Table of Contents

Country Reports

LM Report 2004

Somaaliya

Waxyaaba Muhiimka Intii Ka Dambaysay Bishii May Sannadkii 2003da: Waxa ka jira Soomaaliya Isticmaal miinoyinka dadka oo is daba jooga oo ka jira goboloda Somaliya qaarkood, aanay isticmaalaan kooxaha dagaalamaya qaarkood. Bishi Nofember 2003dii, warbixin ay soo saartay koox khubaro ah oo uu xilasaaray Guddida Ammaanka ee Jimciyada Qurumaha ka Dhaxaysa waxa la sheegay in miinooyin ka soo galeen Somalia dalalka Yemen iyo Ithiopia. Bishii Ogost 2004, Hayada Baadhitaanka Miinada (Survey Action Center) waxay bilowday baadhitaan dhamaystiran gobolka Puntland, waxana fulinayaa hawsha Xarunta Waxka Qabadka Miinada ee Punland (PMAC) iyaga oo la tahshanaya UNDP. PMAC lafteeda waxa la abuuray Ogost, waxana taageerta UNDP. UNDP waxa kale oo ay tababartaa koox ka mid ah xooga amniga oo loo diyaaray ka hortaga degdeg ah ee miinooyinka iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxa (UXO), kooxahaas oo kale jooga Puntland ee Shabellada Dhexe.

Waxyaabaha Muhiimka illaa Sannadkii 1999kii: dagaalo is dabajooga oo weli socda kana dhaxeeya kooxo hubaysan ayaa hortaagan wax ka qabad wax ku oola oo lagaga hortago khatarta miinada dhamaan Somaliya, marka laga reebo Somaliland. Hayada UNDP oo sanadihii 2000 iyo 2001 isku dayday inay xafiisyo ka furto Moqdishu, Garowe iyo Baidowa ayaa joojisay hawlihii xafiisyadaa sanadkii 2002 xasilooni darro awgeed. Bishii Ogost 2004tii ayaa dib loo furay xafiiskii dhexe ee waxkaqabka miinada ee Puntland, isla bishaana waxa la bilaabay baadhitaan guud oo loogu tala galay ogaanshaha waxyeelada miinada ee gobolka Puntland. Bishii Nofember 2002, 16 tobban kooxood oo ka mid aha kooxaha Somaliyeed ee ku shirayey magaalada Eldoret ee dalka Kenya ayaa saxeexahay Ogolaanshada Baaqa Genva ee joojinta miinada iyo iskaashiga wax ka qabadka miinada. Laga Bilaabo 1999, cisbitaalo taageero ka hela Laanqeerta Cas ee Caalamiga ah (ICRC) ayaa taakulayn siiyey 519 qof oo wax ku noqday qaraxyo miino ama aaladaha kale ee qarxa. Ilaa iyo 2001dii waxa wax ku noqday qaraxyo miino iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxa 539 qof.

Siyaasadda Barnaamijka Miinada:

Ilaa wakhtigii dhicitaankii dawladdii Siyaad Barre 1991, Soomaaliya waxay noqotay meel aanay ka jirin dawlad dhexe. Xukuumad ku meel gaadh ah (TNG) oo la sameeyey 2000 baa xukunta qaybo Muqdisho ah iyo meelo kale oo aad u yar yar. TNG ictiraaf kamay helin beesha caalamka sidaa daraadeedna ma saxeexi karto heshiika Mine Ban Treaty. Bishii July 2000, in yar ka dib markii la abuuray, Baarlamanka TNG wuxuu soo saaray go’aan muhiimad gaar ah lagu siiyey waxka qabadka miinada.

Aqoon is waydaarsiyo ay abaabushay hayada Geneve Call ka dib ayaa magaalada Eldorect ee Kenya 16 kooxood saxeexeen ogolaanshaha Baaqa Geneva ee Joojinta iyo Iskaashiga Waxkaqabadka Miinada. Waxa ka mid ahaa kooxahaas TNG, Puntland, Maamulka Jowhar iyo Jabhada “Rahanweyn Resistance Army (RRA)”. Heshiiskan oo dhacay 11kii Nofembar 2002, waxaan saxeexin kooxo hubaysan oo muhiim ah oo ay ka mid yihiin kooxaha Qanyare Afrax, Muuse Sudi Yalaxow, Barre Hiirale iyo Jeneral Moxamed Saciid Morgan, kuwa saxeexanay waxa ka mid ah qaar aan xukumin dhul mucayin ah ama aan hogaamin kooxo hubaysan.^[1] Geneva Call ayaa iyana kormeer ku samaysay meelaha qaarkood bishii Sibetmeber 2004 si ay u hubiyaan dhaqan gelinta saxeexiddii heshiiskooda.

