Table of Contents

Country Reports

LM Report 2005

Angola

Key developments since May 2004: Angola presented a plan for stockpile destruction in June 2005. Angola stated that if it is unable to meet its 1 January 2007 deadline for destruction of its antipersonnel mine stockpile, it would ask for an extension; however, there is no provision in the Mine Ban Treaty for such an extension. The Landmine Impact Survey was suspended on 31 May 2005 due to lack of funds, after completing survey of 10 of the 18 provinces. After securing additional funding, the LIS was re-started and is “on-going on a reduced level.” Angola reported clearance of 10.7 square kilometers and removal of 7,351 antipersonnel mines in 2004, a considerable increase on 2003 (3,525,197 square meters). Five of 11 mine action operators reported clearance of over 9.5 square kilometers in 2004 to April 2005, plus area-reductions and road clearance. An estimated US$28 million was provided by international donors for mine action in Angola in 2004, continuing the trend of increased donations in recent years. CNIDAH, the Inter-Sectoral Commission on Demining and Humanitarian Assistance, promoted the creation of mine committees at provincial and community levels. It prepared IMAS-based standards for mine risk education, which came into effect on 1 January 2005. Mine risk education by 18 organizations covered 15 provinces. There was a significant decrease in the number of reported mine casualties in 2004. At the First Review Conference, Angola was identified as one of 24 States Parties with the greatest needs and responsibility to provide adequate survivor assistance.

Mine Ban Policy

The Republic of Angola signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December 1997, ratified on 5 July 2002, and the treaty entered into force on 1 January 2003. Angola reported in May 2005 that no legal measures had yet been taken to implement the treaty domestically.^[1] However, the Coordinator of the National Institute for Demining (INAD), Balbina Malheiros Dias da Silva, told Landmine Monitor in June 2005 that draft legislation was “nearly complete” and would be submitted to the Council of Ministers for consideration, and then to parliament.^[2]

On 3 May 2005, Angola submitted its second Article 7 transparency report, covering calendar year 2004.^[3]

Angola’s Minister of External Relations, Joao Bernardo de Miranda, led the country’s delegation to the First Review Conference in Nairobi in November-December 2004 and made a statement during the high level plenary.^[4] Angola also attended the intersessional Standing Committee meetings held in Geneva in June 2005. On 3 November 2004, Angola’s Ambassador to the United Nations chaired the inaugural meeting in New York of the Forum of Mine-Affected Countries (FOMAC), a group of high level representatives from mine-affected countries. FOMAC was formed to encourage cooperation between mine-affected countries.^[5]

Angola has not engaged in the extensive discussions that States Parties have had on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1, 2 and 3. Thus, Angola has not made known its views on issues related to joint military operations with non-States Parties, foreign stockpiling and transit of antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes or antihandling devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training. It is particularly notable that Angola has not spoken on these issues, given its past history of mine use and participation in joint operations.

Angola is not party to the Convention on Conventional Weapons.

Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Destruction

Angola states that it has never manufactured antipersonnel mines.^[6] It is not believed to have exported in the past. Angola has reported that a total of 47 different antipersonnel mines from 18 countries have been found in the country.^[7]

In reviewing Angola’s two Article 7 reports, it would appear that Angola initially had a stockpile of 59,191 antipersonnel mines (including 257 “flares”). This included 14 different types of antipersonnel mines from at least five countries (Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Romania and the former Soviet Union).^[8]

In 2003, apparently between September and December, Angola destroyed 7,072 stockpiled antipersonnel mines. This included 12 types of mines, plus 227 “flares.”^[9] Angola did not destroy any stockpiled mines in 2004.^[10]

At the beginning of 2005, Angola had 52,119 antipersonnel mines (including 30 “flares”). It reported that it intends to destroy 50,659 antipersonnel mines of three types: 42,350 M90; 6,932 PMN-1; 1,377 OZM-4.^[11]

Angola will apparently retain 1,460 antipersonnel mines. This includes 13 types of mines, plus the 30 “flares.” In both of its Article 7 reports, Angola has a chart of mines retained that, when added individually, comes to 1,460, but Angola has listed 1,390 as the total.^[12] Angola has not reported in any detail on the intended purposes and actual uses of its retained mines―a step agreed to by States Parties in the Nairobi Action Plan that emerged from the First Review Conference.

