Tracking financial support for mine action is still
difficult, despite greater transparency and better reporting
mechanisms. There is much variation in what donors report on,
and in what detail, and for what time period. Nevertheless,
drawing from Landmine Monitor research it is possible to give
an informative picture of the global funding situation.
Landmine Monitor has identified about US$2.07 billion in
donor mine action contributions from 1992-2003. Of that 12-year
total, 65 percent ($1.35 billion) was provided in the past five
years (1999-2003), since the entry into force of the Mine Ban
Treaty, and 74 percent ($1.54 billion) in the past six years,
since the signing of the treaty.
For 2003, Landmine Monitor has identified $339 million in
mine action funding by more than 24 donors.[1] This is an increase of $25 million,
or 8 percent, from 2002, and an increase of $102 million, or 43
percent, from 2001. It should be noted that the bigger totals
for mine action funding for the past two years as expressed in
US dollars in part reflect the increasingly favorable exchange
rate for many donors.[2]
Even greater increases in mine action funding will be needed
in the future to cope fully with the global landmine problem
and to enable Mine Ban Treaty States Parties to meet their
ten-year deadlines for mine clearance.
As before, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for
research and development into demining technologies and
equipment in these totals, and has instead listed R&D
funding separately, when known. While many donors devoted some
resources to mine action R&D, only a small number of donors
(notably Belgium, Canada, Japan, Sweden, UK, and US) reported
precise R&D funding for 2003, totaling about $25.3 million.
From 1999-2003, mine action R&D spending totaled at least
$145 million, including at least $19.7 million in 2002.
Landmine Monitor has identified at least $240 million in mine
action R&D spending since 1992.
R&D aside, these figures likely understate global donor
mine action funding to a significant degree, for a number of
reasons. Funding for victim assistance programs is included
where possible, but for some major donors landmine victim
assistance funding cannot be separated out from other
non-landmine-specific programs. Also, in some cases, donors do
not report the value of in-kind (as opposed to cash)
contributions.
The totals also do not reflect mine action funding provided
by non-governmental organizations or the private sector.
Landmine Monitor has been able to collect detailed information
on NGO funding in only a limited number of countries. In 2003,
in six countries where information is available (Austria,
Canada, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland, and the United
States), NGOs and other private sources donated about $9.5
million to mine action. According to the US State Department,
in the last five years, US citizens have contributed more than
$14 million to mine action programs around the world, much of
it through the Public-Private Partnership program. Since 1999,
more than $18 million has been contributed by or channeled
through German NGOs for mine action. Dutch NGOs have
contributed about $4.3 million to mine action since 1999.
The totals also do not include the UN Oil for Food program
funding of mine action in northern Iraq. The UN reports that
the program spent $125.5 million from 1997 to 2003, including
$27.3 million in 2002. The program ended in November 2003.
Apart from international donor funding, the mine-affected
countries themselves have made significant contributions to
mine action. According to the Mine Ban Treaty’s Resource
Mobilization Contact Group, mine-affected States Parties
contributed about $190 million in funding and in-kind resources
from 1997 to 2003.[3]
This included $41.6 million in 2002, the last year for which
complete data was available. Following are some examples of
contributions by mine-affected nations, drawn from this
year’s Landmine Monitor country reports. In Bosnia and
Herzegovina, national sources provided about $7.5 million for
mine action in 2003, up from $5.1 million in 2002. In January
2003, Chad announced its decision to finance 50 percent of its
mine action plan; it reported contributing $1 million in 2003.
Croatia reports that it provided $23.8 million from its State
budget, or 56 percent of total mine action funding for 2003.
Mozambique reportedly provided $818,000 for mine action in
2003, but allocated $6.5 million for 2004.
Contributions in 2003
Of the twenty most significant donors, ten increased their
mine action contributions in 2003, in terms of national
currency, and ten provided less. Those with the largest
percentage increases were: Greece (193 percent, nearly tripling
its funding); Sweden (45 percent); Belgium (45 percent);
European Commission (40 percent); Canada (38 percent); and the
United States (26 percent).[4]
Those with the biggest percentage decreases in terms of
national currency were: Japan (71 percent); Austria (62
percent); Italy (48 percent); Australia (43 percent); France
(42 percent); and the Netherlands (24 percent).[5]
The United States again was the largest country donor to
mine action with a total of $80.4 million. This was a major
increase of $16.7 million and reversed two years of declining
spending. By far, the biggest increase in mine action funding
as expressed in US dollars came from the European Commission,
which went from $38.7 million to $64.5 million, an increase of
$25.8 million (due in part to the favorable exchange rate).
Others with notable increases in mine action funding included
Canada (up $7.4 million), Sweden (up $5.4 million), Greece (up
$3.6 million) and Belgium (up $2.6 million).
Japan experienced the most significant decrease in funding,
falling $36.7 million to a total of $13 million. But, this came
on the heels of Japan’s highest level of spending ever in
2002, and the 2003 total was still among its highest. Mine
action funding also dropped significantly for the Netherlands
(down $3.9 million), Italy (down $2.9 million), Australia (down
$2.3 million), France (down $1.1 million) and Austria (down
$1.1 million).
Reported Mine Action Funding by Year
1992-2003
$2.07 billion
1999-2003
$1.35 billion
2003
$339 million
2002
$314 million
2001
$237 million
2000
$243 million
1999
$219 million
1998
$187 million (incl. an estimated $9 m.)
1997
$139 million (incl. an estimated $35 m.)
1996
$132 million (incl. an estimated $34 m.)
1992-95
$258 million (incl. an estimated $41 m.)
Note: Does not include funding for research and
development
Note: Does not include funding for research and
development
Mine
Action Donors
Unless otherwise noted, figures are in US dollars.[8] Figures include victim
assistance funding, where known. Figures do not include
funds for research and development, which are identified
separately.