1998 ayaa Woqooyiga Bari ee Soomaaliya lagu sameeyey maamul goboleed la magac baxay Puntland, 2000na Madaxweynaha Puntland ayaa digriito ku mamnuucay isticmaalka miinada dadka. Waqooyaga Gelbeed isna 1991 buu ku dhawaaqay dawlad madaxbanaan oo la yidhaado Somaliland, Golaha Wakiilada Somalilandna 1999 ayuu ansixiyey go’aan ah joojinaya dhamaan isticmaalka miinada dadka (waxaad ka eegta faafin dheeraad ah qaybta gaarka ah ee Somaliland). Kooxda Somali Patriotic Front, SPM, oo joogitaankeedu yahay Jubbada Hoose ee Somaliya iyana waxay 1998 ku balanqaadeen inay iskood (iyaga oo aan heshiis cidna la gelin fulin) doonaan joojinta isticmaalka miinada dadka sida uu warqad cad oo ICBL u soo diray Guddoomihoodo ka muuqata.

Soo Saarida, Isu Gudbinta iyo Kaydka Miinooyinka

Soomaaliya laguma yaqaanno inay samayso miinooyinka. Hase yeeshee, waxa la aaminsanyahay in ay ku jiraan gacmaha kooxaha iska soo horjeeda iyo dad gaar ahba, isticmaalaana, miinoyinka dadka iyo kuwa taangiyada oo aad u faraban. Miinoyinka si caadi ah baa looga iibsan karaa sayladaha hubka ee Muqdishu iyo magaalooyin kaleba, khaas ahaan sayladda wayn ee suuqa Bakaaraha .^[2]

Bishii Nofember 2003dii, Jimciyadda Quruumaha ka Dhaxaysaa waxay soo saartay warbxin ay soo diyaarisay guddi khubaro ah ay u xilsaartay baadhitaanka ku xadgudubka Cunaqabataynta Hubka Somaliya ku Socda (UN Arms Embargo on Somaliya) ee Go’aankii 1474. Warbixintani waxa lagu sheegay in ---“Go’aanka UNta ee Cunaqabataynta hubka had iyo jeer lagu xadgudbo. Waxa ku jira hubka sida hawsha yar loo helo waxyaabaha qarxa oo laga iibsan karo meel wal oo wadanka ka mid ahba, inta badane lagala baxo miinooyinka, oo tiro aad u badan lagala soo degay debedda inta badan Ithiopia iyo Yemen sandihii dambe”. .... .. Guddida Khubaradu waxa kale oo ay sheegtay inay ogaadeen isku day beryahan dambe jiray oo kooxaha mayalka adag ay ku raadinayeen iibsiga waxyaaba qarxa ee yaala suuqyada Muqdisho, iyo weliba tababaro joogta ah oo u socda kooxaha hubaysan oo ku saabsan isticmaalka waxa qarxa. “In laga helo hubka noocana Somaliya waa xadgudub cad oo si balaadhan loo baalmaray cunaqabatayntii UNta ee hubka, khaas ahaan miinoyinka”. ^[3]

TNG waxay dhinaceed bishii July 2003 ku dacwoodeen in shixnad hub ah oo miino ka mid ahayd ka timid Ihtiopia oo u socatay koox iyaga ka soo horjeeda. Sidoo kale eedyan ayey TNG u soo jeedisay 2002 Ithiopia. Ithiopia eedaynta TNG way iska fogaysay sida ay ku wargeliyeen Landmine Monitor.

Isticmaalka Miinooyinka

Miinooyinkan oo markii ugu horraysay laga isticmaaly wadanka soomaaliya dagaaladii dhacay sannadadii u dhaxeeayay 1977 illaa 1978kii ee ka dhex dhacay maamulkii rejiimkii Siyaad Bare ee soomaliya iyo Mengistu Xayle Maryan oo isna ahaa madaxa Itoobiya. Miinooyinka waxa la adeegsaday sannadadii u dhaxeeyay 1981-1991dii, markii ay kooxo hubaysani ay dagaal kaga soo horjeedsadeen maamulkii Siyaad Barre. Adeegsi miinadu wuu sii socday ka dib dhicitaankii Siyaad Barre markii kooxo badan isku qabsadeen taliska Somaliya oo dhammaantood la tuhunsan yahay inay isticmaaleen miinoyin; in kasta oo baadhitaan cadeeya kooxaha isticmaala aan weli si cad loo sheegin. waxay ka dhaqan gashay miinada isticmaalkeedu dalka soomaliya, inkastoo edaymo badani oo aan qeexnayn islamarkaana aan caddayni illaa hadda socdaan.