The treaty-mandated deadline for destruction of all of Angola’s stockpiled antipersonnel mines is 1 January 2007. Angola presented a plan for its stockpile destruction, prepared in cooperation with the UN Development Programme (UNDP), to the June 2005 meeting of the Mine Ban Treaty’s intersessional Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction. It plans to destroy the mines by open detonation from 16 May 2005 to 31 December 2006 with a budget of €1,765,000 (some $2 million).^[13] A government official told Landmine Monitor, however, that the funds were “not flowing as expected.”^[14] The Angolan representative stated that while it planned to meet the destruction deadline, if it encountered difficulties, it would ask for an extension.^[15] However, the Mine Ban Treaty has no provision for extending the stockpile destruction deadline.

It was reported in August 2005 that at the opening of a training on the destruction of stockpiled mines, the head of the Inter-Sectoral Commission on Demining and Humanitarian Assistance (Commissão Nacional Intersectorial de Desminagem e Assistência Humanitária às vítimas de minas, CNIDAH) gave assurances that Angola would meet its deadline, stating that “this project is of extreme importance because, beyond permitting our fulfillment of one of the most important aspects of the Ottawa Convention, it will also allow the development of the technical, managerial and administrative capacities of the coordinating authority for action against landmines in Angola.”^[16]

Little is known about the size or composition of the landmine stockpile that was held by former National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (Uniâo Nacional para a Independência Total de Angola, UNITA) military forces, but obviously UNITA stockpiled and used some of the 47 different types of antipersonnel mines found and cleared by deminers.^[17] A government representative told Landmine Monitor that the question of UNITA’s landmine stockpile was being discussed under the framework of the National Peace and Reconciliation Commission.^[18]

Stockpiled Antipersonnel Mines Reported by Angola^[19]

Type (country of origin added by LM)	To be destroyed	Retained for training
PPM-2 (East Germany)	0	200
POMZ[20] (USSR)	0	200
M-75 (Romania)	0	200
PMN (USSR)	0	100
PMN-1[21] (USSR)	6,932	200
MON-100 (USSR)	0	50
PMD-6 (USSR)	0	50
PPMSR-1 (Czechoslovakia)	0	30
Flares	0	30
OTK (unknown origin)	0	190
OZM-4 (USSR)	1,377	50
MON-50 (USSR)	0	30
GYATA (Hungary)	0	30
M-90 (USSR)	42,350	100
Total	50,659	1,460

Civilians periodically and voluntarily surrender weapons to the police as part of a broader disarmament process. In January 2005, civilians in Huambo province provided 68 antipersonnel mines, 48 antivehicle mines and various detonaters to police.^[22]

Use

A review of media reports in 2004 and 2005 indicates no reported instances of use of antipersonnel or antivehicle mines in the country.

In the period between December 1997 when Angola signed the Mine Ban Treaty and April 2002 when the war ended, the ICBL and some States Parties protested Angola’s continued use of antipersonnel mines, noting that use of mines by a signatory can be judged a breach of its international obligations.^[23] Since the end of the war, there have been only sporadic and unconfirmed reports of new use of antipersonnel and antivehicle mines, with allegations aimed primarily at criminal groups.

Landmine and UXO Problem

A struggle for independence from Angola’s Portuguese colonial rulers starting in 1961 marked the first phase of what developed into nearly four decades of almost continuous warfare. After Angola achieved independence in 1975, the conflict continued between the government of the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola (Movimento Popular Liberaçâo de Angola, MPLA) and UNITA in which both sides, backed by rival foreign powers, made heavy use of landmines.^[24]

Landmines were used to defend strategically valuable towns and key infrastructure, such as bridges, airports, railways, dams and power lines. Mines were also laid on roads and paths to impede movement of opposing forces, and to depopulate some areas by denying access to water sources and plantations. The presence of mines on roads has proved a major obstacle to the movement of people and resources, and therefore to post-war social stabilization and economic recovery.^[25]

Angola signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December 1997 during a temporary cessation of hostilities, but after hostilities resumed in 1998 both sides resumed the laying of mines.^[26] This continued until the death of UNITA leader Jonas Savimbi in 2002 paved the way for a peace agreement, which was signed in April of that year and came into effect on 1 January 2003.