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA – $519.6 million
2003
$80.4 million
2002
$63.7 million
2001
$69.2 million
2000
$82.4 million
1999
$63.1 million
1998
$44.9 million
1997
$30.8 million
1996
$29.8 million
1995
$29.2 million
1994
$15.9 million
1993
$10.2 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $358.8 million.
Figures do not include mine victim assistance funding;
however, funding for war victims programs totaled an
additional $11.9 million in FY2003, and $51.9 million for
FY1999-2003.
R&D totaled an additional $12.6 million in FY2003,
$74.8 million for FY1999-2003, and $120.2 million for
FY1995-2003.
In FY 2003, the US Department of Defense awarded a $317
million contract to the US Army Corps of Engineers to secure
and destroy abandoned enemy ammunition in Iraq.
EUROPEAN COMMISSION – $304.7 million
2003
$64.5 million (€57 million)
2002
$38.7 million (€40.7 million)
2001
$23.5 million (€26.1 million)
2000
$14.3 million (€15.9 million)
1999
$15.5 million (€17.3 million)
1998
$21.4 million (€23.8 million)
1992-1997
$126.8 million (€141.2 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $156.5 million.
Figures do not include additional mine action funding by
individual EU Member States.
R&D totaled an additional €10,000 in 2003,
€1.4 million in 2002, €262,000 in 2001, €16.4
million in 2000, €13.8 million in 1999, €7.6
million in 1998, and €10.1 million from 1992-1997.
NORWAY – $184.8 million
2003
$28.6 million (NOK 202.4 million)
2002
$25.4 million (NOK 202.9 million)
2001
$20 million (NOK 176.9 million)
2000
$19.5 million (NOK 178.6 million)
1999
$21.5 million (NOK 185 million)
1998
$24 million
1997
$16.7 million (NOK 125 million)
1996
$13.5 million (NOK 101 million)
1995
$11.6 million (NOK 87 million)
1994
$4.0 million (NOK 30 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $115 million.
Expenditures on R&D are not known.
JAPAN – $135.3 million
2003
$13 million (¥1,590 million)
2002
$49.7 million (¥5,537 million)
2001
$7.5 million (¥802 million)
2000
$12.7 million (¥1,480 million)
1999
$16 million (¥1,904 million)
1998
$6.3 million (¥722 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $98.9 million.
Prior to 1998, Japan contributed approximately $30
million to mine action.
R&D totaled ¥720 million ($5.9 million) in 2003,
and ¥760 ($6.2 million) from 1999 to 2003.
UNITED KINGDOM – $133.5 million
2003-2004
$20 million (£12.3 million)
2002-2003
$18.5 million (£12.5 million)
2001-2002
$15.4 million (£10.7 million)
2000-2001
$21.5 million (£15 million)
1999-2000
$20.4 million (£13.6 million)
1998-1999
$6.5 million (£4.6 million)
1997-1998
$6.6 million (£4.6 million)
1996
$6.3 million
1995
$6.9 million
1994
$6.3 million
1993
$5.1 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $95.8 million.
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
R&D totaled an additional £1.5 million ($2.5
million) in 2003-2004 and £5.9 million ($9.2 million)
from 1999-2000 to 2003-2004.
CANADA – $105 million
2003
$22.5 million (C$30.8 million)
2002
$15.1 million (C$22.3)
2001
$15.5 million (C$24 million)
2000
$11.9 million (C$17.7 million)
1999
$15.2 million (C$23.5 million)
1998
$9.5 million
1997
$3.0 million (C$4.6 million)
1996
$4.0 million (C$6 million)
1995
$1.5 million (C$2.2 million)
1994
$2.9 million (C$4.4 million)
1993
$2.2 million (C$3.4 million)
1989
$1.7 million (C$2.5 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was US$80.2 million.
R&D totaled an additional C$2.8 million (US$2
million) in 2003, and US$11.1 million from 1998-2003.
Figures prior to 1998 only include CIDA funding.
GERMANY – $104.2 million
2003
$22.1 million (€19.5 million)
2002
$19.4 million (€20.4 million)
2001
$12.3 million (DM 26.8 million, €13.7 million)
2000
$14.5 million (DM 27.6 million)
1999
$11.4 million (DM 21.7 million)
1998
$10.1 million
1997
$4.9 million
1996
$7.9 million
1995
$0.8 million
1994
$0.5 million
1993
$0.3 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $79.7 million.
Germany devoted DM 9.75 million ($5.1 million) to R&D
from 1993-1999; no figures are available for recent
years.
SWEDEN – $103.5 million
2003
$12.7 million (SEK 102.9 million) disbursed
2002
$7.3 million (SEK 71 million) disbursed
2001
$9.8 million (SEK 100.9 million) disbursed
2000
$11.8 million (SEK 107.9 million) disbursed
1999
$9.8 million (SEK 83.3 million) disbursed
1998
$16.6 million (SEK 129.5 million) allocated
1997
$11.9 million allocated
1996
$10.4 million allocated
1995
$5.1 million allocated
1994
$2.6 million allocated
1990-93
$5.5 million allocated
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $51.4 million.
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
Sweden has devoted considerable additional funds to
R&D, totaling more than $24 million from 1994-1999, and
at least SEK14 million ($1.73 million) in 2003. Figures for
other years are not available.
THE NETHERLANDS – $95.3 million
2003
$12.1 million
2002
$16 million
2001
$13.9 million (Dfl 32 million, €15.5 million)
2000
$14.2 million (Dfl 35.4 million)
1999
$8.9 million (Dfl 23 million)
1998
$9.3 million
1997
$10.2 million
1996
$10.7 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $65.1 million.
Figures include some but not all victim assistance
funding.
Figures prior to 1996 are not available.
The Netherlands spent Dfl 12.8 million ($5 million) on
the HOM 2000 research project into new demining techniques
from 1997 until its termination in 2001.