Machadka Baadhista iyo Ururinta Macluumaadka Soomaliya (SOCRED) waxay soo ururisay war bixinno ku saabsan isticmaalka miinada iyo natiijooyinkeeda.⁶ Sida:

• Laga bilaabo 2003dii waxa jiray warar is daba jooga oo sheegaya miinooyinka la dhigay dhul ka mid gobolka Bay, Bakool iyo Shabeellaha dhexe iyadoo la dagaal galinayo malleeshiyooyinka. Waxa sidoo kale jira cabashooyin soo noqnoqda oo ku saabsan xiritaannada wadooyinka gaadiida. Mulkiilayaasha gaadiidka ayaa baqasho iyo cabasho badan qaba.

• Waxa jira dhibbanayaal ku dhaawacmay miinooyinka dhulka la dhigayo, wadada isku xidhaa Muqdisho-Kismaayo, siiba agagaarka Baravo iyo Jilib. Malleeshiyada degan agagaarka Haramka ee deegaanka Jilib ee ka soo horjeeda Isbahayska Dooxada Jubba (JVA), ayaa lagu warramay in ay miinayeen wadada Muqdishu iyo Kismaayo. Dhacdo dhacday bishii Oktoobar sannadkii 2003 waxay wax yeelo u gaysatay bas, waxana ku dhintay ugu yaraan qof, in badan dhaawacday.

• Gobolka Galgaduud waxa tuulada Herale ee Deegaanka Caabudwaaq ku dagaalamay laba qabiil, kuwaas oo la sheegay in adeegsadeen miino. Bishii Oktobar 2003, gaadhi 7 qof sida ayey halkaas miino la gacday, 6 ka mid ah rakaabkii way qud baxeen, midna wuu ku dhaawacmay.

Bishii Diisambar 2003, ciidamada Puntland ayaa qabsady maagalada Laas Caanood ee gobolka Sool ee ay sheegtaan Soomaliland iyo Puntland.⁷

Ilaa iyo badhtamihii 2004tii, labada ciidan ee Puntland iyo Somaliland waxay isku horfadhiyaan deegaankaas. Hayado Caalmiya ayaa walaac ka muujiyeen tuhun ay qabeen in miino ay isticmaalayaan ciidamada heegan ka ah jiidaas.^8,[4] Somaliland iyo Puntlandba waxay inkireen in ciidamadooda ay miinooyinkan dadka dhulka dhigeen.^9[4]

Miinooyinka waxa mararka qaar loo isticmaalaa ujeeddooyin aan dagaal ahayn. Tusaale ahaan, Beeralayda koonfurta Somaliya marar waxay la sheegaa in ay dulka dhigeen miinooyin si ay ugu ilaaiyaan beerahooda iyo xoolahooda. Sannadkii 2001, Landmine Monitor waxay ogaatay geela dhaqatada Somaliyeed inay isticmaaleen miinooyinka si ay dhirta uga ilaaliyeen dadka dhuxusha ka ganacsada, dhirta oo munaafacaad u ah xoolaha miyiga.^10,[4]

Waxyeelada Miinada iyo Waxkaqabadkeeda

Gobolada dhexe iyo kuwa koonfureed ee Somaliya miino iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxa ayaa ku aasan. Galguduud, Bakool, Bay, Hiraan, iyo Jubbada Hoose ayaa ugu sii daran. Sida UNtu sheegtay “dhibaato weyn waxay ka taagan tahay iyada oo aan badhitaan iyo dabagal midna lagu samyn oo aan la ogayn waxyeelada miinadu intay leegtahay si loogu xisaabtamo ka hortageeda.” ^[4]

Colaadda ka taagan meelo badan oo Somaliya ah ayaa hortaagan dhamaan waxka qabadka miinada oo ay ka mid yihiin baadhitaan iyo wacyigelin. Khilaafaadkaa. Marka laga reebo Somaliland hawlgal wanaagsan lagama samayn Somaliya (waxaad eegta qaybta u gaarka ah Somaliland). UNta oo 2000 iyo 2001dii isku dayday in xafiisyo ka furto Baidowa, Muqdishu iyo Garaowe ayaa hawshaa joojisay 2002 nabadgelyo darro awgeed.