The initial Article 7 report submitted in September 2004 identified 4,200 areas that contained or were suspected to contain antipersonnel mines.^[27] The ongoing Landmine Impact Survey has identified 1,402 impacted communities with a population of more than 1.6 million people in 10 of 18 provinces. Preliminary survey data from 10 provinces found that mines and unexploded ordnance (UXO) had killed or injured 324 people during the previous two years.^[28]

Mine Action Program

The government set up the Inter-Sectoral Commission on Demining and Humanitarian Assistance (CNIDAH) in July 2001 to take over the role of regulator and coordinator of humanitarian mine action in Angola. Answering to the Council of Ministers, CNIDAH liaises with international agencies and implementing organizations, and has responsibility for setting policy and standards, and undertaking planning for mine clearance, survey, mine risk education and marking of mined areas. It has two subcommissions that deal with demining and victim assistance.^[29]

CNIDAH took over its role from the National Institute for the Removal of Explosive Devices (Instituto Nacional de Remoção de Obstáculos e Enghenos Explosivos, INAROEE), which the government created in 1995 as both regulator and operator. INAROEE proved unable to discharge either role to a standard that maintained the confidence of its implementing partners or donors and was abolished in 2003.^[30] INAROEE was subsequently reformed and reorganized as the National Demining Institute (INAD), responsible only for implementation of mine action.^[31]

CNIDAH became fully operational and installed in permanent offices at the start of 2004. In a proposal submitted to the Council of Ministers in September it set out three strategic priorities: to consolidate CNIDAH as a national authority, strengthening coordination with provincial authorities; to develop the capabilities of institutions such as INAD, the Angolan Armed Forces, national police and NGOs, giving priority to developing INAD’s operational capacity and to setting up a demining school to train trainers; to support sustainable expansion of operational capacity, giving priority to improving productivity without compromising safety, to raising efficiency and to strengthening coordination.^[32]

CNIDAH envisages the achievement, by the end of 2010, of “an Angola where the socioeconomic impact on communities and the risk to the population is reduced and regulated, where people and goods are moving freely along the main communication lines, supporting the reintegration of vulnerable groups, such as displaced persons and returnees, and the return to sustainable livelihoods for the population.”^[33]

CNIDAH completed its first annual planning cycle in March 2005, receiving mine action plans from 17 of Angola’s 18 provinces, and aimed to have a medium-term strategic plan drafted by the end of 2005.^[34] Projects included in the provincial plans require approval of the vice-governors.^[35] CNIDAH submitted proposals to the Council of Ministers for integrating mine action in the national poverty reduction plan in 2004, and in July 2005 was awaiting the government’s response. It already includes representatives of key ministries in its strategic planning group.^[36]

CNIDAH lays emphasis on plans to decentralize mine action and strengthen coordination with the provinces by setting up an operations center in each province under the authority of the vice-governor, to act as a focal point for demining. The centers are set up with three thematic working groups covering clearance, mine risk education and victim assistance. Each province will also have a mine action information and liaison assistant. As of July 2005, these centers had been set up and equipped in 13 provinces.^[37] According to field-based organizations, these offices had not become operational as of September 2005 and lack essential resources, such as Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) terminals and maps.

INAD operates seven demining brigades (Brigadas Técnicas de Sapadores) in seven provinces, which are partly funded by the government.^[38] INAD undertakes survey, clearance, mine risk education, stockpile destruction, technical studies of new demining equipment and quality assurance.^[39] INAD brigades lack vehicles and working detectors. UNDP sought funding to revitalize INAD by means of a three-year training and capacity-building project, which would provide technical advisors and other assistance.^[40]

INAD’s director is also the coordinator of a CNIDAH subcommittee on demining, who chairs technical meetings, assists CNIDAH’s president on technical issues and coordinates the response on issues relating to the Mine Ban Treaty.

An INAD demining school, financed by the government, was due to open in mid-2005 and to be fully operational from January 2006, when INAD will assume responsibility for training all Angolan demining personnel, including the Armed Forces.^[41]

Survey and Assessment

From decades of conflict, Angola remains one of the world’s least surveyed and most severely mine-affected countries. After peace accords signed in 1994 brought a break in the fighting, Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA) with support from three other NGOs―HALO Trust, Mines Advisory Group and Greenfield Consultants (subcontracted by CARE International)―embarked on a general survey of Angola in 1995, the first attempt to compile comprehensive national data. The resumption of hostilities in 1998 brought an end to fieldwork, and no final survey report was issued. NPA, however, issued survey reports on 14 provinces and partial reports on two more, covering the most densely populated parts of Angola. The survey data was also entered into a database held by the former demining institute INAROEE.^[42]

A Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), initiated by the Survey Action Center (SAC) in 2003, aimed to provide the first comprehensive national database of mine/UXO-affected areas that could serve as a basis for planning and prioritizing mine action. SAC took on the role of coordinator and contracted five operators already working in Angola to undertake the fieldwork: HALO, INTERSOS, Mines Advisory Group (MAG), NPA and Santa Barbara Foundation. In August 2004, INAD joined as an implementing partner, taking over two provinces (Cabinda and Lunda Norte) previously assigned to NPA.^[43]

The original LIS timetable provided for fieldwork to be completed by February 2005 and the final report by August 2005. An operational review in November extended the deadline for fieldwork to August 2005. SAC informed its Angola staff and implementing partners on 28 April 2005 that it was suspending the survey because of lack of funds. SAC’s Luanda operation ceased work on 27 May; its coordinator and two data entry staff remained until 15 June.

At the outset, SAC projected the survey’s cost at $5.8 million, making it the most expensive LIS ever undertaken; a review by SAC in September 2005 revised the total budget to $6.2 million. Total expenditure on the survey as of 27 July amounted to $5,095,000.^[44] Major donors included the European Commission (EC), the United States and Germany.

When the LIS ran out of funds in May 2005, SAC estimated the immediate shortfall as between $1 million and $3 million. SAC said donors had pledged sufficient funds but the survey’s cash needs arose too late in the donors’ budget years to mobilize the resources needed. In September 2005, SAC informed Landmine Monitor of an EC commitment for 2006 to provide funds for the remaining four provinces. SAC added that the shortfall was re-estimated at $1.2 million, representing the cost of remaining fieldwork, and production and translation of the final report.^[45]

At the time of the field survey’s suspension on 31 May, survey teams had conducted fieldwork in 10 provinces (Benguela, Bié, Huambo, Huíla, Cunene, Kwanza Norte, Kwanza Sul, Luanda, Lunda Norte and Malange). The survey had been only partially completed in three other provinces (Lunda Sul, Moxico and Namibe). The LIS was gradually re-initiated to be “ongoing on a reduced level.” In Namibe, the survey was completed by INTERSOS at the end of August 2005; fieldwork had not started in four provinces (Bengo, Cabinda, Úige and Zaire).^[46] Due to accessibility problems, some municipalities were reportedly not visited and surveyed.^[47]

After the LIS suspension, funding from the US State Department enabled HALO to proceed with preliminary opinion collection in Kuando Kubango, and MAG to continue surveying Moxico and Lunda Sul. Italian government funding allowed INTERSOS to continue surveying in Namibe.^[48] Funds available from the UNDP/EC rapid response fund also became available to support the survey in Bengo by Santa Barbara Foundation, and in Cabinda by INAD.^[49] SAC and CNIDAH agreed in June 2005 that SAC would send an advisor to coordinate completion of the survey, working within CNIDAH’s Luanda office rather than from separate offices as before. The advisor would work directly with CNIDAH on day-to-day management and relate to SAC on survey protocols. Both sides expected fieldwork to be completed in 2005.^[50] UNDP agreed to take over the contract of SAC’s database officer for a six-month, data-securing project, and also conduct training of CNIDAH staff for database management.^[51]

The LIS preliminary opinion collection identified 3,246 communities as possibly affected by mines or UXO. By the end of May 2005, LIS teams had confirmed 1,402 of these (43 percent) as communities impacted by landmines and identified 2,265 suspected hazardous areas. In total, land contaminated by mines and/or UXO affected the safety and livelihood of an estimated 1,658,000 people.^[52] The scoring system currently used by SAC had not been approved by Angolan authorities and was under review as of September 2005.^[53]

Information Management

CNIDAH took over a database developed by INAROEE up to 2003. Lack of proper maintenance at INAROEE following withdrawal of the UNDP/UNOPS capacity-building program in 2003 had caused significant data loss.^[54] CNIDAH installed the Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA) in 2004 to receive LIS data, with the intention of consolidating all information in IMSMA format. IMSMA is fully operational and used mainly for LIS data, but CNIDAH is increasingly using the other IMSMA modules for entering countrywide mine action data.^[55]

LIS data is shared with provincial governments and the mine action community. Preliminary reports of the 10 completed provinces have been produced and handed to CNIDAH, the provincial governments and implementing operators.^[56]

Six SAC data staff recruited in 2004 to enter LIS data into IMSMA were laid off when the survey was suspended in May 2005. SAC’s chief database officer transferred to CNIDAH, under contract to UNDP, to ensure continued entry of LIS data and to train CNIDAH staff.^[57]

Mine and UXO Clearance

Angola is obliged by Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible but no later than 1 January 2013.

