Key developments since May 2003: According to the National Demining
Institute, in 2003, a total of 7.06 million square meters of land was cleared.
Mozambique reports that in 2003, mine risk education was provided to 840,972
people.
Key developments since 1999: Mozambique hosted the First Meeting of
States Parties in May 1999. It served as co-chair of the first Standing
Committee of Experts on Mine Clearance in 1999 and 2000. The National Demining
Institute (IND) was established in 1999 to coordinate all mine action in
Mozambique, succeeding a troubled National Demining Commission. In November
2001, the IND produced its first Five Year National Mine Action Plan for
2002-2006, which sets the goal of a “mine-impact free” Mozambique
within ten years.
A national Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) was carried out from March 2000 to
August 2001. The survey identified 1,374 suspected mined areas in all ten
provinces, covering an estimated 558 square kilometers, in 791 communities with
a combined population of nearly 1.5 million. In April 2003, the IND reported it
had re-evaluated information from the Landmine Impact Survey and decided to
reduce its estimate of mined areas by 38 percent, to 346 million square meters.
In 2003, HALO Trust reported that it re-surveyed 433 of the suspected mined
areas covered by the LIS in the four northern provinces and found that the LIS
overestimated the landmine impact for much of northern Mozambique, but that is
had failed to identify many mined areas.
According to the IND, between 1997 and 2003, a total of 35.6 million square
meters of land was cleared, destroying 29,158 antipersonnel mines, 68
antivehicle mines, and 4,514 UXO. Mozambique completed destruction of its
stockpile of 37,818 antipersonnel mines on 28 February 2003. It is retaining
1,470 mines for training purposes, instead of zero as it previously reported.
Since 1999, 254 new landmine casualties were reported, dropping to a low of 14
in 2003, but increasing significantly to 24 in the first seven months of
2004.
Mine Ban Policy
Mozambique signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997, ratified it on 25
August 1998 and the treaty entered into force on 1 March 1999. No implementing
legislation is in place. In its most recent Article 7 report, Mozambique
stated, “No legal measures were taken during the reporting period
additional to those taken in June
1999....”[1] However,
according to the director of the National Demining Institute (IND), the
Parliamentary Commission for Defense and Security has prepared implementation
legislation and as of September 2004 was still awaiting
approval.[2]
Mozambique submitted its annual Article 7 report on 23 April 2004, covering
the period from April 2003 to December 2003. This was the country’s fifth
Article 7 report.[3]
Mozambique was an early and enthusiastic leader in the global movement to ban
landmines, announcing in October 1995 its intention to participate fully in the
international effort to ban landmines. On 26 February 1997, during the Fourth
International NGO Conference on Landmines, held in Maputo, Foreign Minister
Simão announced Mozambique’s immediate ban on the use, production,
import and export of antipersonnel
mines.[4] The country’s
active participation in the Ottawa Process was reflected in the decision by
States Parties to elect Mozambique as President and host of the Mine Ban
Treaty’s First Meeting of States Parties, held in the capital of Maputo,
from 3-7 May 1999.
Mozambique has attended every annual meeting held since, as well as every
meeting of the intersessional Standing Committees. It is serving as a
Friend-of-the-President-designate for the First Review Conference of the Mine
Ban Treaty, to be held in Nairobi, Kenya, from 29 November to 3 December 2004.
Mozambique has been very engaged in the intersessional process, serving as
co-chair of the first Standing Committee of Experts on Mine Clearance in 1999
and 2000. Regionally, the country has played a key role in ensuring African
support for the Ottawa Process and the Mine Ban Treaty and it has been active on
the issue throughout the continent. It has voted in favor of every annual
pro-mine ban UN General Assembly resolution since 1996, including UNGA
Resolution 58/53 on 8 December 2003.
Mozambique has not engaged in the extensive discussions that States Parties
have had on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1,
2, and 3 (joint military operations with non-States Parties, antivehicle mines
with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices, and the permissible number of
mines retained for training). However, during the June 2004 intersessional
meetings, a Mozambique legal advisor told Landmine Monitor that Mozambique was
generally supportive of the effort to reach common understandings on these
issues, and of the language in the paper distributed by the co-chairs of the
Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention. With
regard to Article 2, he said Mozambique believes that the effect of the mine
should be taken into account, and that, “The emphasis must be on the
humanitarian character of the convention.” More specifically, he
indicated that while Mozambique considers mines that detonate with more than 150
kilos of pressure to be antivehicle mines, and that any mine that is capable of
exploding from the contact of a person is prohibited by the
convention.[5]
Mozambique is not a party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.
Production, Transfer and Use
Mozambique has never produced antipersonnel mines and has no infrastructure
for this purpose.[6] Throughout
Mozambique’s civil war, antipersonnel mines were imported and used by
different parties to the
conflict.[7] Landmines produced
in the following countries have been found in Mozambique: Austria, Belgium,
Brazil, East Germany, China, Czechoslovakia, France, Italy, Portugal, Rhodesia,
South Africa, UK, USSR, and
Yugoslavia.[8]
Stockpile Destruction
On 28 February 2003, Mozambique completed destruction of its stockpile of
37,818 antipersonnel mines, a month ahead of its treaty-mandated
deadline.[9] The national army
destroyed the mines by open detonation in six separate events throughout 2001
and 2003.[10]
In its 2004 Article 7 Report, Mozambique indicated that 1,470 mines had been
retained for training purposes as permitted under Article
3.[11] This is 43 more mines
than it reported in 2003. The new total accounts for 185 additional mines
Handicap International now uses for training at its own center (previously it
trained its personnel at other NGO centers and did not have mines of its own),
less 21 obsolete mines destroyed by the Accelerated Demining Program (ADP/ PAD)
and 121 mines destroyed by Menschen gegen Minen
(MgM).[12] Mozambique’s
first three Article 7 reports, submitted in 2000, 2001 and 2002, stated that no
antipersonnel mines would be retained for training or development purposes,
while the 2003 report indicated that 1,427 antipersonnel mines had been
retained.[13]
Landmine Problem
Mozambique’s landmine problem is mostly the result of a two-decade-long
civil war that ended in 1992. The country’s first Landmine Impact Survey
(LIS), published in August 2001, identified 1,374 suspected mined areas (SMA),
affecting 1,488,998 people in 791 communities throughout
Mozambique.[14] However, some
mine action operators believe that there is still not a clear picture of the
mine problem in the country, in part because the LIS did not achieve nationwide
coverage.[15] Additional mined
areas continue to be discovered. For example, in March 2004 it was reported
that four SMAs were discovered in the Murrupula district, in Nampula province
around an administrator’s house, a health center and in a new residential
area.[16]
In its 2003 Article 7 report Mozambique noted that because of successful mine
clearance operations, the numbers had been reduced to 1,249 SMA in 719
communities, affecting 1.3 million
people.[17] In its 2004 Article
7 report, Mozambique reported further reductions through clearance to 1,052 SMA
in 583 communities, affecting 1,022,501
people.[18]
Mozambique: Mined Areas or Suspected Mined Areas
2003[19]
Provinces
Affected Villages
Affected Population
Suspected Areas
Quantities
Area (millions) m2
Quantity
%
Quantity
%
Quantity
%
Quantity
%
Niassa
27
4.63
37,929
3.71
50
4.75
19.08
3.61
Cabo Delgado
75
12.86
142,967
13.98
147
13.97
105.13
19.9
Nampula
58
9.95
119,145
11.65
114
10.84
155.25
29.4
Zambezia
95
16.3
143,721
14.06
166
15.78
86
16.28
Tete
51
8.75
67,720
6.62
73
6.94
20.88
3.95
Manica
39
6.69
61,038
5.97
65
6.18
15.66
2.97
Sofala
25
4.29
54,526
5.33
64
6.08
6.47
1.22
Inhambane
107
18.35
264,957
25.91
174
16.54
24.16
4.57
Gaza
35
6
71,249
6.97
60
5.7
56.85
10.76
Maputo
71
12.18
59,249
5.79
139
13.21
38.7
7.33
Total
583
100
1,022,501
100
1,052
100
528.18
100
IND has noted that Inhambane is the country’s most mine-affected
province, containing 16 percent of the number of suspected mined areas, 18
percent of affected villages, and 26 percent of the country’s at-risk
population.[20] However, in
terms of square meters of land affected, Nampula is the most contaminated with
29 percent of the mined area, followed by Cabo Delgado with 20
percent.[21]
Suspected Areas and Affected Populations 1999-2003
Survey data and mine clearance operation results are stored in the
Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) at the National Demining
Institute; IMSMA has been operational since
2001.[28]
The national Landmine Impact Survey, carried out from March 2000 to August
2001, identified 1,374 suspected mined areas covering 558 million square meters
of land. An April 2003 IND summary report indicated the IND had
cross-referenced and reconciled all the SMAs identified in the 2001 LIS and in
reports submitted to IND between 1993 and 2002, resulting in a 38 percent
reduction in the total suspected mined area, from 558 million square meters to
346 million square meters – a drop of 212 million square
meters.[29]
In 2003, HALO Trust provided new information that it had re-surveyed 433 of
the 560 SMA covered by the LIS in the four northern provinces; it cleared 65 of
the sites and confirmed another 86 as
affected.[30] It found that the
remaining 282 sites were in fact not affected. Moreover, it identified 89
contaminated sites that had been missed in the survey. Thus, according to HALO,
the LIS overestimated the landmine impact for much of northern Mozambique, but
also failed to identify many mined
areas.[31]
In June 2003, Handicap International’s demining project manager told
Landmine Monitor that the 2001 LIS was, “the first of its kind, it was
faced with several problems due to the floods [and] access” and “the
results were not understood by all. Its purpose was not to be exhaustive and
clearly map every mined site. Therefore, it should be completed by a technical
survey.”[32]
According to mine action operators, donors, and other stakeholders
interviewed by Landmine Monitor, and information previously released by the IND,
there remains a somewhat scattered and at times polarized view on the extent of
the landmine problem in the country and what exactly is needed to remedy it.