Ma jiraan badhitaan habaysan oo lagu sameeyey Somaliya (marka laga saaro Somaliland) Bishii Janawari 2001, hayada Mine Action Group (UK) ayaa toddobaad kormeer ah ku samaysay Puntland. Xarunta Baadhitaanada Dhamaystirin ayey u qorshaysanayd inay bilaabaan baadhitaan guud oo lagu hubinayo waxyeelada miinada ee Puntland sanadka 2003, taas oo ay maalgelisay Midowga Europe. Dib u dhac ka dhashay jiritaan colaado ka dib waxa ugu dambayntii la bilaabay baadhitaankii bishii Ogost 2004. PMAC ayaa baadhitaankan fulinaya.^[5]

Sannadkii 2003dii, UNDP waxay dib u bilowday dhawr mashruuc, oo ay ka mid yihiin taageeridda maamulada inay samayaan maamul isudwidda ka shaqeeya. Bishii Febrwari ayaa dib loo furay xafiiskii PMAC ee Puntland oo Garowe laga furay. UNDP waxay sidoo kale tababartay kooxo ciidamada amaanka ka mid ah oo loo tababaray taakulaynta degdega ah ee ka hortaga waxayaabaha qarxa, kuwaas oo laga bilaabay Jawhar iyo Garowe.^[6] Tababarkan oo billaabmay bishii Mars sannadka 2004ta una bilaabmay saddex askari (18 Police) oo Garoowe ah iyo hal koox (4 Police) oo Jawhar ah (Shabeellah dhexe).^[7]

UNDP waxa saadaalisay in dhibaatada miinada iyo aaladaha kale ee qarxaa laga dhamayn karo Somaliya muddo 5 ila 7 sanadood ah haddii loo helo maalgelin ku filan.^[17]

Dhacdooyinka iyo Waxyeeladooda

Sannadkii 2003dii, ugu yaraan 75 qof baa wax ku noqday qarax, 40 ka mid ah way ku dhinteen 35na way ku dhaawacmeen oo ay ku jiraan 5 caruuri.^[18] Dhacooyinkana waxay aad uga badan yihiin 53 dhacdooyin oo laga soo sheegay gobolada bay, Gedo iyo Shabelle sanadkii 2002. Hase yeeshee lama soo wada sheego dhacdooyinka miinada waxana hubaal ah in tirooyinkani ay ka yar yihiin tirade dhabta ah. Cisitaalada ku yaala Somaliya intooda badani ma ururiyaan macluumad dhan, tirooyinkana la iskuma wada daro. SOCRED ayaa isku dayday inay ururiyaan macluumaad dhan iyana waxay soo sheegeen 16 dhacdooyin oo ka yimid aaladaha qarxa 2003 oo qofna ku dhintay 15na ku dhaawacmeen, oo 12 ahaayeen caruur. Horaantii 2004, waxa la soo sheegay in 5 qof ku dhinteen midna ku dhaawacmay laba dhacdooyin oo dhacay bihsii Janawari.^[19]

khasaaraha miinada ee dalka Soomaaliya wali mala wada oga. Sannadadii u dhexeeyay 1995 iyo 2000, 4,357 khasaare miineed ayaa laga oghyahay inay ka dhaceen gobolada Bay iyo Bakool, oo kala ahaa 2626 qof oo ku dhintay iyo 1,731 ku dhaawacmay.^[22] Sannadkii 2001, cisbitaalada ay taageerto ICRC waxay caawiyeen 405 qof oo mino/UXO wax ku noqday. Meelo kalena waxa laga soo xigtay inay ugu yaraan 253 qof mino/UXO ku wax yeeloobeen, ugu yaraan 83 ku dhinteen sanadkii 2001dii.^[2]3

Daryeelka Dadka Wax Ku Noqda Miinooyinka

Gaboodka Ururada Nabadda iyo Xuquuqda Aadamaha (PHRN) waxay soo sheegtay inaanu jirin qorshe wax loogu qabto dadka naafada ah ee Somaliya.^[2]4 Adeega bulshada ee daryeelka caafimaadku aad buu u liitaa, cisbitaaladu ma laha qalab tayo leh, dawooyin fiican iyo shaqaale tababar dhamaystiran leh. Magaalooyinka waaweyn sida Muqdisho iyo Boosaaso waxa jira cisbataalo ganacsi laakiin dadka intiisa badani ma awoodi karaan. Meelaha ka fog magaalooyinka oo ah kuwa khatarta miinadu ku badan tahay, ma jiraan adeeg waanay ka sii liitaan. Colaada ka jirta dalka ayaan suuragal ka dhigeen inay hayadaha samafalku u adeegaan bulshada guud.