According to Angola’s Article 7 report, in 2004 a total of 7,351 antipersonnel mines were removed (and presumably destroyed) from 10,669,335 square meters cleared by “several demining operators.”^[58] Eleven operators were engaged in clearance-related activities in 2004-2005: seven NGOs (DanChurchAid, HALO, INTERSOS, MAG, NPA, Menschen gegen Minen and Santa Barbara Foundation), the National Demining Institute, Angolan Armed Forces (AAF) and two commercial companies.^[59]

Data from five of these organizations for 2004 and the first quarter of 2005 gives an approximate total of over 9.5 million square meters cleared, plus 95,000 square meters reduced, 872,086 square meters marked, 511 kilometers of road cleared and 1,189 kilometers verified. In these operations, 7,098 antipersonnel mines, 786 antivehicle mines and 36,067 UXO were found and destroyed.^[60] These totals for clearance in 2004 represent substantial increases on the 3,525,197 square meters reported as cleared in 2003.^[61]

DanChurchAid completed training its first team of deminers in mid-November 2004 and cleared 3,500 square meters, destroying four antipersonnel mines and two UXO, in the remainder of the year. It is accredited to work in Moxico and Lunda Sul provinces on mine risk education, survey and clearance of mines and UXO. By September 2004, it employed 130 local and 10 international staff. Financing came from Denmark, Finland, Action for Churches Together, private donors and its own funds.^[62] In 2005, DanChurchAid planned to bring one Wide Area Detection System into operation, to support a joint program with the World Food Programme, MAG and NPA, focusing on opening main roads in Moxico, and to undertake mine risk education for 50,000 people.^[63] Operations were suspended in March and April 2005 as a result of a road accident that killed eight deminers and injured 20.^[64]

HALO cleared 1,016,133 square meters of affected land and destroyed 4,034 antipersonnel mines, 521 antivehicle mines and 6,098 UXO. It also opened up access to 360 kilometers of road through the emergency deployment of four road threat reduction systems. HALO operates in Benguela, Bié, Huambo and Kuando Kubango. It began in Angola in 1994 and expanded rapidly in 2002-2005 to over 900 staff. In 2005, HALO deployed 59 manual teams, four road threat reduction systems, 11 mechanical support units, and eight combined teams undertaking survey, clearance, marking, mine risk education and explosive ordnance disposal (EOD). HALO stopped using mine detection dogs in Angola in 2004 because of seasonal variations in reliability and cost. In the first three months of 2005, HALO cleared 185,565 square meters of affected land, destroying 901 antipersonnel mines, 40 antivehicle mines and 1,027 items of UXO/stray ammunition. Road threat reduction will continue as a priority and had opened a further 230 kilometers of roads in the first quarter of 2005.^[65] In 2004-2005 HALO received financial support from Finland, Ireland, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, UK, US, EC, European Commission Humanitarian Aid Office (ECHO), Anti Landmijn Stichtign, Humpty Dumpty Institute, SAC and HALO Antarctic expedition fund.

INTERSOS manually cleared 500,957 square meters of land and 140 kilometers of road, area-reduced 95,000 square meters and verified 899 kilometers of road, destroying 665 antipersonnel mines, 32 antivehicle mines and 1,681 UXO during 2004. INTERSOS has operated in Angola since 1997 in the southern provinces of Huíla, Kuando Kubango and Namibe. In 2004, it implemented the LIS in Huíla and Namibe provinces. As well as mine/UXO clearance, it undertook EOD and mine risk education. INTERSOS received funding in 2004 from the EC, Italy, UNOCHA and UNDP for clearance activities and, for the LIS, from EC, Germany and US, through SAC.^[66]