Operators are concerned that some donors are decreasing their contributions to
mine action funding in Mozambique, in part because of the decrease in the number
of new mine victims in recent years, in spite of the fact that the landmine
problem remains acute. At the same time, there is still no clear picture of
contaminated sites across the country due to the contradictions between survey
data collected by HALO Trust and by the Landmine Impact Survey. Some operators
are concerned that the 2002-2006 National Mine Action Plan (NMAP) does not
provide real indicators for priority-setting to support socio-economic
development both at the national and local level. The plan also does not
reflect the Mine Ban Treaty requirement that the country be cleared of mines by
1 March 2009.[33]
The NMAP puts a high priority on technical surveys, in order to “reduce
the number and size of all suspected mine areas significantly within 3
years.”[34] According to
an evaluation of humanitarian mine action in Mozambique commissioned by
Denmark’s development agency Danida, “The NMAP concentrates on
development of orientated priority-setting criteria in relation to local and
national needs and puts emphasis on area reduction, mine awareness and
development of a marking system aiming at reducing the number of mine related
accidents.”[35] Technical
surveys are similarly given precedence over mine clearance in directives given
to NGO operators by IND. Commenting on technical surveys in April 2003, the IND
reported “full activities” in Inhambane and “limited
activities” in every other
province.[36] Updated survey
information was not included in Mozambique’s 2004 Article 7 report, but in
March 2004, media reports quoted the IND’s director stating that a sample
technical survey to locate mined areas in the provinces of Maputo and Inhambane
would start in 2004, with the support of the European
Union.[37]
Some mine action operators are concerned that, while technical survey and
area reduction can be effective mine risk reduction measures and fulfill an
important component of an operational working strategy, too large an emphasis on
those aspects without allowing for the necessary demining could jeopardize the
successful completion of clearance of all suspected mined areas by the Mine Ban
Treaty deadline of 1 March 2009, especially with the limited resources at
hand.[38] HALO Trust believes
that all known SMAs can be surveyed with current assets within the next 12
months.[39]
Mine Action Coordination and Planning
Established in 1999, the National Demining Institute (IND) coordinates all
mine action in the country, operating under and reporting directly to the
Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[40]
Besides its headquarters in Maputo, IND has a regional office in Beira (Sofala
province) for the central region and another in Nampula for the northern part of
the country.[41] A National
Demining Fund (Fundo Nacional de Desminagem, FUNAD) is also
planned.[42]
In 19 November 2001, IND produced its first Five-Year National Mine Action
Plan for the period 2002-2006, based on the findings of the Landmine Impact
Survey.[43] The goal is to
create within ten years a “mine-impact free” Mozambique, defined as
“the elimination of impediments to fundamental socio-economic activity and
significant reduction in the risk of encountering
landmines.”[44] However,
Mozambique’s treaty obligation is to have completed destruction of all
antipersonnel mines in mined areas, as soon as possible but not later than 1
March 2009.
IND says that to reach the goal of creating an impact free Mozambique, the
first five-year plan must accomplish the following: all high and medium impact
sites must be cleared and all UXO destroyed; remaining low impact areas must be
surveyed and marked; there must be a fully operational national mine risk
education program; and long-term survivor and victim assistance programs must be
established.[45]
According to IND, mine action is integrated into the government’s
Poverty Reduction Plan, which is aimed at reducing poverty by 20 percent over
the next ten years and raising the standard of living of all
Mozambicans.[46] In a June 2004
statement made by the director of IND in Geneva, he emphasized the
“importance the government attaches to the mine action program, both
because of its importance in contributing towards socio-political stability that
prevails in the country, and also because of its role in the overall government
strategy of poverty reduction, and thus enhance living standards of all
Mozambicans.”[47]
However, according to the evaluation of humanitarian mine action conducted by
Danida, mine clearance is not an integrated part of the poverty reduction plan,
and Danida is concerned that the government did “not prioritize mine
clearance as an element to be included in PARPA (Absolute Poverty Reduction Plan
of Action).”[48]
The UN Development Programme (UNDP) continues to provide capacity-building
assistance to IND.[49] IND and
Accelerated Demining Program staff from have received various trainings through
a joint effort of Cranfield University and a private university (Instituto
Superior Politécnico e Universtitário,
ISPU).[50]
In 2004, IND plans, with the assistance of Austria, France, Italy,
Switzerland, and UNDP, to establish and train three quality assurance teams,
which will give the government an active presence in all aspects of clearance,
and ensure that national and international methods and standards are used and
observed.[51]
The Southern African Development Community (SADC) has been working to
establish a database on all mine-affected countries in the region to facilitate
sharing of experience, advice and information regionally and with the
international community about national and regional mine action activities. In
2004, the main office of this database was transferred from Maputo at the IND
headquarters to Gaberone, Botswana, and eventually should be connected to
sub-regional offices in Angola, Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe and possibly
Malawi.[52]
In 2004, IND’s regular annual audit detected some financial
irregularities, which showed misappropriation of funds by four employees of IND,
UNDP and NPA. The staff members were immediately suspended and collaborative
ongoing investigations are attempting to uncover the extent of the
problem.[53]
Mine Clearance
According to IND, 7,058,095 square meters of affected land was cleared in
2003, and 9,263 antipersonnel mines, 1,395 antivehicle mines, and 13,455 items
of unexploded ordnance (UXO) were
destroyed.[54] The area cleared
represents a 20 percent decrease compared to 8.9 million square meters reported
cleared in 2002.
IND reports that NGOs cleared 5,404,177 square meters in 2003—an
increase from 3 million square meters cleared in
2002.[55] Commercial operators
Mozambique Mine Action-MMA, JV Desminagem and ECOMS Desminagem SARL demined
858,399 square meters in 2003—a notable decrease from 3.9 million square
meters cleared in 2002. The Mozambique Armed Defense Forces (FADM) cleared
795,519 square meters in
2003.[56]
According to IND, between 1997 and 2003, a total of 35,640,945 square meters
of affected land was cleared, and 29,158 antipersonnel mines, 68 antivehicle
mines, and 4,514 UXO were
destroyed.[57] Based on
previous statistics cited in annual Landmine Monitor Reports, IND has reported
clearance from 1999 to 2003 as ranging from 29.2 million square meters up to
35.2 million square meters. Information provided by the mine action operators
indicates clearance of 35 million square meters from 1999 to 2003.