DENMARK – $84.8 million
2003
$11.9 million (DKK 78.6 million)
2002
$10.6 million (DKK 83.5 million)
2001
$14.4 million (DKK 119.4 million)
2000
$13.4 million (DKK 106.7 million)
1999
$7 million (DKK 49.9 million)
1998
$6.2 million (DKK 44.3 million)
1997
$5.4 million (DKK 38.6 million)
1996
$8 million (DKK 57 million)
1995
$2.3 million
1994
$2.0 million
1993
$1.7 million
1992
$1.9 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $57.3 million.
Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral
contributions.
Denmark has funded a number of R&D programs, but the
total value is not known.
AUSTRALIA – $60.5 million
2003-2004
$5.5 million (A$8.2 million)
2002-2003
$7.8 million (A$14.5 million)
2001-2002
$6.6 million (A$12.9 million)
2000-2001
$7.3 million (A$12.6 million)
1999-2000
$7.9 million (A$12.4 million)
1998-1999
$6.8 million (A$11.1 million)
1997-1998
$7.3 million (A$9.9 million)
1996-1997
$5.8 million (A$7.5 million)
1995-1996
$5.5 million (A$7.5 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was US$35.1 million.
Australia has funded a number of R&D programs, but
the total value is not known.
SWITZERLAND – $56.9 million
2003
$8.8 million
2002
$8.3 million
2001
$9.8 million
2000
$7.4 million
1999
$5.7 million
1998
Unknown
1997
$4.0 million
1996
$2.6 million
1995
$4.1 million
1994
$3.5 million
1993
$2.7 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $40 million.
Funding for victim assistance is not included in these
figures because it is integrated into other funding for
victims of war, post-conflict reconstruction and long-term
development.
The totals include $5.2 million for the Geneva
International Center for Humanitarian Demining in 2003, and
about $10 million from 2000-2002; some or all of these funds
could be counted as R&D.
ITALY – $48.8 million
2003
$5.8 million (€5.1 million)
2002
$8.7 million (€9.9 million)
2001
$5.1 million (L 11.2 billion, €5.6 million)
2000
$1.6 million (L 4.3 billion, €1.7 million)
1999
$5.1 million (L 13.9 billion, €4.8 million)
1998
$12 million (L 20 billion)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $26.3 million.
Italy contributed 18 billion lire ($10.5 million) from
1995-1997.
Italy has funded a number of R&D programs, but the
total value is not known.
FINLAND – $40.2 million
2003
$6.3 million (€5.6 million)
2002
$4.5 million (€4.8 million)
2001
$4.5 million (€5 million)
2000
$4.8 million
1999
$5.7 million
1998
$6.6 million
1997
$4.5 million
1996
$1.3 million
1995
$0.7 million
1991-94
$1.3 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $25.8 million.
FRANCE – $22.9 million
2003
$2.5 million (€2.2 million)
2002
$3.6 million (€3.8 million)
2001
$2.7 million (€3 million)
2000
$1.2 million
1999
$0.9 million
1995-98
$12 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $10.9 million.
France has devoted considerable additional funds to
R&D, but the value of R&D relevant to humanitarian
mine action is not known.
BELGIUM – $21.8 million
2003
$6.2 million (€5.5 million)
2002
$3.6 million (€3.8 million)
2001
$2.1 million (€2.2 million)
2000
$2.5 million (BEF 111 m.)
1999
$2.3 million (BEF 93 m.)
1994-1998
$5.1 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $16.7 million.
R&D totaled an additional €475,000 ($538,000) in
2003, $5.6 million from 1999-2003, and about $8.1 million
from 1994-2003.
IRELAND – $11.1 million
2003
$2.3 million (€2 million)
2002
$1.6 million (€1.7 million)
2001
$2 million (€2.2 million)
2000
$1.1 million
1999
$1.5 million
1994-1998
$2.6 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $8.5 million.
AUSTRIA – $11 million
2003
$0.9 million (€0.8 million)
2002
$2 million (€2.1 million)
2001
$0.9 million (ATS 13.7 m.)
2000
$2 million (ATS 30 million)
1999
$1 million (ATS 15 million)
1994-1998
$4.2 million
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was $6.8 million.
NEW ZEALAND – $9 million
2003/04
$1.1 million (NZ$1.6 million)
2002/03
$0.8 million (NZ$1.4 million)
2001/02
$0.7 million (NZ$1.7 million)
2000/01
$1.1 million (NZ$2.3 million)
1999/00
$0.8 million (NZ$1.6 million)
1998/99
$0.5 million (NZ$0.9 million)
1992-1998
$4.0 million (NZ$6.9 million)
Mine action funding for the five-year review period
(1999-2003) was US$4.5 million.
GREECE – $7.2 million
2003
$5 million (€4.4 million)
2002
$1.4 million (€1.5 million)
2001
$0.8 million (€0.9 million)
Other mine action contributions in 2003 included:
China reports that it provided about $2 million in
assistance for worldwide mine clearance activities. China
also reports that it donated demining equipment valued at $3
million in 2002 to two countries, and equipment valued at
$1.3 million in 2001 to seven countries.
Spain has not reported fully on its mine action funding
in all years, including 2003. Landmine Monitor estimates
Spanish mine action funding to be $1.2 million in 2003 and
$4.7 million from 1999-2003.
Saudi Arabia provided $1 million for mine action in
Yemen, the final contribution of a $3 million pledge made in
2001.
Luxembourg provided about $983,000 for mine action, and
an additional $800,000 for projects that benefit mine victims
among others. From 1999 to 2003, Luxembourg is estimated to
have provided $3.83 million in mine action funding.
Slovenia donated $376,250 to the International Trust
Fund. Since 1998, the government has donated a total of $3
million to the ITF.
The Czech Republic provided $301,757, more than its known
contributions to international mine action in all previous
years.