ICRC waxay bixisaa oo ay siisaa daawooyin, talooyin farsamo, tababaro iyo taageero dhaqaale afar cisbitaal oo qaliinka guud sameeya oo ay ka mid yihiin Keysaney Hospital oo ururka bisha cas (SRCS) ay maamusha, cisbitaalka Madina ee ku yaal Muqdisho, cisbitaalka Baydhaba ee isna ku yaal Bay iyo cusbitaalka gobolka Mudug ee ku yaal gaalkacayo. IIaa sannadkii 1999 cusbitaalada ay taageerto ICRC waxay daweeyeen in ka badan 591qof oo wax ku noqday mino/UXO: 21 qof sannadkii 2003dii, 28 sanandkii 2002, 405 sannadkii 2001dii, iyo 65 sannadkii 2000. ICRC waxay sidoo kale caawisay 25 goobo caafiamad oo SRCS taageerto oo ku yaal gobolada dhexe iyo kuwa koonfureed ee Somaliya.^[25]

Lanqayrta cas ee Norway waxay iyana siisaaa taageero joogta ah saddex goobood oo ay SRCS maamusho oo ku kala yaal Muqdisho, Gaalkacayo iyo Hargeusa. Goobahaasa waxay bixiyaan daryeel physiotherapy, lugaha caaga ah, ulaha lagu tugubo, iyo daayactirkooda, waxanay tababarta physiotherapists. Ilaa sannadkii 2001dii saddexda goobood waxay soo saareen 2,027 lugood oo caag ah (449 oo la siiyey dad ka waxku noqday miino), taasoo ay raacdo 521 (138 ay leeyihiin ka badbaadayaasha miinada) sannadka 2003dii. Waxa intaa dheeraa, 2,982 qof (112 ka badbaadayaasha miinada ah) oo la siiyey physiotherapy treatments, 334 lugu caaq oo dib loogu hagaajiyay, 1,165 ulu tugub oo la qaybiyay sannadkii 2003dii. Taageeradan oo ay bixisay Wasaarada Arrimaha Dibadda ee Norway iyo hayda NORAD.^[26]

Waxa ka mid ahaa Qorshaha UNDP ee taageerada dadka wax ku noqda miinada ee Soomaaliya ee sannadkii 2003da in la caawiyo dhibanayaasha, la sameeyo siyaasadda taageerka, qorshaha, isu duwidda fulinta, lalana wadaago UNICEF, NGOs iyo maamulada gobolada, lana xoojiyo adeega dhibanayaashaas; iyo in la tababaro farsamo yaqaano muwaadiniin ah, iyo weliba in la ururiyo tayada dalka taala loona helo taageero laxaad leh.^[27] Hase yeeshee waxa intaba dib u dhigay xasilooni darro.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee waxa dhaqdhaqaayadii adkeeyey xaalada nabadgalyo darro ee ka jirta Soomaaliya. Bishii February sannadkii 2002, wasaarad qaabilsan dadka laxaadka la’a iyo dib u dajinta ayaa lagu korhdiyey Dawladda Ku Meel Gaadhka ah ee TNG.^[28]