In the six years it has been reporting, Landmine Monitor has faced
difficulties in reconciling conflicting data on mine clearance for Mozambique,
particularly as reported by the government and some commercial companies. Over
the years, there clearly has been ineffective maintenance and updating of the
national clearance database. Still, there has been consistent and reliable
reporting by major NGO operators, including Accelerated Demining Program, HALO
Trust, and Norwegian People's Aid.
Landmine Monitor Report 2003 found that according to an IND activity
report, approximately 8.9 million square meters of land was cleared in
2002,[58] but figures obtained
direct from NGO demining operators indicated a total of over 9.17 million square
meters.[59] To further
complicate the issue, other IND figures for the period indicated a total area of
7.37 million square meters was
cleared.[60]Landmine
Monitor Report 2002 outlined inconsistencies in clearance reporting in 2001:
according an IND report table, a total of 12.41 million square meters was
cleared in 2001,[61] but other,
more detailed IND charts indicated that a total of 7.86 million square meters of
land was cleared.[62] Landmine
Monitor concluded that it appeared that approximately 8.88 million square meters
of land was cleared in 2001.[63]
Landmine Monitor Report 2001 reported that according to IND, in 2000,
a total of 4,982,907 square meters was cleared, and 6,679 mines
destroyed.[64]Landmine
Monitor Report 2000 said that according to data obtained from five major
mine clearance operators a total of five square kilometers was cleared in 1999,
far more than IND’s figure of two square
kilometers.[65]Landmine
Monitor Report 1999 noted that according to corrected CND data provided by
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, a total of 189 square
kilometers of land was cleared between 1993 and the end of 1998, and 54,468
landmines were destroyed.[66]
In 2003, ten operators were engaged in mine clearance-related activities in
Mozambique: five NGOs (HALO Trust, HI, NPA, PAD/ADP, and MgM), four commercial
firms (RONCO, Mozambique Mine Action, JV Desminagem, and ECOMS Desminagem SARL),
and the Mozambique Armed
Forces.[67] In 2004, three of
these operators were no longer working in the country (MgM, JV. Desminagem, and
ECOMS).[68]
According to IND, at least six more operators worked on mine action projects
in Mozambique prior to 2003: Afrovita (June 2000-Apr. 2002), Armor Special
Clearance Service (Nov. 2000-Mar. 2001), Empresa Moçambicana de
Desminagem Lda (Apr. 2000-July 2002), Mechem (Sept. 1997 1998-Oct. 2001),
MineTech (May 1997-Dec. 1999), and Necochaminas (Oct. 2000-Oct.
2001).[69] Carlos Gassmann
Tecnologias de Vanguarda Aplicadas Lda (CGTVA), and Lince Lda. and Qualitas
Lda., subsidiary companies of BRZ International, provided quality assurance.
HALO Trust:[71] Since
1994, HALO Trust has carried out mine action in the northern provinces of Cabo
Delgado, Nampula, Niassa, and Zambézia using manual and mechanical
humanitarian mine clearance techniques, along with mine detecting dogs. In
2003, HALO cleared 1,274,861 square meters of affected land, surveyed 78,756,136
square meters, and conducted area reduction of 123,180 square
meters.[72] It destroyed a
total of 7,134 antipersonnel mines (including 5,755 stockpiled mines), 1,382
stockpiled antivehicle mines, and 628
UXO.[73] HALO reported that
10,312,176 hectares in Zambézia, 7,812,227 hectares in Nampula,
12,257,647 hectares in Niassa and 7,783,899 hectares in Cabo Delgado are areas
considered free of mines in
2004.[74]
HALO is intending in late 2004 to commence the process of declaring districts
as being mine-impact free, as it believes a number of districts within the four
northern provinces contain no known mine problem. HALO reported that whereas
IND in its 2003 Article 7 report presented 365 million square meters of SMA in
Mozambique’s four Northern provinces, HALO believes the correct figure, as
of 1 April 2004, to be only 23 million square
meters.[75]
In the first quarter of 2004, HALO cleared 310,435 square meters, destroying
747 antipersonnel mines, two antivehicle mines and 656
UXO.[76] From 1 January to 31
August, HALO cleared 2,126,926 square meters, destroyed 28,666 antipersonnel
minees, 362 antivehicle mines and 23,524
UXO.[77] Between 1999 and 2003,
HALO cleared 2,775,581 square meters and surveyed 279,861,539 square meters,
destroying 16,618 antipersonnel mines, 1,512 antivehicle mines, and 2,355
UXO.[78]
In 2003, HALO’s activities were funded by the UK (until 31 March 2003)
and Japan in Zambézia (from 1 April 2003), by the Netherlands in Nampula,
by Ireland in Niassa and by Switzerland in Cabo Delgado. Tokyo Broadcasting
System in association with the Zero Landmine Campaign of the Association for Aid
and Relief (Japan), funded manual operations across all four provinces. The US
Department of State funded clearance in both Cabo Delgado and Zambézia
provinces. The total reported funding for 2003 was approximately US$5
million.[79] Reported funding
for 2004 is approximately US$3
million.[80]
Handicap International: Since January 1998, Handicap International
(HI) has conducted proximity demining in Inhambane, Manica, and Sofala
provinces. Following a reduction in funding support in 2003, HI was forced to
decrease its demining personnel from 130 to
60.[81] As of September 2004,
HI employed 63 staff, including 48 deminers deployed in three integrated
EOD/mine clearance teams using manual and mechanical methods, as well as mine
detecting dogs. HI maintains small mobile group teams and works for the
communities outside of the big projects, clearing such areas such as medical
posts, bridges, and schools.[82]
According to IND, HI cleared 193,361 square meters of affected land in 2003
and 252,636 square meters in
2002.[83] It destroyed 67
antipersonnel mines, two antivehicle mines and 1,341 UXO in
2003.[84] From 1998 until
August 2004, HI cleared 184 sites, equivalent to 1,015,314 square meters, and
destroyed 338 antipersonnel mines, 12 antivehicle mines, 1,310 UXO, and several
stockpiles of weapons.[85]
In 2004, HI’s donors included of: Austria (for clearance in Sofala
province); Canadian Auto Workers, Canada (CIDA), Japan, and Adopt-A-Minefield
(for Inhambane); and Switzerland (for Manica). In the past, HI has received
support from Australia (Austcare and AusAID), EU, Norway, and Sweden.
Norwegian People’s
Aid:[86] In 1993, NPA
started to work in Mozambique and since 1996 it has operated in the central
provinces of Tete, Manica and Sofala. Operational headquarters are located at
Chimoio in Manica province, while the management retains a permanent
headquarters in Maputo. Following a significant reorganization and downsizing,
NPA’s mine action program employed 125 staff in September 2004 (down from
over 300 staff employed in 2003), and used two mechanical mine clearance and
verification machines and 13 mine detecting dogs. In 2003, NPA conducted six
clearance tasks and 14 technical survey tasks, clearing 525,464 square meters
and another 675,177 through area reduction, and destroyed 96 antipersonnel
mines, four antivehicle mines, and 298 UXO. In 2003, NPA received funding
support from Denmark, the Netherlands, Norway and
Sweden.[87]
In the first quarter of 2004, NPA cleared 125,425 square meters, destroying
55 antipersonnel mines and 13 UXO. Between 1999 and 2003, NPA cleared 9,254,013
square meters of land (including a technical survey in 2003), and destroyed
7,747 antipersonnel mines, nine antivehicle mines, and 1,265
UXO.[88]
In 2004, NPA reorganized its operation, including streamlining the mechanical
component, and adjusting the mine dog component to use the same training
methodology implemented by NPA
worldwide.[89] NPA is preparing
a phase-down strategy, under which its operational capacity will be
progressively downsized prior to a complete withdrawal of NPA staff and assets
by early 2007.[90] In April
2004, NPA suspended its national program manager following the discovery of
financial irregularities. He is no longer with the organization.
Accelerated Demining
Program:[91] The
Accelerated Demining Program (Programa Acelerado de Desminagem, PAD) began as a
UN-sponsored project in 1995 and became a nationally executed program in 1997.
In 2003, ADP continued to operate in the southern provinces of Maputo, Gaza and
Inhambane, employing 381 Mozambican staff and two expatriate technical advisers.