South Korea contributed $50,000 to the UN Voluntary Trust
Fund for Assistance in Mine Clearance. It has contributed a
total of $1 million to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund and
$60,000 to the ITF.
The United Arab Emirates provided $720,543 to Lebanon
through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund. The UAE’s
bilateral contribution to Lebanon is not known. In 2001, the
UAE pledged up to $50 million to redevelop South Lebanon,
including an unknown sum for demining, survey and mine risk
education activities. “Operation Emirates
Solidarity” completed its third phase in May 2004 with
the clearance of some 5 million square meters of land, and a
fourth phase is under consideration.
States and Victim Assistance
The Mine Ban Treaty obligates, in Article 6.3, that
“Each State in a position to do so shall provide
assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and
economic reintegration, of mine victims....” In many
mine-affected countries the assistance available to address the
needs of survivors is inadequate and it would appear that
additional outside assistance is needed in providing for the
care and rehabilitation of mine survivors. Landmine Monitor
identified 35 countries receiving resources from other States
for mine victim assistance programs in 2003, with the majority
of resources being provided for physical rehabilitation
programs.
Precise, comprehensive and comparable figures on resources
available for mine victim assistance are difficult to obtain.
Some governments do not provide specific funding for victim
assistance, but rather consider victim assistance as an
integrated part of humanitarian mine action. In other
instances, some countries, for example Sweden and the United
Kingdom, do not provide specific funding for victim assistance
at all with the view that landmine victims are reached through
bilateral development cooperation and other contributions.
However, experience has shown that unless funding is
specifically targeted at facilities and programs that assist
persons with disabilities, including landmine victims, it is
likely that resources will be directed to other areas of public
health or development concern leaving the disabled population
further disadvantaged.
Based on an analysis of various sources of information
available to Landmine Monitor, State donors to mine victim
assistance since 1999 include:[9]
2003
2002
2001
2000
1999
TOTAL
Australia
$1,059,500
$570,694
$1,104,727
$1,123,139
$903,421
$4,761,480
Austria
$79,205
$910,053
$248,853
$35,908
$0
$1,274,019
Belgium
$1,021,067
$316,510
$675,830
$717,990
$746,599
$3,477,996
Canada
$513,766
$2,425,619
$4,812,009
$1,569,815
$2,417,702
$11,738,911
Croatia
$11,495
$11,717
$9,844
$0
$0
$33,056
Czech Republic
$108,060
$0
$0
$9,650
$48,500
$166,210
Denmark
$0
$48,663
$292,243
$263,508
$0
$604,414
Finland
$304,323
$478,074
$490,302
$147,000
$1,185,765
$2,605,464
France
$27,156
$795,842
$95,829
$213,980
$0
$1,132,807
Germany
$3,865,984
$2,650,253
$964,959
$1,500,000
$1,050,000
$10,031,196
Hungary
$31,000
$0
$0
$2,910
$0
$33,910
Ireland
$435,628
$240,350
$456,633
$942,345
$376,000
$2,450,956
Italy
$96,936
$473,437
$1,737,568
$1,271,103
$2,367,760
$5,946,804
Japan
$0
$2,108,446
$741,693
$1,290,124
$1,991,204
$6,131,467
Luxemboug
$854,036
$1,444,631
$356,788
$73,585
$78,983
$2,808,023
The Netherlands
$495,603
$429,965
$276,048
$1,738,947
$1,919,480
$4,860,043
New Zealand
$163,044
$57,000
$109,200
$93,842
$89,500
$512,586
Norway
$5,532,700
$4,584,343
$3,450,084
$5,635,972
$5,036,146
$24,239,245
Poland
$0
$0
$0
$15,327
$10,037
$25,364
Portugal
$68,700
$9,500
$56,080
$44,166
$107,500
$285,946
Slovakia
$0
$0
$0
$0
$35,477
$35,477
Slovenia
$0
$140,143
$165,807
$252,706
$8,505
$567,161
South Africa
$59,536
$19,785
$0
$0
$73,466
$152,787
Spain
$323,663
$0
$0
$0
$0
$323,663
Sweden
$0
$0
$0
$0
$226,677
$226,677
Switzerland
$0
$46,000
$0
$1,478,940
$9,970
$1,534,910
United States of America
$13,501,388
$10,401,547
$11,410,386
$10,817,612
$11,070,602
$57,201,535
Total
$28,552,790
$28,162,572
$27,454,883
$29,238,569
$29,753,294
$143,162,108
While global mine action funding has increased greatly since
1999, resources for mine victim assistance have declined, even
as the number of landmine survivors requiring assistance has
continued to grow every year. Since 1999, $143.2 million of
victim assistance funding from State donors has been
identified, with $83.3 million (58 percent) provided by States
Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty. In 1999, identifiable victim
assistance funding reached $29.8 million, dropping to $29.2
million in 2000 and to $27.5 million in 2001. In 2002, funding
rose slightly to $28.2 million and to $28.6 million in
2003.
In addition to resources provided by States, in 2003, for
the first time since 1999, the European Commission reported
funding for mine victim assistance programs: €500,000
($565,750) to the International Committee of the Red Cross
Special Appeal for Mine Action for integrated mine action
including victim assistance, promoting compliance with
international humanitarian law and mine risk education in
Burma; €200,000 ($226,300) for victim assistance and mine
risk education for Burmese refugees in the Thai border areas;
€275,000 ($311,163) for mine risk education and victim
assistance in Laos; €200,000 ($226,300) for victim
assistance in Northern Ossetia (Russian Federation); and more
than $6.4 million for an integrated mine action program with a
victim assistance component in Sri Lanka. The total funding
attributable to the victim assistance component of these
programs is not known. In 1999, the EC contributed $5.3 million
through the ICRC Special Appeal for mine victim assistance in
ten countries. Funding is also provided from other
budget-lines, including those of the European Commission
Humanitarian Office (ECHO), to support programs that assist all
persons with disabilities in mine-affected countries. The total
value of these contributions is not available.