Menschen gegen Minen (MgM) reported clearing 3,709,142 square meters of land, 351 kilometers of road and verifying a further 290 kilometers in 2004. It destroyed 363 antipersonnel mines, 29 antivehicle mines and 7,163 UXO. MgM works in Bengo, Kwanza Norte, Kwanza Sul, Cunene and Kuando Kubango, employing manual, mechanical and mine detection dog (MDD) teams. It started in 1996, with road clearance in Bengo province. Operations in these provinces in 2005 continued to focus on opening up roads to allow resettlement of displaced populations, but also included clearing minefields around the towns of Ucua and Ambriz in Bengo province and barrier minefields in Kwanza Sul. MgM also planned to support capacity-building of Angolan NGOs and INAD. The main donors are EC, Germany and US.^[67]

Mines Advisory Group cleared 340,494 square meters and marked a further 872,086 square meters in 2004 and the first quarter of 2005. It destroyed 691 antipersonnel mines, 64 antivehicle mines and 12,943 UXO. In 2004, MAG worked in Cunene and Moxico provinces, expanding in October to Lunda Sul, focusing on contamination of roads that prevents repatriation of displaced Angolans from the Democratic Republic of Congo, and post-conflict recovery. Following a program review in mid-2004, MAG decided to rationalize operations and ceased work in Cunene in March 2005. The operations base was handed over to INTERSOS. MAG commenced operations in Lunda Sul. MAG employs 423 nationals and 12 expatriate staff. It deployed 12 mine action teams, four rapid response teams and five community liaison teams carrying out mine risk education and data gathering. It also operates four mechanical units for vegetation clearance, excavation, area reduction and quality assurance, and a road threat risk reduction team. With its road work, MAG focuses on support to the repatriation and reintegration process, responding to the findings of the LIS, and on-route assessment, risk reduction and clearance. In 2004 and the first quarter of 2005, MAG assessed 922 kilometers of “red” routes,^[68] enabling 892 kilometers of these roads to be opened up to humanitarian traffic. MAG started working on mine risk education in Angola in 1992 and on mine action in April 1994.^[69]

Norwegian People’s Aid cleared 418,514 square meters of land manually and 2,573,849 square meters mechanically, and cleared 480 kilometers of road using both methods during 2004. It destroyed 360 antipersonnel mines, 88 antivehicle mines and 2,128 UXO. Operating in Angola since 1995, NPA employed some 500 national staff and 10 expatriates in 2004. It has three regional bases in Malange, Moxico and Úige; each base functions as a fully integrated unit with a manual team, a survey team, a mechanical team, an MDD team, an EOD team and a REST/dog sampling team. In 2004, NPA started phasing out dogs and introducing Casspir armored vehicles in all bases. In 2005 to April, NPA cleared 791,983 square meters including 60 kilometers of road, and removed 84 antipersonnel mines, 12 antivehicle mines and 5,027 UXO.^[70]

Santa Barbara Foundation (SBF), a German NGO, handed over 1.35 million square meters of agricultural land (one million square meters cleared manually supported by machines and dogs, and 350,000 square meters reduced) and 30 kilometers of roads needed for resettlement in Bocoio municipality in the western coastal province of Benguela during 2004, and conducted mine risk education. It has worked in Angola since l996, employing 70 staff in manual and mechanical clearance, and MDD teams. In 2005, SBF continued mine and UXO clearance on agricultural land and roads in Bocoio. In 2004, it participated in the LIS in Cunene province.^[71]

INAD reported that seven sapper brigades manually cleared 5,750,423 square meters in 2004, destroying 144 antipersonnel mines, 31 antivehicle mines and 800 UXO; an additional 22 kilometers of roads were cleared. In 2005, INAD planned to undertake the second phase of demining the Benguela, Namibe and Luanda railway lines, and to work on other infrastructure, including electricity pylons, dams, agricultural areas and access paths.^[72]

Angolan Armed Forces cleared 3,430 square meters manually, destroying 2,804 antipersonnel mines, 187 antivehicle mines and 370 UXO in 2004. Seven kilometers roads were cleared and 216 kilometers of road were verified.^[73]

In 2004, the commercial companies Manboji and Teleservice cleared 66,908 square meters of land and 72 kilometers of roads, and verified 43 kilometers of road, destroying 15 antipersonnel mines, one antivehicle mine and 24 UXO.^[74]

INTERSOS reported the injury of one deminer in Huíla province in September 2004.^[75] No other mine accident data for 2004 or the first quarter of 2005 was received.