In 2003, ADP deployed ten manual demining platoons, two independent demining
sections for smaller clearance tasks, four survey teams and a mine detecting dog
team. In 2003, ADP cleared 3,086,570 square meters of land and destroyed 290
antipersonnel mines, eight antivehicle mines and 151
UXO.[92] In 2003, ADP’s
demining training personnel carried out in site demining inspections, mine risk
education, and participated in leadership training and refresher courses in
Guinea Bissau.
From 1 January to 31 August 2004, ADP cleared 1,359,236 square meters, and
destroyed 108 antipersonnel mines, two antivehicle mines and 377
UXO.[93]
In 2003, ADP received funding support from Australia, Denmark, Ireland,
Italy, New Zealand, and
Sweden.[94]
Menschen gegen Minen: The Germany-based NGO MgM carried out mine
clearance operations in Mozambique between 2000 and 2003, clearing 40 kilometers
of minefields along the Limpopo railway (from Maputo to Zimbabwe between Monte
Alto at Mpelane and Mabalane). In 2003, MgM deployed 44 deminers, six mine
detecting dogs and two machines in Gaza province, where it cleared 138,619
square meters of land[95] and
destroyed 607 antipersonnel
mines.[96] In 2002, MgM cleared
232,441 square meters of land in Gaza, destroying 689 antipersonnel mines, 196
antivehicle mines and 44 UXO. The project concluded at the end of
2003.[97] Germany was the sole
donor to MgM’s demining project in Mozambique.
RONCO: U.S. commercial company RONCO Consulting Corporation has
carried out several mine action contracts in Mozambique since 1993. Between
August 2000 and February 2003, RONCO deployed 12 mine detecting dogs and dog
handlers to conduct demining operations along the Sena Railway Line in Sofala
province under a contract with the U.S. Department of State. In this period,
the MEDF cleared over 460 kilometers of railway line and over seven million
square meters of land. Since concluding verification of the demining work in
November 2002, RONCO has been assisting CFM (Mozambique Railways) teams to clear
work areas and access paths. Working with eight mine detecting dogs, 53
deminers and one machine, RONCO cleared 33,163 square meters of land in
2003[98] and destroyed 222
antipersonnel mines and one
UXO.[99.] In 2004, RONCO
employed 104 Mozambican personnel, making it the third largest employer in
Sofala province.[100]
RONCO supported other mine action-related tasks in Mozambique from 2000 to
2002, including establishing and supporting a quality assurance capability for
the IND. RONCO also supervises Mozambique’s Quick Reaction Demining
Force, described below. The United States is the sole donor to RONCO’s
demining work in Mozambique, providing $1 million in
2003.[101]
Mozambique Mine Action: In 2003, commercial Mozambican operator,
Mozambique Mine Action (MMA), established in 2001, cleared 732,688 square
meters, in Massingir, Gaza
province[102] and destroyed 222
antipersonnel mines and 119
UXO.[103] In 2002, MMA cleared
53,920 square meters in Nhassacara, Manica province and in Vilankulos, Inhambane
province. In 2002, MMA carried out two mine clearance projects in Maputo at an
industrial zone for Sasol and in residential area in Ponta de Ouro. MMA is
based in Chimoio (Manica) and uses combined mine clearance methods (manual,
mechanical and dogs). MMA was supported by the German Cooperation (GTZ).
JV Desminagem: JV Desminagem is a commercial Mozambican operator that
has worked in Mozambique since 2002. In 2003, the company cleared 34,001 square
meters of land[104] and
destroyed 40 antipersonnel mines from the edges of national road number 2 in
Maputo province.[105] In 2002,
JV Desminagem carried out technical surveys in Gaza province. The company has
received funding from the
IND.[106]
ECOMS: In 2003, ECOMS Desminagem SARL, a commercial Mozambican company
operating since 2002, cleared 91,710 square meters of land in Gaza province and
destroyed 61 antipersonnel mines and two antivehicle
mines.[107] The company has
received funding from the IND.
Mozambique Armed Defense Forces: In 2001, engineers from the 1st
Battalion of the Mozambique Armed Defense Forces received demining training and
equipment from the United States. In 2003, FADM cleared 795,519 square meters
of land and destroyed 18 antipersonnel mines, one antivehicle mine and 3,367 UXO
in Sofala province using manual and mechanical clearance methods, as well as
mine detecting dogs.[108]
Mine Risk Education
Providers of MRE in Mozambique in 2003 included IND, demining organizations
including HI, the Red Cross Society of Mozambique, government institutions, and
local NGOs. In 1999, IND took over responsibility for the National Coordination
Program of Education Activities to Prevent Mines and UXO Accidents (PEPAM)
network HI had developed since
1995.[109] IND’s National
Mine Action Plan for the period 2002-2006 recognized a need “for an
aggressive and sustained Mine Risk Education and Marking campaigns to be
re-launched” based on
PEPAM.[110]
According to the IND, a total of 840,972 people took part in mine risk
education sessions in 2003,[111]
a sharp increase compared to the 170,000 reported in
2002.[112] From 1992 to 2002, a
total of 1,406,042 people either attended MRE sessions or were the expected
wider target group. The IND was unable to located an annual
breakdown.[113]
In May 2004, IND said that MRE was carried out in the southern provinces of
Maputo, Gaza and Inhambane in 2003, with the assistance of UNICEF and UNDP, but
that almost no MRE took place in the rest of the
country.[114] The IND’s
annual report for 2003 confirmed this and noted there is “an urgent need
to address of financial resources and operational partners to fill this
gap.”[115] The country
program director of HI told Landmine Monitor that most mine clearance operators
develop an integrated approach that includes MRE: “I doubt that a national
action today could have a better impact than the scattered action developed by
operators where the risks are the
highest.”[116] He went on
to add that considering the number of casualties, he was not convinced that an
investment in MRE could be justified in terms of prevention.
According to IND, about 100 local MRE facilitators and 300 teachers were
trained in Inhambane province during 2003, including 25 from the Maputo
Technical School of Geodesia and Cadastro and 275 from schools that are located
in areas affected by mines.[117]
UNICEF financed the project, which targeted school-age children living in
mine-affected areas and attempted to re-introduce MRE into the educational
system.[118]
Between 1999 and 2003, the Red Cross Society of Mozambique (Cruz Vermelha
Moçambicana, CVM), supported by the ICRC, carried out MRE activities. In
2003, it provided 234 MRE sessions that reached 62,678
people.[119] The project ended
in 2003, but MRE is continuing under CVM public education activities.
In June 2003, HI reviewed its MRE strategy and developed three EOD teams to
focus on areas smaller than 15,000 square meters. When working in an area,
HI’s community liaison team provides MRE and collects data on casualties
and mine risk among village leaders, schoolteachers and people living in and
around mine-affected areas. This approach, according to the HI country
director, enables a quick response to all clearance requests by
communities.[120] In the first
half of 2004, HI reached more than 3,510 people through 30 MRE sessions (eight
in Inhambane province, twelve in Manica, and ten in Sofala
provinces).[121]
Mine Action Funding
According to IND, approximately US$18.15 million was received for mine action
activities in 2003 from fifteen governments, the European Commission, UNICEF,
and the NGO UN Association-USA. The biggest contributor was the United States
($3.4 million), followed by Denmark ($2.9 million) and Norway ($2.7 million).
IND cautioned that the “amounts disbursed cannot be accurately
confirmed,” and “fiscal years are not always uniform,” and
some funding was not received in calendar year
2003.[122]
Not included in the total is 18 billion meticais (approximately US$818,181)
provided by the government of Mozambique for mine action in 2003; in 2004, the
government has allocated a much higher sum to mine action of 144 billion
meticais (approximately US$6.5
million).[123]
IND Report on Mine Action Funding for Mozambique in
2003[124]
Funding information provided directly by the donors does not always match
that provided by IND. According to information provided to Landmine Monitor, in
2003, 11 donor governments and the European Commission provided about US$15.25
million for mine action in
Mozambique:[126] Canada gave
C$1,200,000 (US$873,600), Denmark DKK 17,300,000 (US$2,629,179), European
Commission €1,000,000 (US$1,131,500), Germany €1,150,000
(US$1,301,225), Ireland €850,000 (US$961,775), Japan ¥ 84,200,000
(US$690,000), Netherlands US$973,568, New Zealand
US$159,000[127], Norway
NOK15,671,000 (US$2,212,824), Sweden SEK 8,000,000 (US$990,000), Switzerland
US$700,000, and the United States $2,632,000. Australia and Italy did not
report mine action funding for Mozambique in 2003 to Landmine Monitor. Other
support in the past has come from Finland, France, Republic of Korea, and
Slovenia.