Resources for victim assistance as a percentage of total
mine action funding have declined significantly and steadily
from 14.9 percent in 1999 to 11.5 percent in 2000, to 11.1
percent in 2001, to 8.7 percent in 2002, to a low of 8.3
percent in 2003. The average percentage of total mine action
funding attributed to victim assistance for the period 1999
through 2003 was 10.5 percent.[10]
Although some States reported significant increases in
funding in 2003 – Australia, Belgium, Czech Republic,
Germany, Hungary, Ireland, the Netherlands, New Zealand,
Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, and the United States
– in 10 out of 27 donor countries victim assistance
funding decreased significantly from 2002. Of particular
concern is the drop in funding from Canada, Italy and Japan.
Canadian funding dropped by around $2.4 million from 2001 to
2002 and again by $1.9 million from 2002 to 2003. In the case
of Italy, resources for victim assistance declined from $2.4
million in 1999 to $97,000 in 2003. Japan reported no funding
for victim assistance in 2003 after providing $2.1 million in
2002. Of the States Parties, Norway has provided the most
resources for mine victim assistance with $24.2 million or 17
percent of the total identified resources since 1999. It should
also be noted that while the US contribution appears to be the
largest, this includes the total contribution of the Leahy War
Victims Fund (in excess of $10 million each year), which
supports programs for all victims of war; the percentage of
funding that goes to support programs assisting landmine
victims is not available.
Through the research undertaken by Landmine Monitor it is
known that Sweden supports victim assistance activities in
Colombia through a Swedish NGO and the United Kingdom supports
activities in the northern Caucasus through UNICEF. Both States
have also provided financial resources to the Comprehensive
Disabled Afghans Program in Afghanistan since 1999. Iceland
provided prosthetic limbs for amputees in Bosnia and
Herzegovina and México provided technical support and
facilitated workshops as part of a three-year victim assistance
program in Central America. Israel reports sending
rehabilitation specialists to mine-affected countries and has
rehabilitation exchange agreements. It also supports an
economic reintegration program for mine survivors in Guatemala.
Although Japan reported no funding for victim assistance in
2003, the Japanese International Cooperation Agency reportedly
supported an NGO providing rehabilitation and reintegration
activities for mine survivors in Bosnia and Herzegovina. There
are likely many other programs that assist mine survivors that
are not reported in the context of mine action funding.
Equally, if not more important, are the activities of
mine-affected states in providing resources for facilities and
services within the public health system to address the needs
of landmine victims. For example, in Croatia, the State
reported allocating about $11,495 specifically for mine victim
assistance in 2003. Information on expenditure by other
countries is not readily available. In addition, many if not
the majority of victim assistance programs are carried out by
NGOs who receive funding from various sources including
governments, private donors and charitable foundations. For
example, German NGOs expended approximately $1.1 million on
programs to assist war victims and persons with disabilities,
including mine survivors, in 2003. Therefore, the information
obtained for the Landmine Monitor Report 2004 cannot be
taken as fully representative of the total resources available
to provide assistance to mine victims and other persons with
disabilities.
Included in the information provided by States are
contributions to the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine Action and
ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled.[11] Since 1999, the ICRC Special Appeal for
Mine Action expended CHF 118 million (US$76.5 million) on
victim assistance, mine awareness and humanitarian diplomacy
activities. Of the total expenditure, CHF 99.5 million ($64.6
million) or 84 percent was for victim assistance activities
including emergency care, continuing medical care, and physical
rehabilitation in 14 mine-affected countries: CHF 18.8 million
(US$14 million) in 2003; CHF 20.3 million ($13.1 million) in
2002; CHF 19.2 million ($11.3 million) in 2001; CHF 16 million
($9.4 million) in 2000; and CHF 25.2 million ($16.8 million in
1999).[12] In 2003,
the ICRC received contributions from five countries (Czech
Republic, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway and South Africa),
three national Red Cross societies (Denmark, Japan and Norway),
and six private donors. Other donors since 1999 include
Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Ireland, Italy,
Japan, Luxembourg, Poland, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland and
the European Commission. An additional CHF 32.3 million
(US$21.6 million) was funded out of contributions to the ICRC
Emergency Appeals since 1999, including CHF 12.7 million ($9.5
million) in 2003.
The ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled (SFD) has expended
CHF 12.3 million (US$7,985,191) on physical rehabilitation
programs for persons with disabilities, including landmine
survivors since 1999: $2,235,206 in 2003; $1,661,837 in 2002,
$1,637,535 in 2001; $1,346,255 in 2000; and $1,104,358 in
1999.[13] In 2003,
three countries (Czech Republic, Norway and the United States),
three national societies (Monaco, New Zealand and Norway) and
two private donors contributed to the SFD. Since 1999, other
donors include Australia and the Netherlands.
States also reported contributions to the Slovenia-based
International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims
Assistance (ITF). From 1998 through the end of 2003, of the
$111.4 million expended on mine action by the ITF only
$8,025,383 (7.2 percent) was for victim assistance programs,
well below the ITF’s target of 15 percent. The ITF
reportedly experiences difficulties in attracting donors to
support victim assistance programs. In 2003, the ITF allocated
$2,684,100 (10.8 percent of expenditure) to victim assistance
programs, reversing the previous trend of reductions in
absolute terms: $936,943 (4 percent) in 2002; $1,325,053 (5
percent) in 2001; $1,419,814 (6 percent) in 2000; and
$1,659,473 (9 percent) in 1998/1999.[14] In 2003, the ITF received contributions
from seven countries for mine victim assistance programs:
Austria, Canada, Hungary, Luxembourg, Norway, Slovenia and the
United States of America. Other donors included Handicap
International, Rotary Club International (Vienna) and specific
fund raising events. Other countries supporting victim
assistance activities through the ITF since 1999 are Croatia,
Czech Republic, Denmark, and France. The ITF has described mine
victim assistance programs as “still grossly
underfunded.”[15]
Major Mine Action Recipients
Accurate, complete and comparable figures for major mine
action recipients are even more difficult to obtain than those
for mine action donors. According to information available to
Landmine Monitor, the largest recipients have been Afghanistan
($341 million since 1991, and $141 million in just 2002 and
2003), Mozambique ($192 million since 1993), Cambodia ($190
million since 1994), Iraq ($166 million since 1993), Bosnia and
Herzegovina ($129 million since 1995), Angola ($113 million
since 1993), Kosovo ($89 million since 1999), and Laos ($54
million since 1994).