Mine Risk Education

CNIDAH coordinates all mine risk education (MRE) activities. It has an MRE working group under its demining sub commission, which includes representatives of UNICEF, Handicap International, International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), MAG and at least ten national NGOs. CNIDAH’s MRE strategy in 2004 and 2005 focused on strengthening national MRE policy and standards. In 2004, CNIDAH drew up a set of IMAS-based standards, Os Padrões Nacionais de Educação sobre o Risco das Minas (PNERM), which were finalized by the working group in September 2004 and entered into force on 1 January 2005. The standards cover accreditation of MRE organizations; data-gathering methodology and requirements; the planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of MRE programs.

In 2004-2005, CNIDAH undertook the decentralizing of MRE planning and coordination to provincial vice governors for social affairs, supported by a governmental mine action liaison officer. Mines are viewed as a long-term issue requiring development of national capacities to support mine action at community level. Training and technical support is to be focused at both a municipal and provincial level in order to mobilize community initiatives, although according to UNICEF, implementation remains weak.^[76]

One of CNIDAH’s major MRE initiatives in 2004 was Stay on the Safe Path (Fiquemos no Caminho Certo), organized in response to the increasing number of incidents of mines being activated on roads by vehicles. This nationwide media campaign was launched in October 2004, targeting passengers, bus drivers and private vehicle owners traveling in mine-affected regions. It took place in 15 of the 18 provinces, omitting Cabinda and Zaire, which did not send a provincial representative to participate, and Lunda Norte, where delays in preparation of materials by CNIDAH resulted in the campaign being cancelled. Staff from government agencies, national institutions, NGOs and civil society received training in social mobilization techniques and MRE in preparation for the campaign.^[77]

The Stay on the Safe Path campaign included presentations and discussions by mine risk educators at busy “pit-stops” situated along the main traffic routes, and dialogue with drivers and passengers on the known, perceived and potential threat of mines on their journeys. Three television spots were broadcast in Portuguese, and a radio jingle by local rap artists was produced in seven Angolan languages, as well as in English and French, for returning populations from Zambia, Democratic Republic of Congo and Namibia. Leaflets, key rings, hats and T-shirts for drivers and stickers for vehicles were also produced for the campaign.^[78]

Between October 2004 and March 2005 nearly 16,000 drivers and 97,000 passengers were reached, at a total cost of $260,000.^[79] The number of mine incidents on roads during the 2004-2005 rainy season dropped sharply, to two (resulting in 11 killed and one injured). This compares with 52 mine incidents (40 killed) in the same period 2003-2004.^[80] As a result of this perceived success, a similar campaign was launched in July 2005, which attempted to reach 30,000 drivers in its first five days, and to run for six months using TV, radio and the NGO network.^[81]

CNIDAH’s second focus of activity was the setting up of community mine action committees under the overall leadership of provincial vice governors to engage with traditional leaders and municipal authorities as part of a strategy to promote sustainable MRE. These committees, comprising community leaders and volunteers, are intended to share information on the location of mined and dangerous areas and incidents; to link with local governmental and NGO bodies; to support mine victims; to take responsibility for maintaining knowledge on mine safety; to maintain a link between the community and mine action service providers. The initial plan was prepared with the intention of creating 165 committees in the 10 provinces of Huambo, Bié, Malange, Kwanza Sul, Kwanza Norte, Benguela, Huíla, Bengo, Úige and Moxico, but is said to be “fluid,” adapting according to needs at the community level.^[82]

A key concern has been to ensure the sustainability of these committees by providing training and support for committees at a provincial rather than a national level, and by attempting to integrate mine committees into or alongside other interventions, such as health promotion committees, at the local level. Mine committees will be encouraged to seek funding for local development initiatives.^[83]

In 2004, 18 NGOs and international organizations undertook MRE in 15 of 18 provinces. Improved accessibility in 2004 allowed for MRE in areas that had not been reached previously. Greater access also allowed for better information gathering on mine contamination, with information then forwarded to demining organizations for clearance and follow-up. In 2005, international organizations engaged in MRE activities included Handicap International (Benguela, Huambo), INTERSOS (Kuando Kubango, Huíla), MAG (Lunda Sul, Moxico), NPA and DanChurchAid (Lunda Sul, Moxico), the Japanese NGO Association for Aid and Relief (Lunda Sul), Angolan Red Cross (Benguela, Bié), and ICRC. However, in many provinces, national NGOs provided most of the MRE support to provincial mine action programs led by vice governors for social affairs.^[84] The AAF and National Police, as well as INEA (Instituto Nacional de Estradas de Angola) have played an increasingly significant role in MRE in Angola, following their successful involvement in the 2004 Stay on the Safe Path campaign.