Between 1999 and 2003, Landmine Monitor has identified and reported a total
of $73.3 to $79.6 million in funding for mine action in Mozambique: $12.4
million in 1999 from eight donors, $17 million in 2000 from ten donors, $15.1
million in 2001 from thirteen donors, $13.5 million in 2002 from sixteen donors
(IND cites $16.9 million in 2002 from seventeen donors), and $15.3 million in
2003 from twelve donors (IND cites $18.2 million in 2003 from eighteen donors).
In its first report issued in May 1999, Landmine Monitor indicated that
according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Cooperation, between 1993 and
the end of 1998, funding for demining in Mozambique exceeded US$116
million.[128]
Landmine Casualties
In 2003, IND reported 14 new mine casualties in 13 incidents; six people were
killed and eight injured, including four women and two children. However, this
may not represent the total number of casualties as the ability to collect and
record data is reportedly
weak.[129] Casualties were
reported in six provinces: Maputo (three), Gaza (one), Inhambane (five), Sofala
(two), Zambezia (one), Cabo Delgado
(two).[130] The number of new
mine casualties has dropped significantly from 133 casualties reported in 1998,
to 60 in 1999, and 29 in 2000 (eight killed and 21 injured), but rose again to
80 casualties in 2001, before dropping again to 47 casualties in eight provinces
in 2002.[131] NGOs working in
Mozambique have, in the past, questioned whether data collection on mine
casualties is comprehensive and truly reflects the reality on the
ground.[132] In April 2002, the
IND Director was quoted as saying that people were still being injured every day
by landmines.[133]
Casualties continue to be reported in 2004 with 24 mine casualties reported
to July in the provinces of Maputo (seven), Sofala (12) and Tete (five); three
people were killed and 21 injured, including one
child.[134]
Since 1999, at least 42 casualties were reported during mine clearance
activities: one in 2004; four in 2003; nine in 2002 (at least two killed); and
28 in 1999 (five killed and 23
injured).[135] Landmine Monitor
has no information on demining accidents in 2000 or 2001.
In May 2002, a Mozambican peacekeeper serving with the United Nations force
in southern Lebanon (UNIFIL) lost both his hands and injured his legs in an
accident during mine clearance operations. According to Lebanese Police, he was
the third Mozambican peacekeeper to be injured during clearance operations that
month.[136]
In July 2001, a deminer and four mine detecting dogs were killed when a
vehicle carrying seven NPA deminers and a driver hit an antivehicle mine in
Manica province.[137]
According to a media report, there were 615 mine casualties reported between
1996 and 2003, with at least 232 killed and 322 injured; at least 165 were
children. All ten provinces reported casualties, with the highest number
recorded in Maputo province with at least 106
casualties.[138]
Between 1996 and 1999, data on mine incidents was collected under the
National Coordination Program of Education Activities to Prevent Mines and UXO
Accidents (PEPAM), coordinated by Handicap International, which collected,
verified and analyzed incident reports from all mine-affected provinces before
entry into the IND
database.[139]
Since then, the most comprehensive collection of casualty data in the past
five years remains the nationwide Landmine Impact Survey, started in March 2000
and concluded in August 2001. The Survey identified 172 “recent”
landmine casualties, of which 53 were killed. In total, 2,145 casualties were
recorded; no detail was provided on the total number of survivors. The report
acknowledged that the casualty figure is probably understated as 31 communities
reported “many” casualties, but did not estimate an actual number.
The majority of recent casualties (71 percent) were engaged in economic
activities, such as collecting food/water, farming, herding, or household work,
while incidents during travel (seven percent) and tampering (one percent) were
rare.[140]
Survivor Assistance
Mozambique’s healthcare infrastructure was severely damaged during
almost thirty years of armed conflict, with over 40 percent of health clinics
destroyed or forced to close. The floods of 2000 caused further damage to four
hospitals and 52 health centers. There is reportedly a lack of immediate first
aid treatment and no mechanism to arrange treatment or transport to the nearest
health facility. The lack of available transport makes facilities for
continuing care and rehabilitation inaccessible for many landmine survivors.
Orthopedic centers are reportedly not being used to their full capacity because
of the difficulties of access encountered by people from rural areas. In 2001,
at least 46 percent of the population did not have access to formal
healthcare.[141]
Responsibility for landmine survivor assistance is shared by the Ministry of
Health (MINSAU) and the Ministry for Women and the Coordination of Social Action
(MMCAS), which assisted 140 mine survivors in 2003 with transport services,
medical, and financial support; a small increase from 133 survivors assisted in
2002.[142] Unfortunately, the
program operates in only one of the country’s ten mine-affected
provinces.[143]
The World Health Organization (WHO) has initiated training programs in
pre-hospital care and surgical techniques for trauma victims, including landmine
casualties. More than twenty trainers, including twelve doctors and eight
medical technicians, participated in the program at a national level and now
initiate pre-hospital trauma care training programs throughout
Mozambique.[144]
In January 1999, the Ministry of Health operated nine orthopedic centers
providing rehabilitation and orthopedic devices, with technical assistance from
international NGOs, HI and
POWER.[145] In 2004, Mozambique
has ten orthopedic centers, including one opened by the National Red Cross,
sixty physiotherapy centers, and ten transit centers specifically designated to
host persons with disabilities undergoing
treatment.[146]
The Mozambique Red Cross Society (CVM) operates the Jaipur Orthopedic Center
(COJ) in Gaza province. The COJ is the first rehabilitation center to be wholly
run by a Mozambican NGO, and is located in a rural district to facilitate and
improve access to rural communities. The center provides mobility devices,
vocational training, disability awareness and social support programs. Since
the center opened in February 2000, more than 829 people have benefited from the
program, including over 298 in 2003; 106 were mine survivors. In 2003, the
CVM’s activities were funded by the Portuguese Red Cross, the Canadian Red
Cross, and the Jaipur Limp Campaign. In 2004, financial support is provided by
the German Red Cross. Previous donors include the UK-based Comic Relief, the
Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, Khalatbari Foundation, and private
donors.[147] The CVM, with
financial assistance from the Canadian Red Cross, also implements survivor
assistance programs in the provinces of Gaza, Inhambane, Manica, Zambezia and
Tete. The program facilitates transport to the orthopedic centers and supports
socio-economic reintegration
activities.[148]
Handicap International has operated in Mozambique since 1986, establishing
orthopedic centers in the cities of Vilanculos, Inhambane, Lichinga, Tete,
Pemba, and Nampula, which are now fully integrated into the Ministry of Health.
HI’s activities in physical medicine and rehabilitation focus on
supporting the quality of national services, and improving the skills of staff
in the rehabilitation sector, including sending orthopedic technicians to Lyon
in France to upgrade qualifications. HI also works with the MMCAS and the Forum
of Mozambican Associations of Disabled Persons (FAMOD) to improve access to
physical medicine and rehabilitation services, and to promote the rights of all
persons with disabilities.[149]
POWER supported the Ministry of Health prosthetic and orthotic services until
the end of May 2002, providing materials for the manufacture of limbs and
technical expertise to improve the quality of services, for four centers in
Maputo City, Beira, Nampula, and Quelimane and the HI-supported centers. In
2002, POWER changed its focus from prosthetics and orthotics to assisting
persons with disabilities in Mozambique to participate fully in civil society by
empowering disability organizations to build capacity and services for their
members. POWER works closely with FAMOD, the umbrella organization of
disability associations, and ten local organizations representing persons with
disabilities, in a four-year program funded by the European Commission. Other
donors include USAID, The Community Fund, and Foundation Pro Victimis. POWER is
also involved in a number of vocational training initiatives in metal work,
leatherwork and carpentry, to provide specialized skills for persons with
disabilities.[150]
Cooperation Canada Mozambique’s four-year program in the provinces of
Inhambane and Nampula ended in March 2002. The program provided transport to
the orthopedic and rehabilitation centers, and assisted about 100 mine survivors
over the four years.[151]
Landmine Survivors Network (LSN) has been active in Zambézia province
since 1999 working in Quelimane, Ile, Maganja da Costa, and Nicoadala.