Top recipients for the five-year review period (1999-2003)
were Afghanistan ($200 million), Iraq ($149 million), Cambodia
($114 million), Kosovo ($89 million), Angola ($84 million),
Bosnia and Herzegovina ($82 million) and Mozambique ($73
million).
In 1999, Cambodia ($23 million) and Afghanistan ($22
million) received the biggest shares of mine action funds, with
Angola, Mozambique, and Bosnia and Herzegovina each receiving
about $12 million. Following the 1999 crisis and NATO bombing
campaign, Kosovo became the favored mine action recipient,
receiving some $58 million in the latter part of 1999 and 2000.
Also in 2000, the UN’s Iraq Oil for Food program began
providing large sums to mine action in northern Iraq, making it
the third largest recipient that year after Kosovo and
Cambodia. At different points in 2000, Afghanistan, Angola,
Bosnia and Herzegovina and Cambodia experienced funding crises.
In 2001, the top recipients were northern Iraq ($30 million)
and Cambodia. Lebanon (following the Israeli withdrawal) and
Vietnam emerged as major funding recipients, even as some of
the established programs continued to experience funding
problems. In 2002, following the overthrow of the Taliban,
Afghanistan’s mine action funding skyrocketed to $66
million, more than 20 percent of total global mine action
funding; other top recipients were northern Iraq, Cambodia,
Angola, Vietnam, Mozambique and Bosnia and Herzegovina. Eritrea
(following the end of its border conflict) and Sri Lanka (after
its cease-fire) became significant recipients.
In 2003, mine action funding for Afghanistan continued to
rise, to $75.2 million. Funds also poured into Iraq after the
invasion and ouster of Saddam Hussein, with some $55 million
contributed in 2003. The next top recipients were Angola ($21.3
million), Cambodia ($17 million), Sri Lanka ($15.8 million),
Mozambique ($15.3 million) and Bosnia and Herzegovina ($10.4
million). Other notable recipients in 2003 included Sudan ($9.5
million), Eritrea ($6.9 million), Lebanon ($6.6 million),
Azerbaijan ($5.5 million), Nicaragua ($5.3 million), Laos ($5.3
million), and Vietnam ($4.3 million).[16]
The biggest increase in mine action funding in 2003 was
predictably seen in Iraq (up $24.4 million). Other large
increases occurred in Sri Lanka (up $9.8 million), Afghanistan
(up $9.2 million), and Sudan (up $4.4 million).
An unusually large number of mine-affected countries
experienced a decline in donor contributions to mine action in
2003. Mine action funding fell most severely in 2003 for
Vietnam (down $13.4 million) and Cambodia (down $10.4 million).
Decreases in funding were also seen for Bosnia and Herzegovina
(down $5.4 million), Eritrea (down $4.2 million), Somaliland
(down $3.5 million), Laos (down $2.7 million), and Ethiopia
(down $2.7 million).
Afghanistan
Since the ouster of the Taliban in late 2001, mine action
funding for Afghanistan has exceeded that for any country
previously. After dropping sharply to $14 million in 2001, mine
action funding totaled $66 million in 2002 and $75.2 million in
2003. Contributions in 2003 were received from 13 countries,
the EC, eight organizations and private donors. Funding for
Afghanistan amounted to $200 million from 1999-2003 and $341
million from 1991-2003.
Mozambique
According to information provided to Landmine Monitor, in
2003, 11 donor governments and the EC provided about $15.3
million for mine action in Mozambique. The National Demining
Institute said it received approximately $18.2 million. NDI
reported contributions totaling $16.9 million in 2002, while
Landmine Monitor recorded $13.5 million from 16 donors.
Landmine Monitor estimates that funding for Mozambique totaled
$73 million from 1999-2003 and $192 million from 1993-2003.
Cambodia
In 2003, 15 donor governments and the EC provided
approximately $17 million in mine action funding for Cambodia,
a decrease of more than $10 million from 2002. Donations for
mine action in Cambodia are estimated to have exceeded $190
million from 1994 through 2003, including $114 million for 1999
through 2003.
Iraq
Fifteen major donors provided about $55 million to mine
action throughout Iraq in 2003. Funding for mine action in
northern Iraq (Iraqi Kurdistan) alone in 2002 totaled about
$30.6 million. Prior to the occupation of Iraq by the Coalition
Provisional Authority in 2003, mine action only took place in
northern Iraq. The Iraq Mine Action Program, under the
jurisdiction of the United Nations, was funded entirely through
the UN Oil for Food Program, which closed in November 2003. Two
key mine action NGOs, Mines Advisory Group and Norwegian
People’s Aid, received funds apart from the UN program.
It is estimated that funding for mine action in Iraq has
totaled $166 million, including $111 million for northern Iraq
from 1993 to 2002, plus $55 million for the entire country in
2003. Funding for the review period, 1999-2003, amounted to an
estimated $149 million.
Bosnia and Herzegovina
In 2003, 11 governments, the EC, and NATO provided about
$10.4 million for mine action in Bosnia and Herzegovina, a
decrease of $5.4 million from the previous year. Landmine
Monitor estimates mine action funding totaled $129 million from
1995-2003, including $82 million from 1999 to 2003.
