAM
(humanitarian demining technologies), RESCUER (disposal of unexploded ordnance
and improvised explosive devices), and DELVE (information-sharing on demining
technologies). Total EC funding of the projects in 2004 will be approximately
€4.7 million ($5.3
million).[68]
In 2002, two R&D projects were supported under the main mine action
budget line (total funding €13.9 million). Mine-related R&D has also
been funded by the Framework Programme for Research and Technological
Development.[69]
The EC’s research goal is to boost European industrial and research
institutions’ involvement in developing safer, faster and cost-effective
tools to help humanitarian demining
activities.[70] This goal is
pursued by projects financed under the framework programs, and also by the
EC’s Joint Research Centre at Ispra,
Italy.[71]
The EC, represented by the Joint Research Centre and six countries, initiated
the International Test and Evaluation Programme for Humanitarian Demining (ITEP)
on 7 July 2000. ITEP aims to establish a global network for measuring
performance and evaluating the effectiveness and suitability of all forms of
equipment, systems, and methods for use in humanitarian
demining.[72]
The EC also took the initiative in standardization of humanitarian demining.
In August 2000, the EC requested the European Committee for Standardization
(CEN) to establish standard methodologies for activities involved in
humanitarian demining.[73]
[1] The European Union (EU) is a
supra-national body. Member States delegate sovereignty to the EU in some
areas, while in other areas, including foreign policy and defense, the EU
functions on an intergovernmental basis. For the structure of the EU, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp.
809–810. [2] In December 1997,
all 15 EU Member States signed the Mine Ban Treaty, with the exception of
Finland. Austria, Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Ireland, Sweden, and the
UK had ratified it by the end of 1998. Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal
and Spain had ratified it by the end of June 1999. Greece ratified the treaty
in September 2003. [3] The
additional 10 Member States were: Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia, and Slovenia. Of the 10, all had
ratified or acceded to the treaty upon joining the EU, except for Estonia,
Latvia, Lithuania and Poland. Estonia and Lithuania have subsequently become
States Parties. Poland remains a signatory. EU-applicants Bulgaria and Romania
are States Parties to the treaty, as is Turkey which seeks to start the
negotiation process for EU
application. [4] Email from Catherine
Horeftari, DG Relex, European Commission, 21 September
2004. [5] See European Commission
contribution to Landmine Monitor Report 2004 appendices.
[6] 95/170/CFSP Council Decision of
12 May 1995 concerning the joint action adopted by the Council on the basis of
Article J.3 of the Treaty on European Union on anti-personnel mines, Official
Journal of the European Communities, L 11511, 22 May 1995, and 96/588/CFSP Joint
action of 1 October 1996, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 260,
12 October 1996. [7] 97/817/CFSP
Joint action of 28 November 1997, Official Journal of the European Communities,
L 338, 9 December 1997. [8] Italy was
President of the EU 1 July–31 December 2003. Presidency of the EU is held
by Member States on a six-month
basis. [9] Statement by Ambassador
Carlo Trezza, Permanent Representative to the Conference on Disarmament in
Geneva, Fifth Meeting of States Parties, Bangkok, 15–19 September
2003. [10] For previous EU statements
at annual meetings of States Parties, see Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp.
810–811, and Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
744. [11] Reported and endorsed in
“European Parliament resolution on anti-personnel mines,”
P5_TA-PROV(2004)0383, 22 April
2004. [12] As EU President, Italy
undertook démarches with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Burundi, China, the Cook
Islands, Cuba, Egypt, Ethiopia, Haiti, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Libya, the Marshall Islands, Micronesia, Morocco,
Myanmar, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea,
Republic of Korea, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Turkey,
Tuvalu, Ukraine, the United Arab Emirates, the United States, Uzbekistan, and
Vietnam. Encouraging responses were given by Estonia, Finland, Haiti,
Indonesia, the Cook Islands, Tuvalu, and Ukraine. Nine countries gave
open-ended replies (Azerbaijan, Cuba, Marshall Islands, Morocco, Palau, Saudi
Arabia, Singapore, Sri Lanka, UAE), while others gave negative responses. Fax
from Counselor Paolo Cuculi, Office for Multilateral Political Affairs and Human
Rights, Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy, 7 January 2004.
[13] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, pp. 810–811, and Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
744. [14] Statement by Amb. Carlo
Trezza, Fifth Meeting of States Parties, 15–19 September
2003. [15] “EC statement on
Ukraine PFM project,” Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction, Geneva,
10 June 2004. [16] Statement by Amb.
Carlo Trezza, Head of Italian Delegation on behalf of the EU, UNGA, New York, 6
October 2003. [17] See the report on
Latvia in this edition of the Landmine Monitor
Report. [18] “I cannot hide this
fact: the Union’s powers of persuasion in seeking to achieve
[universalization of the Mine Ban Treaty] are obviously somewhat limited by the
remaining difficulties of some Member States in signing and ratifying the
Convention.” Speech by Chris Patten, Commissioner for External Relations,
European Parliament, 25 October
2000. [19]
Ibid. [20] “European Parliament
resolution on the Council and Commission statements on the preparation of the
European Council in Brussels on 12–13 December 2003,” para. 40,
P5_TA(2003)0548, 4 December 2003, available at: www.europarl.eu.net . The European
Parliament is elected every five years by direct universal suffrage. It acts as
a “political driving force” by calling on the Commission and Council
to modify existing policies or introduce new ones. The European Council brings
together the 25 Heads of State or Government and the President of the European
Commission. It determines common foreign and security policy guidelines,
including defense. [21]
“European Parliament resolution on anti-personnel mines,”
P5_TA-PROV(2004)0383, 22 April
2004. [22] See Landmine Monitor Report
2002, pp. 812–813. [23]
Statement by Amb. Carlo Trezza, UNGA, 6 October
2003. [24] Emails from Catherine
Horeftari, DG Relex, European Commission 30 July 2004 and 23 May 2003; See
European Commission contribution to Landmine Monitor Report 2004 appendices;
“2003 European Community Mine Action,” updated Excel Table provided
by Catherine Horeftari, European Commission, 21 September
2004. [25] “2003 European
Community Mine Action,” updated Excel Table, 21 September
2004. [26] Email from Joisck Van
Dromme, EuropeAid Cooperation Office, European Commission, 26 July 2004.