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[1] Afartan hogaamiye waxay u taliyaan kooxo hubaysan oo lexaad weyn, waxanay ka mid yihiin kooxaha muhiimka ee colaadu ka dhaxayso Somaliya. Saxeexayaasha aan kooxo hubaysan hogaaminin ama aan dhul xukumin waxa ka mida ah Cabdicasiis Sh. Yuusuf ( Dhaqdhaqaaqa wadani doonka ee koonfur (Southern Somali National Movement/Somali National Alliance,SSNM/SNA), Cabdillhi Sheikh Ismaciil, (SSNM/BIREM), Mowlid Macane Mohamed (Somali African National Movement/Somali Reconstruction and Restoration Council, SANM/SSRC), Mowliid Macaane Maxamuud (SNA/ SRRC) iyo Hilawle Iimaan Cumar (SRRC Co-Chairman).
[2] Landmine Monitor waxay haysaa sawiro miinoyin taangi oo laga soo qaaday Bakaaraha, cilmi baadhayaal Muqdisho deganina waxay ku soo waramayn in miinoyin had iyo jeer lagu arko suuqaa.
[3] Warbixintii Guddida Khubarada ah ee u xilssaran go’aankii Golaha Ammanka 1474 (2003), “oo loo gudbiyey Guddoomiyaha Golaha Ammanka 4tii Nofember 2003 (Ref S/2003/1035), paras 136-137, pp. 31-32.
4 Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp. 549-550, Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p. 517.
5Landmine Monitoradii kan ka horeeyey ayaad ka heli kartaa tuhunka isticmaalkan. Waxaad eegtaa LM 1999, P. 205-206; LM 2000, p. 211; LM 2001, P. 258; LM 2002, pp. 743-744; iyo LM 2003, PP. 683-684.
6. SOCRED, “Miinada Somaliya”, Muqdishu, Abril 2004.
7“Puntland waxay si toosa u maamushaa gobolka Sool,” IRIN (Nairobi), 30 December 2003[.]
8 Land Mine waxa ay maqleen eedo dacwado isticmaalka miinada ah oo ka timid xubnaha hayadaha caalamiga ah kuwaasoo xidhiidh la leh qaybaha khilaafku dhex yaal, laakiin aan shakhsiyan u tagin goboladaasi bilahan dambe”.
9 E-mail LM ka heshay Edna Aden Ismaaciil oo ah Wasiirka Arriimaha dibadda ee Soomaliland taariikhdu markay ahayd 22 June 200[4]ta; E-mail lLM ka heshay Saleebaan Xaaji, oo ah Maareeyaha PMAC taariikhdu markay ahayd 23 June 2004ta.
10 “Cusman Xasan ‘Somali herders laying mines” Associated Press( Mogadishu), 18 July 2001.[ ]
[4] Dokomenti ka soo baxay UNta oo ah “UN Portofolio on Mine-Related Pojects” Abril 2001, p. 210.
[5] Intii aanay UNOSOM ka bixin Somaliya, 11 qanadaraasleh iyo 200 oo miino saare ayaa lagu waramay in 127 kilomitir murabac oo dhul ah ku sameeyeen miino saar 438 km oo wada ahna baneeyeen, isugeynna ka saareen 32,511 miino iyo 72,741 aaladaha kale ee qarxa, eeg US Department of State, Hidden Killers, Sibtember 1998, p. 46.
[6] E-maillaga helay John Dingley La taliye farsamo ee Qaramada Midowbay, Barnaamijka Miinada ee UNDP Somalia, 21 Feberwari 2004.
[7] “Tababarkan waxa loogu talo glay inuu dhammaado bisha Ogost sannadka 2004ta . E-mail laga helay John Dingley, UNDP, 8 July 2004.
[17] “UNDP update”, Intersessional Standing Committee Meetings, Geneva, 9-13 February 2004.
[18] “SOCRED, Miinada Soomaaliya, April 2004; “saddex iyo tobanka dhintay”, HonAfrik Online, 11 April 2003.
[19] LandMine Monitor Report 2003, p. 684
[22] “UNDP/UNOPS, ‘War bixinta wax ka qabadka miinada ee Soomaaliya, January-June 2001”, p. 6; Land Mine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 261-262.
23 Eeg Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 745.
[2]4 “Isku xidhka xuquuqda aadamaha waxa uu mideeyaa 32 urur oo ka jira Soomaaliya. Landmine Monitorku shir uu la sameeyay isku xidhkaa, magaalada Hargaysa bishii February sannadkii 2002dii.”
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[25] ICRC warbixinteeda gaarka ah ‘ hawl galka sannadka 2003da’ Geneva, August 2004, p. 25; ‘hawl galka miinada ee sannadka 2002’ July 2003, p. 25; ‘ hawlgalka miinada ee sannadka 2001,’ July 2002, p. 20.
[26] Jawaab LM ka heshay NNE Kirsti Vartdal, Wakiilada dagan Nayroobi, Bisha Cas ee Norweyn, 25 August 2004; Jawaab LM ka heshay Ole Trapness, isuduwaha Xafiisyada Dibedda, Bisha Cas ee Norweyn , 9 April 2003 iyo 6 May 2002; SRCS, Muqisho goobta diiwaangelinta iyo dib dajinta ee sannadka 2003da.”
[27] UNDP, ‘ Taageerada mashruuca wax ka qabadka miinada ee dalka Soomaaliya sannadka 2003.
[28] HI,’’ Caawimaadda dhibanayaasha Lmka : war bixinta caalamka ee sannadkii 2002dii’’ Lyon, December 2002,p. 133.