Angola
In 2003, 17 countries and the EC reported contributions to
mine action in Angola totaling approximately $21.3 million,
roughly the same as in 2002, when 15 donors reported
contributions totaling approximately $21.2 million. The EC is
also providing $11.3 million to fund an emergency mine action
program for sustainable return and resettlement of Angolan
refugees. Mine action funding for Angola totaled an estimated
$113 million from 1993-2003, including $84 million from
1999-2003.
Kosovo
Landmine Monitor estimates mine action donations in 2003 for
Kosovo totaled $2.2 million. In 2002, mine action funding
totaled $1.4 million. In December 2001, the UN declared Kosovo
was mine-free. A Praxis/UNMAS evaluation estimated funding from
mid-1999 to 2001 at $85 million.
Laos
Ten donor governments and the EC contributed about $5.3
million to mine action in Laos in 2003, which was $2.7 million
less than in 2002. Landmine Monitor estimates that mine action
funding for Laos totaled more than $54 million from 1994 to
2003, including $36 million from 1999-2003.
Eritrea
Since the end of its border conflict with Ethiopia in June
2000, and its accession to the Mine Ban Treaty in August 2001,
Eritrea has received significant amounts of mine action
assistance. Eight donors provided about $6.9 million for mine
action in Eritrea in 2003, down from $11.1 million from 11
donors in 2002, and $8.4 million in 2001. Total mine action
funding for Eritrea from 1994 to 2003 is estimated at
approximately $39 million, including at least $27 million from
1999-2003.
Vietnam
In 2003, three donors reported providing a total of $4.3
million for mine action in Vietnam, a huge decrease from the
2002 level of $17.7 million, which included a $12 million grant
from Japan. According to reports from contributing countries,
more than $35 million has been provided or pledged in recent
years.
Croatia
Croatia has paid for most of its mine action costs from the
State budget and other domestic sources. Croatia reports that
it has provided $116 million to mine action since 1999. In
2003, CROMAC recorded foreign donations totaling $5.5 million,
although donor reports indicate contributions of about $3.6
million from ten countries and the EC. Landmine Monitor
estimates international contributions to mine action in Croatia
to be at least $33.4 million from 1994 to 2003, including at
least $26.7 million from 1999-2003.
Lebanon
Mine action funding and activities in Lebanon increased
greatly after the Israeli withdrawal from South Lebanon in
2000. Landmine Monitor has identified $6.6 million in mine
action funding from seven major donors in 2003, compared to
$6.9 million from eight donors in 2002, $12.6 million from 13
donors in 2001, and nearly $6 million in 2000. In 2001, the
United Arab Emirates pledged up to $50 million to redevelop
South Lebanon, including funds for mine action. The UAE has not
reported how much has been spent on mine action, other than
$2.5 million through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund in 2002 and
2003. Thus, the $29.6 million in identified donor funding for
mine action in Lebanon since 2000 is likely far from a complete
total.
Sri Lanka
Since the cease-fire took effect in February 2002,
significant amounts of mine action funding have been provided
to Sri Lanka. Thirteen donors contributed about $15.8 million
in 2003, compared to about $6 million from 11 donors in 2002.
Mine action projects were mostly suspended in 2000 and
2001.
Other Mine Action Recipients
Sudan: In 2003, eight donor governments and the EC
provided about $9.5 million for mine action in Sudan. This
compares to $5.1 million in 2002 and $2.2 million in 2001.
There was little international funding prior to 2001.
Nicaragua: In 2003, Nicaragua received about $5.3
million in mine action funding from eleven countries and the
EC. In 2002, eight donors reported providing about $5.9
million.
Azerbaijan: Azerbaijan reports receiving
approximately $5.3 million in mine action funding in 2003,
and $4.2 million in 2002. Landmine Monitor recorded mine
action funding totaling $5.5 million in 2001 and $2.4 million
in previous years.
DR Congo: Landmine Monitor has identified about
$3.8 million in funding for mine action in the DRC in
2003.
Yemen: In 2003, international donors contributed
at least $3.6 million to the Yemen Mine Action Program, down
from $5.6 million in 2002 and $4 million in 2001.
International donors contributed approximately $18.6 million
from 1999 to 2003.
Albania: Landmine Monitor estimates that
approximately $3.6 million was provided for mine action in
Albania in 2003, up from $2.8 million in 2002. Mine action
funding totaled $2.2 million in 2001 and $1.8 million in
2000.
Ethiopia: In 2003, Landmine Monitor received
reports that five donors provided about $2.5 million for mine
action in Ethiopia, compared to about $5.2 million in
2002.
Serbia and Montenegro: In 2003, the ITF allocated
nearly $2.4 million for mine action in Serbia and Montenegro,
excluding the UN-administered province of Kosovo, a very
large increase from about $299,000 in 2002 and $31,000 in
2001, when ITF support began.
Somaliland: Landmine Monitor recorded $2.1 million
for mine action in Somaliland in 2003, compared to $5.6
million in 2002, $4.4 million in 2001, $4.5 million in 2000,
$6.6 million in 1999 and $546,000 in 1998.
Thailand: International donations to mine action
in Thailand in 2003 totaled about $1.2 million.
Abkhazia (Georgia): Donations for mine action in
Abkhazia in 2003 totaled an estimated $1.4 million.
Chad: Three donors reported providing about $1.2
million in mine action funding to Chad in 2003, compared to
$1.3 million in 2002, $1.9 million in 2001, $8 million in
2000, and $4.9 million in 1999.
Jordan: Three donors reported providing $1.1
million to mine action in Jordan in 2003, compared to $1.1
million in 2002 and $1.6 million in 2001. In August 2004,
Jordan reported that since 1996, it has received $9.6 million
in mine action assistance.