[27] Interview with Ingerborg Thijn,
EuropeAid Cooperation Office, European Commission, Brussels, 5 May
2003. [28] European Commission,
“Annual Work Programme 2004,” Brussels, 16 March
2004. [29] Email from by Catherine
Horeftari, European Commission, 8 August
2004. [30] Statement by Daniela
Dicorrado-Andreoni, Human Security and Disarmament, European Commission,
Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 9
February 2004. [31] Email from Joisck
Van Dromme, European Commission, 26 July
2004. [32] Email from Catherine
Hereftari, European Commission 30 July 2004; See European Commission
contribution to Landmine Monitor Report 2004 appendices. 4; “European
Union Mine Action in the World,” September 2003; and previous EU
publications. [33] Email from
Catherine Horeftari, European Commission, 21 September
2004. [34] Ibid.
[35] Intervention by State Minister
Ludger Volmer, First Meeting of States Parties, Maputo, 3–7 May
1999. [36] See European Commission
contribution to Landmine Monitor Report 2004 appendices..
[37] “2003 European Community
Mine Action,” updated Excel Table, 21 September 2004. Email from Catherine
Horeftari, European Commission 30 July 2004, See European Commission
contribution to Landmine Monitor Report 2004 appendices; “European Union
Mine Action in the World," September 2003, and previous EU
publications. [38] European
Commission, “EC Mine Action 2002–2004, Strategy & Multi-annual
Indicative Programming,” accessible at:
eu-mine-actions.jrc.cec.eu.int/Strategy02-04/strategy-EN.doc. [39]
Ibid. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp.
745–746. [40] Intervention by
State Minister Ludger Volmer, First Meeting of States Parties, Maputo, 3–7
May 1999. [41] Regulation (EC) No
1724/2001 and (EC) No 1725/2001, Official Journal of the European Communities L
234, 1 September 2001. [42] Ibid.
For details, see Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp.
812–813. [43]
Ibid. [44]
Ibid. [45] Interview with Daniela Di
Corrado Adreoni, Chief of the Mine Action Coordination Group, European
Commission, Brussels, 22 February 2002. See also see Landmine Monitor Report
2002, p. 813. [46] 96/588/CFSP Joint
Action of 1 October 1996, Official Journal of the European Communities, L 260,
12 October 1996. [47] The EDF is not
part of the Community budget. Member States contribute directly to
it. [48] For details of geographic and
thematic budget lines, see Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp.
816–817. [49] EC, “Mine
Action in South East Europe,”
eu-mine-action.jrc.cec.eu.int/actions/see/see.html. [50]
“The EU’s relations with South Eastern Europe,” European
Commission; EC, “European Community Mine Actions 2001,”
eu-mine-action.jrc.cec.eu.int/action/period/2001final.htm. [51]
“2003 European Community Mine Action,” Excel Table, 2 August
2004. [52] Internal Agreement between
Representatives of the Governments of Members States on the Financing and
Administration of Community Aid 00/770/EC, Official Journal of the European
Communities, L 317, 15 December
2000. [53] EC, “European
Community Mine Actions
2001.” [54] “2003 European
Community Mine Action,” updated Excel Table, 21 September
2004. [55] Email to Handicap
International from Daniela Di Corrado Adreoni, Chief of the Mine Action
Coordination Group, European Commission, 25 March
2002. [56] EC, “European
Community Mine Actions
2001.” [57] Email from Daniela
Di Corrado Adreoni, European Commission, 25 March
2002. [58] EC, “European
Community Mine Actions
2001.” [59] Email from Daniela
Di Corrado Adreoni, European Commission, 25 March
2002. [60] EC, “European
Community Mine Actions
2001.” [61] “2003 European
Community Mine Action,” Excel Table, 2 August
2004. [62] EC, “European
Community Mine Actions
2001.” [63] “2003 European
Community Mine Action,” Excel Table, 2 August
2004. [64] “EC Mine Action
2002–2004,” and Pascal Collotte, “1st Research Effort for
Humanitarian Demining,” Workshop on the Potential of the European Research
Area (ERA) for Fielding Humanitarian Demining Systems, Brussels, 18 February
2002. [65] For details, see: EC,
“Humanitarian Demining Research and Technological Development Funded by
the European Commission,” available at www.cordis.lu/ist/so/risk-management/publications.htm
. [66] Email from Russell Gasser,
Project Officer–Humanitarian Demining RTD, EC, 22 July
2004. [67]
Ibid. [68]
Ibid. [69] See Landmine Monitor Report
2003, p. 746. [70] Regulation (EC) No
1724/2001 and (EC) No 1725/2001, Official Journal of the European Communities, L
234, 1 September 2001. [71]
Directorate General Information Society, European Commission,
“Humanitarian Demining Technologies – RTD and Support
projects,” August 2001. For details of these projects, see Landmine
Monitor Report 2002, pp.
818–819. [72] See Landmine
Monitor Report 2002, p. 818. [73]
Ibid.
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