LSN’s community-based outreach workers, who are amputees, work with
individual survivors to assess their needs, offer psychological and social
support, and educate their families about the effects of limb loss. LSN assists
survivors in accessing services that provide mobility devices, health services,
or vocational training. If no such services exist, LSN sometimes provides
direct assistance including covering the cost of prostheses, house repairs or
emergency food aid. LSN works with local associations, including the
Association of Disabled Mozambicans (ADEMO) and the Association of Military
Disabled (ADEMIMO), to increase awareness about disability rights. In 2003, LSN
supported the socio-economic reintegration of 321 mine survivors and their
families; a significant increase over the 193 assisted in 2002. Of the 321
survivors assisted, only twelve are no longer in need of assistance. LSN has
also facilitated the start of over 128 small income generation activities since
1999. LSN also establishes social support groups, and links survivors to
existing job training and other economic and social service opportunities, and
tracks their progress toward recovery and reintegration. In 2004, LSN plans to
expand the program to other districts of Zambézia province and Sofala and
Inhambane provinces.[152]
There are several Mozambican disability organizations working on advocacy and
two in particular, ADEMO and ADEMIMO, work to support the rights of landmine
survivors. Two mine survivors from these organizations participated in the
Raising the Voices training in Geneva in September
2002.[153]
One of the major problems for mine survivors is the lack of opportunities for
socio-economic reintegration. Even after receiving physical rehabilitation and
prostheses many survivors cannot find employment to support themselves or their
families.[154] The government
acknowledges that financial constraints are limiting the availability of
programs to assist mine survivors and that more facilities are needed to promote
their socio-economic
reintegration.[155]
The World Rehabilitation Fund (WRF), in partnership with UNDP, has developed
a number of projects including a rural economic development project, supporting
POWER and ADEMO with two vocational training programs in metal work and baking,
providing technical advice to IND in the development of policies for survivor
assistance, disability awareness education, and providing technical assistance
to Beira Hospital to improve services to landmine survivors. The economic
development and vocational training programs directly benefit more than 100 mine
survivors and other persons with
disabilities.[156] ADEMO is also
involved in a number of other income generation initiatives for mine survivors.
One project provides donkeys to mine survivors, while another project breeds
ducks and goats.[157]
Following a Mine Victim Assistance Workshop, sponsored by the WRF in November
2001, IND developed a draft policy for Survivor and Victim
Assistance.[158] The policy
includes plans to “develop appropriate strategies and methodologies for
providing long-term assistance” for landmine survivors. The IND Five Year
National Mine Action Plan (2002-2006) affirmed its coordinating role in mine
victim assistance.[159]
Assistance programs for mine survivors reportedly face major difficulties due
to the lack of financial resources and the needs of survivors greatly exceed the
available medical assistance and supply of prostheses. It is acknowledged that
very few mine survivors have benefited from assistance programs in Mozambique,
and that there is a need for a stronger commitment to implement assistance
programs.[160] IND, in
collaboration with MINSAU and MMCAS, has developed a project aimed at improving
the daily lives of mine survivors and their families. Planned activities and
outcomes of the project include increased geographic coverage of services,
increased capacity of transportation services to rehabilitation centers, support
and upgrading of existing orthopedic centers, on-going training of
rehabilitation workers, increased psychological support after a mine incident,
raising awareness on disability issues, increased access to vocational training
and employment opportunities, and the creation of a database. Mozambique seeks
the support of donors and international NGOs and agencies to implement the
project.[161]
Since 2001, Mozambique has submitted the voluntary Form J attachment to its
four annual Article 7 reports, providing information on victim assistance
activities.
Disability Policy and Practice
In June 1999, Parliament enacted a national disability law, and the Cabinet
approved the first national policy on persons with disabilities (Resolution no.
20/99) that included principles and strategies to encourage the active
participation of disabled people in the country’s socio-economic
development. However, the policy has not been fully implemented due to a lack
of resources.[162] There is
reportedly a huge gap between the intent of the legislation and the reality of
the problems faced by persons with disabilities in their daily
lives.[163]
The Ministry for Women and the Coordination of Social Action (MMCAS) is the
national coordinating agency for assistance to persons with disabilities.
[1] Article 7 Report, Form A, 23 April
2004. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
339. [2] Interview with Gamiliel
Munguambe, Director, National Demining Institute, Geneva, 29 June
2004. [3] See Article 7 reports
submitted: 30 March 2000 (covering 1 March–31 August 1999)—this
initial report was due by 27 August 1999; 30 October 2001 (covering 1 September
1999-31 December 2000); 2 July 2002 (for calendar year 2001); and one with no
submission date (covering 1 January 2002-1 March
2003). [4] Landmine Monitor Report
1999, p.44. [5] Interview with
Numibio Mambique, Legal Advisor, IND, Geneva, 29 June
2004. [6] Article 7 Report, Form E, 23
April 2004. [7] For details, see
Landmine Monitor Report 1999, p.
45. [8] Human Rights Watch, Still
Killing: Landmine in Southern Africa (New York: HRW, 1997), pp.
74-75. [9] National Demining
Institute, “Mine Action Programme Annual Report: 2003,” Maputo,
February 2004, p. 4. Details on the types and countries of origin of the mine
stockpile were provided in Mozambique’s initial Article 7 Report,
submitted March 2000: 310 AUPS mines (Italy); 367 M966 (Portugal or Belgium);
41 M969 (Portugal); 3,383 M971 (unknown origin); 11,930 M67-5-18 (unknown);
1,802 MON-100 (Soviet Union); 971 MON-50 (Soviet Union); 2,679 OZM-4 (Soviet
Union); 406 OZM-72 (Soviet Union); 3,326 PMD-6 (Soviet Union); 8,966 PMN (Soviet
Union); 493 PMN-2 (Soviet Union); 528 POMZ (Soviet Union); 2,616 POMZ-2 (Soviet
Union). See, table in Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
109. [10] In Moamba, 2,000 mines were
destroyed on 19 March 2002; 6,000 mines on 22 August 2002; and 2,700 mines on 28
February 2003; in Sofala, 13,818 mines were destroyed on 30 October 2002; in
Nampula, 10,812 mines were destroyed on 25 February 2003; and in Chokwe, 1,988
mines were destroyed on 20 February 2003, as reported in Article 7 Report, Forms
B, D, and G, for the period 1 January 2002-1 March 2003. Landmine Monitor notes
that these totals do not include 500 mines destroyed in September 2001 at
Moamba, as reported in the 2002 Article 7 Report. Canada supported the
destruction program with a contribution of US$22,670, of which $8,157 was used.
Interview with Gamiliel Munguambe, IND, 14 June
2004. [11] Article 7 Report, Form D,
23 April 2004. Mines retained for training and development purposes include 900
mines for the Armed Forces, 151 for the Accelerated Demining Program, 216 for
HALO, 18 for RONCO, and 185 for
HI. [12] Interview with Eng. Aurelio
Faduc, Chief, Department of Study, Planning and Information, and Augusto
Nogueira, Information Advisor, National Demining Institute, Maputo, 24 June
2004. [13] Landmine Monitor notes that
it is unclear where these mines originated. All previous Article 7 reports
cited a stockpile of 37,818 with no mines retained, and this is the total
reported as destroyed in 2003. [14]
CIDC and Paul F. Wilkinson & Associates Inc, “Landmine Impact
Survey,” August 2001. The survey was carried out by the CIDC, with
quality assurance provided by the Survey Action Center and the UNMAS. See also
Landmine Monitor 2001, pp.
109-112. [15] Email from Sara
Sekkenes, Program Manager, Norwegian People's Aid, 11 September
2004. [16] Interview with
Administrator of Murrupula district, Afonso das Neves, reported by Jaime Cuambe,
“Descobertas areas de estarem ainda minadas,” (Discovered areas that
are suspected to be mined), Noticias (newspaper), 3 March
2004. [17] Article 7 Report, Form C,
2003. [18] Article 7 Report, 23 April
2004; interview with Ego Aurelio Faduc and Augusto Nogueira, IND, 24 June
2004. [19] National Demining
Institute, “Annual Plan of Demining Priorities 2004,” Maputo,
February 2004; Article 7 Report, Form C, 23 April
2004. [20] IND, “Annual Plan
2004,” Maputo, February 2004, p.