Guinea-Bissau: In 2003, four donors provided an
estimated $1.2 million for mine action in Guinea-Bissau.
OAS Member States: The OAS mine action program,
Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines (or AICMA by
its Spanish acronym), has conducted mine action activities in
Colombia, Costa Rica, Ecuador Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua,
and Peru. It received contributions totaling $8.2 million in
2003 and the first quarter of 2004. Funding for totaled $3.95
million in 2002, and $4.7 million in 2001. Contributions from
1992 to 2002 totaled $31.3 million.
Funding for mine action in each of the following countries
totaled less than $1 million in 2003: Armenia, Benin, Burma,
Burundi, Chile, Colombia, Djibouti, Ecuador, Estonia, Georgia,
Guatemala, FYR Macedonia, Mauritania, Namibia, Pakistan, Peru,
the Republic of Congo, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Tajikistan,
Tunisia, Uganda, and Ukraine.
[1] In some cases, donors are
not reporting for the calendar year 2003. Among the countries
reporting for different fiscal years are the US (October
2002-September 2003), Japan (March 2003-February 2004),
Canada (April 2003-March 2004), UK (April 2003- April 2004),
and Australia (July 2003-June 2004). [2] For example, with respect
to the Euro, Landmine Monitor has used these average rates:
in 2003, €1=$1.13; in 2002, €1=$0.95; in 2001,
€1=$0.90. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange
Rates (Annual),” 2 January 2004. [3] Mine Ban Treaty Resource
Mobilization Contact Group, “A review of resources to
achieve the Convention’s Aims,” Presented by
Norway to the Standing Committee on General Status and
Operation of the Convention, 25 June 2004. The countries
reporting the largest contributions included Croatia ($90.5
million), Jordan ($35.1 million), Nicaragua ($15.6 million),
Yemen ($9 million), Colombia ($8.5 million), Mozambique ($4.6
million), Thailand ($3.6 million), Chad ($3.5 million),
Serbia and Montenegro ($3.5 million), and Peru ($3.4
million). [4] Others with increased
mine action funding were Ireland (up 18 percent), Finland (17
percent), New Zealand (14 percent), and Switzerland (6
percent). Switzerland only provided figures in US
dollars. [5] Others with decreased
mine action funding were Denmark (6 percent), Germany (4
percent), United Kingdom (2 percent) and Norway (0.25
percent). The Netherlands only provided figures in US
dollars. [6] Includes contributions
from the Czech Republic, Slovenia, United Arab Emirates, and
ten smaller donors. [7] Includes China ($6.2
million), Luxembourg ($3.8 million), Saudi Arabia ($3
million), Slovenia ($3 million), Iceland ($1.3 million),
South Korea ($1 million), and $2 million for other donors
such as Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein,
Monaco, Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa, and more. The total
also includes $2.5 million provided by the United Arab
Emirates for Lebanon through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund in
2002 and 2003, but does not include the unknown bilateral
contribution as part of the UAE’s $50 million pledge
for mine action in and re-development of South Lebanon. [8] Figures for years prior
to 2003 are taken from the Executive Summary of Landmine
Monitor Report 2003, although in some cases, corrections to
earlier years have been received. In most but not all
instances, the figures for earlier years are calculated at
the exchange rates for those years. [9] All amounts are expressed
in US dollars. This data was collated following an analysis
by Landmine Monitor of Form J attachments to Article 7
reports, the audited accounts of the ICRC Special Appeal for
Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled,
information provided by the International Trust Fund for
Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), USAID,
“Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund: 2004 Portfolio
Synopsis,” p. 74, and other relevant data provided to
Landmine Monitor. Full details are available on request. [10] Contributions to mine
victim assistance from the European Commission in 1999 and
2003 are included in these calculations. [11] It should be noted
that ICRC financial accounts are based on a calendar year
whereas some donors have different fiscal years. In some
instances, reported contributions are not reflected in the
figures presented in the ICRC analysis due to timing
differences. [12] ICRC Special Appeal
Mine Action 1999-2003. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG
Auditor’s Report “Assistance for Mine Victims:
Auditor’s report on supplementary information on the
Special Appeal” for the years ended 31 December 1999,
31 December 2000, 31 December 2001, 31 December 2002, and 31
December 2003. Exchange rates used are taken for the US
Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates
(Annual),” 2 January 2004 and 31 December 2002: for
2003 US$1 = CHF 1.3454; US$1 = CHF1.5567 for 2002; US$1 =
CHF1.6891 for 2001; US$1 = CHF 1.6904 for 2000; and US$1 =
CHF 1.5045 for 1999. Only the portion of contributions
relating to mine victim assistance activities has been
included in the total funding provided by donors. [13] ICRC Special Appeal
Mine Action 1999-2003. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG
Auditor’s Report “Assistance for Mine Victims:
Auditor’s report on supplementary information on the
Special Appeal” for the years ended 31 December 1999,
31 December 2000, 31 December 2001, 31 December 2002, and 31
December 2003. Exchange rates used are taken for the US
Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates
(Annual),” 2 January 2004 and 31 December 2002: for
2003 US$1 = CHF 1.3454; US$1 = CHF1.5567 for 2002; US$1 =
CHF1.6891 for 2001; US$1 = CHF 1.6904 for 2000; and US$1 =
CHF 1.5045 for 1999. [14] Email from Sabina
Beber, Head of International Relations, ITF, 13 May 2004; see
also Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 445. [15] International Trust
Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance, “Annual
Report 2002,” p. 19. [16] Others included the DR
Congo ($3.8 million), Yemen ($3.63 million), Albania ($3.6
million), Ethiopia ($2.5 million), Kosovo ($2.2 million),
Somaliland ($2.1 million), Georgia ($1.4 million),
Guinea-Bissau ($1.2 million), Thailand ($1.2 million), Chad
($1.2 million), and Jordan ($1.1 million).
About Us
Our Research Products