4. [21]Ibid., p.
5. [22] CND, Bulletin No. 8, March
1999; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p.
67. [23] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004. [24]
“Summary of MLIS Activities and Findings,” attachment to email from
David Horton, CIDC, 26 July 2001; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
110. [25] Article 7 Report, Form C, 2
July 2002; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p.
110. [26] IND, “Mine Action in
Mozambique 2002,” April 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
341. [27] IND, “Annual Plan
2004,” p. 4. [28] Landmine
Monitor Report 2002, p. 354. [29] IND,
“Summary Report 2002,” April 2003; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
340. [30] Response to LM Questionnaire
by Cameron Imber, Mozambique Program Manager, HALO Trust, 9 May
2003. [31]
Ibid. [32] Interview with
Adérito Ismael, Chief of Project, Handicap International, Inhambane, 2
June 2003. [33] Email from Sara
Sekkenes, Program Manager, Norwegian People's Aid Mozambique, 11 September
2004. [34] Danida, “Review,
Support To Humanitarian Mine Action, Mozambique, 16-27/2 2004,” April
2004, p. 4. [35] Ibid., p.
10. [36] IND, “Mine Action
2002,” April 2003. [37] Jaime
Cuambe, “O governo cria projecto-piloto para identificar áreas
minadas” (Government creates a sample project to identify mined areas),
Notícias (newspaper), 2 March
2004. [38] Interview with Sara
Sekkenes, NPA, 21 August 2004. [39]
Email from Tim Porter, Southern Africa Desk, HALO, 5 October
2004. [40] The IND replaced the
National Demining Commission (CND) that year after problems with the earlier
institution and loss of donor confidence; see Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p.
69. For more information on the CND, see Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp.
54-55. [41] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
344. [42] Interview with Ego Aurelio
Faduco and Augusto Nogueira, IND, 16 September
2004 [43] National Demining Institute,
“Five Year National Mine Action Plan 2002-2006,” 19 November 2001.
See also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
344. [44]
Ibid. [45] Ibid. See also Landmine
Monitor Report 2003, p. 344. [46] IND,
“Annual Plan 2004;” see also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp. 344
–245. [47] Presentation by
Gamiliel Munguambe, IND, Standing Committee On Mine Clearance, Mine Risk
Education And Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 21 June
2004. [48] Danida, “Support To
Mozambique,” April 2004, p.
9. [49] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004. [50]
Interview with Renato Raimundo, President, Clube de Jovens da Huila (Angola),
Maputo, 3 June 2003; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p.
344. [51] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004. [52]
Interview with Eng. Aurelio Faduc and Augusto Nogueira, IND, Maputo, 24 June
2004. [53] Email from Sara Sekkenes,
NPA, 30 September 2004; email from Gamiliel Munguambe, IND, 30 September 2004;
[54] National Demining Institute, www.ind.gov.mz/sumario2003.htm [55]
IND includes RONCO, a commercial contractor, in its listing of NGOs. IND
considers RONCO as a humanitarian operator, because it is not following the
process that is used in Mozambique by commercial operators.
[56] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p. 5. [57]
In Cabo Delgado provinces (2,296,424 square meters), Gaza (2,197,600), Inhambane
(14,460,965), Manica (2,884,286), Maputo (4,986,495), Nampula (518,337), Niassa
(516,327), Sofala (3,966,067), Tete (2,080,767), Zambezia (1,733,667). This
adds up to 35,640,935 square meters, not the total provided in the table of
35,640,945 square meters. “Summary of Finished Tasks: From January 1997 to
December 2003,” IND Website, www.ind.gov.mz/en/tconcluidas.htm
accessed 5 September 2004. [58] IND,
“Mine Action 2002,” April
2003. [59] For details on the
discrepancies, see Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp.
345-346. [60] Statement by Gamiliel
Mumguambe, IND, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, 5 February
2003. [61] IND, “Demining
Activities in Mozambique: 1997-2001,” Maputo, 30 January 2002, Table II,
p. 6. [62] IMSMA database information,
emailed to Landmine Monitor by IND, 9 July 2002.
[63] For details on the
discrepancies, see Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp.
355-356. [64] IND, “History of
Mine Action in Mozambique,” 31 January
2001. [65] Landmine Monitor Report
2000, p. 72. [66] Landmine Monitor
Report 1999, p. 48. [67] IND,
“Annual Report 2003,” February 2004, pp.
7-8. [68] “Current Mine
Clearance Sites (May 2004),” IND Website, www.ind.gov.mz/en/corente.htm
accessed 5 September 2004. [69]
“Summary of Finished Tasks: From January 1997 to December 2003,” IND
Website. [70] IND Website, www.ind.gov.mz/sumario2003.htm [71]
Email from Cameron Imber, HALO, 31 May
2004. [72] Email from Matthew Hovell,
Caucasus and Balkans Desk Officer, HALO, 3 September
2004. [73] Ibid.; interview with Ego
Aurelio Faduc and Augusto Nogueira, IND, 24 June 2004. According to IND, this
included: 327,956 square meters of land and 114 antipersonnel mines in
Zambézia; 384,538 square meters of land and 38 antipersonnel mines in
Nampula; 254,366 square meters of land and 67 antipersonnel mines in Niassa;
308,001 square meters of land and 1,169 antipersonnel mines in Cabo
Delgado. [74] Email from Cameron
Imbir, HALO, 12 April 2004. A hectare equals 10,000 square meters of
land. [75] Email from Tim Porter,
HALO, 5 October 2004. [76] Email from
Cameron Imbir, HALO, 12 April
2004. [77] IMSMA database, IND,
Maputo, accessed 17 September
2004. [78] Email from Matthew Hovell,
HALO, 3 September 2004. [79] Email
from Cameron Imbir, HALO, 31 May
2004. [80]
Ibid. [81] Danida, “Support To
Mozambique,” April 2004, p.
7. [82] Email from Adérito
Ismael, HI, 27 May 2004. [83]
Interview with Ego Aurelio Faduc and Augusto Nogueira, IND, 24 June
2004. [84] IMSMA Database, IND,
2004. [85] Email from Gilbert Hascoet,
Country Program Director, HI, Maputo, 29 September
2004. [86] Email from Geir Bjorsvik,
Advisor, Norwegian People’s Aid, Oslo, 29 June
2004. [87] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p.
11. [88] NPA reports clearance of
1,712,446 square meters in 1999; 2,624,231 in 2000; 1,726,760 in 2001; 1,989,935
in 2002; and, 1,200,641 in 2003, including technical
survey. [89] Email from Geir Bjorsvik,
NPA, 29 June 2004. [90] Danida,
“Support To Mozambique,” April 2004, p.
19. [91] Unless otherwise noted, all
information on ADP is taken from: ADP, Quarterly Report for period October to
December 2003, Maputo. [92] IMSMA
Database, IND, accessed 17 June
2004. [93]
Ibid. [94] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p.
11. [95] Ibid., p.
7. [96] IMSMA Database, IND, accessed
17 June 2004. [97] Danida,
“Support To Mozambique,” April 2004, p.
17. [98] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p.
7. [99.] IMSMA Database, IND, accessed
17 June 2004. [100] RONCO website, www.roncoconsulting.com accessed 5
September 2004. [101] IND,
“Annual Report 2003,” February 2004, p.
11. [102] Ibid., p.
8. [103] IMSMA Database, IND, accessed
17 June 2004. [104] IND, “Annual
Report Mozambique 2003,” February 2004, p.
8. [105] IMSMA Database, IND, accessed
17 June 2004. [106] Email from JV
Consultants (no name provided), JV Demining, 8 May
2003. [107] IMSMA Database, IND,
accessed 17 June 2004. [108]
Ibid. [109] Landmine Monitor Report
2001, p.117; Landmine Monitor Report 2002,
p.358. [110] UNIDIR,
“Participatory Monitoring of Humanitarian Mine Action: Giving Voice to
Citizens of Nicaragua, Mozambique and Cambodia,” 2003, p. 46; Dr.
Hildegard Scheu, “Pilot Study on Participatory Monitoring and Evaluation
of Humanitarian Mine Action in Mozambique,” UNIDIR,
2002. [111] Article 7 Report 2003,
Form I, 23 April 2004. The IND reports that the total was calculated “by
estimating the target group that the 300 agents and 100 teachers would be in
contact with in the local village/town community regions etc. This was an
estimate only, based on our population information of the likely dissemination
of the MRE message through the 400 teachers and agents.” When asked
whether there is a system to monitor and support teachers and local agents, IND
responded, “The IND have regional MRE support personnel to conduct follow
up visits to ensure the MRE is conducted to the target groups.” However,
in this case no follow up visits have occurred due to the lack of funds. Email
from Graeme Abernethy, TA Operations, IND, 11 September
2004. [112] Interview with Orlando
Uaiene, Chief, Department of the Operations, IND, Maputo, 14 May 2004. IND
explains the increase between 2002 and 2003 as follows: “It was a funding
issue, the budget in 2003 was larger than in 2002. The same method was used,
teachers and agents to pass the MRE messages on to the greater community. Less
money less group targeted.” Email from Graeme Abernethy, IND, 11 September
2004. [113] Email from Graeme
Abernethy, IND, 14 September
2004. [114] Interview with Orlando
Uaiene, IND, 14 May 2004. [115] IND,
“Mine Action 2003,” February 2004, p.
14. [116] Email from Gilbert Hascoet,
HI, 12 August 2004. [117] IND,
“Mine Action 2003,” February 2004, p.
9. [118] Article 7 Report 2003, Form
I, 23 April 2004. [119] Interview with
Helena Timbana, Coordinator of National Social Programs, CVM, Maputo, 31 May
2004. [120] Email from Gilbert
Hascoet, HI, 12 August 2004. [121]
Telephone interview with Patricio Bitunga, Project Coordinator, HI, 31 August
2004. [122] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p.
10. [123] Statement by Gamiliel
Munguambe, IND, in meeting with the donors, reported in “Governo
compartipa com 144 biliões MT,” Notícias 21 April 2004;
interview with Gamiliel Munguambe, IND, 14 June
2004. [124] IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004, p.
11. [125] Additional information
inserted by Landmine Monitor, 7 July 2004; IND, “Annual Report
2003,” February 2004. [126]
Unless otherwise noted, information comes from the individual country reports in
this edition of Landmine Monitor Report. In some cases, the funding was for the
country’s fiscal year, not calendar year 2003. Landmine Monitor has
converted the currencies and rounded off
numbers. [127] This figure is from FY
2002/2003. [128] Landmine Monitor
Report 1999, p. 48. [129] IND,
“Annual Report 2003,” February 2004, p. 8; Article 7 Report, Form I,
23 April 2004. [130] Interview with
Orlando Uaiene, IND, 14 September
2004. [131] Data provided to Landmine
Monitor by IND, 13 April 2000; IMSMA Database, Victim Statistics, IND, 31
January 2001; Article 7 Report, Form I, 2 July 2002; and interview with Gamiliel
Mumguambe, IND, 14 May 2003. Between 1998 and 2002, a breakdown of the number
of casualties killed or injured was not
provided. [132] World Rehabilitation
Fund, “Mine Victim Assistance Support Visit: Mozambique Country
Visit,” November 2001, p.
4. [133] “Army Hopes to Destroy
Stockpiles By Next Year,” IRIN, 26 April
2002. [134] Interviews with Orlando
Uaiene, IND, 16 July 2004 and 14 September
2004. [135] Ibid, 16 July 2004; IND,
“Mine Action 2002,” April 2003; IMSMA Database, Victim Statistics,
IND, 8 July 2002; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p. 352; and Landmine
Monitor Report 2000, p. 77. [136]
“Mozambican peacekeeper loses hands in Lebanon mine-clearing
accident,” Agence France Presse (Lebanon), 20 May
2002. [137] NPA, “Serious AT
mine accident in Mozambique,” Press Release, July
2001. [138] Jaime Cuambe,
“Acidentes com minas fazem 615 victimas no país,” (Accidents
with mines cause 615 victims in the country), Notícias, 2 May
2004. [139] Landmine Monitor Report
1999, p. 61; and Landmine Monitor Report 2000, p.
77. [140] “Landmine Impact
Survey – Republic of Mozambique,” September 2001, pp. 30, 35.
Recent casualties occurred in the two years preceding the group interviews
(roughly 1998 to 2001). [141] WRF,
“Mozambique Country Visit,” November 2001, pp. 3-5; see also HI,
“Landmine Victim Assistance: World Report 2002,” Lyon, December
2002, pp. 113-114. [142] Article 7
Report, Form J, 23 April 2004; IND, “Annual Report 2003,” February
2004, pp. 9, 14-15. [143] Presentation
by IND, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic
Reintegration, Geneva, 10 February
2004. [144] “WHO, Guidelines for
essential trauma care,” WHO, Geneva, 2004, p. 62; see also ICBL Working
Group on Victim Assistance, “Portfolio of Landmine Victim Assistance
Programs,” September 2002, p.
86. [145] Interview with Christina
Vera Sage, Coordinator of Health and Social Projects, HI Mozambique, Maputo, 8
January 1999. [146] Presentation by
IND, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 10 February
2004. [147] Interview with Helena
Timbana, CVM, 31 May 2004; Isabel Silva, Projects Officer, Jaipur Limb Campaign,
response to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance questionnaire, 11 July 2002;
Jaipur Limb, “5 Year Strategic Plan for COJ,” Campaign News, Issue
9, December 2002, p. 7. [148] Email
from Karen Mollica, Program Coordinator, Africa and the Middle East, Department
of Foreign Affairs and International Trade, Ottawa, 8 July
2003. [149] HI, “Program
Summary: Mozambique 2004,” 15 November
2003. [150] Interview with Deizi
Sitoi, Assistant to the Program Manager, POWER, Maputo, 24 May 2004; Sarah
Hodge, Chief Executive, POWER, response to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance
questionnaire, 12 July 2002; email from Sarah Hodge, Chief Executive, POWER, 6
May 2003; interview with Eileen O’Dwyer, Country Director, POWER
Mozambique, Maputo, 28 May 2003; POWER, “Annual Report 2003,” pp.
8-9, 15. [151] HI, “Landmine
Victim Assistance: World Report 2002,” Lyon, December 2002, p.
115. [152] Interview with Manuel
Chaúque, Director, Landmine Survivors Network in Mozambique, Quelimane,
16 March 2004; Presentation by IND, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance, 10
February 2004; email from Anne Hayes, Country Program Manager, Landmine
Survivors Network, 8 May 2003; Nando, Executive Assistant, Landmine Survivors
Network in Mozambique, response to Landmine Monitor Survivor Assistance
questionnaire, 12 March 2002. [153]
Interview with Luis Wamusse, ADEMO, and Domingos Cambalane, ADEMIMO, Geneva, 20
September 2002. [154]
Ibid. [155] Article 7 Report 2003,
Form J; Article 7 Report, Form J, 2 July
2002. [156] Mozambique, Our World,
Volume 3, Issue 1, Fall 2001, p. 5; and World Rehabilitation Fund, “The
Socio-Economic Reintegration of Landmine Survivors: Lebanon, Mozambique and
Cambodia,” New York, 2003, pp.
14-17. [157] Interview with Luis
Wamusse, ADEMO, Maputo, 26 May
2003. [158] WRF, “Mozambique
Country Visit,” November
2001. [159] IND, “The Five Year
National Mine Action Plan 2002-2006,” 19 November 2001, p.
21. [160] Article 7 Report, Form J, 23
April 2004; IND. “Annual Report 2003,” February 2004, pp. 9,
14-15. [161] Interview with Tobias
Joaquim Dai, Minister of National Defense, and Gamiliel Munguambe, Director,
IND, Bangkok, 19 September 2003; “Supporting Project for Landmines Victims
and Survivors,” IND, September
2003. [162] Article 7 Report Form J,
30 October 2001; HI, “Landmine Victim Assistance: World Report
2001,” Lyon, December 2001, p. 102; see also US Department of State,
“Country Reports on Human Rights Practices – Mozambique 2003,”
Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor, Washington, 25 February
2004. [163] Jaipur Limb, “Soikat
Ghose and Hargovind Pachauri with COJ in Mozambique,” Campaign News, Issue
9, December 2002, p. 7.
About Us
Our Research Products