In 2004, UNICEF Angola continued to provide support to a network of national NGOs and in particular to programs that are linked with refugee return in eight of the most mine-contaminated provinces: Huíla, Malange, Moxico, Kwanza Sul, Kwanza Norte, Úige, Bié and Huambo. UNICEF also provided funds for the procurement of essential field equipment, to ensure that the NGOs were equipped to work safely and effectively in mine-contaminated regions. In 2005, direct support was extended to include Bengo and Kuando Kubango provinces.^[85]

The Ministry of Education, with UNICEF support, integrated MRE into a new nationwide teacher training initiative, which trained 20,000 new teachers to deliver MRE using participatory methods. Through these teachers, messages will reach approximately 900,000 primary school children. This initiative will continue during 2005 and 2006, with UNICEF providing technical support for teacher training, and financial support for new learning materials, monitoring and field supervision.^[86]

UNICEF also continued to provide technical support and training to CNIDAH, and to national and international NGOs undertaking MRE programming, as well as assisting in the provision of MRE materials.^[87]

ICRC continued to transfer responsibility for its mine action program to the Angolan Red Cross during 2004, assisting it to develop capacity to conduct community-based activities in two provinces, Benguela and Bié. A series of MRE seminars and training workshops were held for volunteers, including provincial-level training to build up teams of instructors. Volunteers passed on information about contaminated areas to demining organizations and were trained to process the forms used in recording mine incidents. In 2004, the Angolan Red Cross visited 400 affected communities, conducted 990 MRE sessions and reached approximately 16,000 adults and 14,000 children.^[88]

Handicap International (HI) supports MRE in Huambo and Benguela provinces and worked closely in support of CNIDAH initiatives during 2004. HI assisted development of national mine action standards, provided training and logistical support for the road safety campaign, and for the identification and capacity-building of local associations and local NGOs, and local mine action committees. HI has worked closely with key groups and those in regular contact with community members, such as teachers or health extension workers. MRE extension agents, trained in 2002 and 2003, are being merged into newly created community networks.^[89]

During 2004, MAG community liaison teams provided MRE in Moxico and Lunda Sul to both settled communities, and returning refugees and internally displaced persons in transit camps. MRE was provided to over 71,000 people, of whom approximately 33,000 were children and 30,000 were refugees or internally displaced. MAG provided MRE to 28,500 people between January and May 2005. Methodologies included drama, dance, puppetry and other traditional means.^[90]

INTERSOS concluded a program in April 2004 conducted with Club De Jovens in Huíla. Between April and November, INTERSOS provided MRE for refugees and returnees in transit centers of Namacunde. Methodologies included interactive games, songs and performances, designed both for children/minors and for adults. INTERSOS personnel collaborated with camp staff to include MRE in camp events. The teams also accompanied returnees in the buses to their final destination, continuing with MRE activities during the journey. In Huíla, INTERSOS established 15 community-based committees and educated 40,686 people.^[91]

Funding and Assistance

Angola has no centralized record of funds available for mine action. In 2004, 15 donor countries, the European Commission (EC) and UNDP reported contributions totaling approximately $28,015,215 for mine action in Angola. This is an increase from the estimated funding of $21.3 million from 17 countries and the EC in 2003.^[92]

International donors in 2004 included:

• Canada: C$198,609 ($152,577) for MRE through UNICEF-Canada;^[93]
• Czech Republic: $61,645 for a mine detection dog project;^[94]
• Denmark: DKK6 million ($1,001,820) to DanChurchAid for mine clearance;^[95]
• EC: €2,280,000 ($2,835,864), consisting of €1,500,000 ($1,865,700) for stockpile destruction, €170,000 ($211,446) for mine action to aid resettlement, €160,000 ($199,008) for emergency demining in Kuando Kubango, and €450,000 ($559,710) for humanitarian mine action in Malange;^[96]
• Finland: €1 million ($1,243,800), including €150,000 ($186,570) to HALO for mine clearance, €450,000 ($559,710) to Finnish Church Aid for demining and MRE in Luena, and €400,000 ($497,520) to the Finnish Red Cross/ICRC for victim assistance and MRE;^[97]
• France: €51,057 ($63,505), consisting of €48,000 ($59,703) to HI for victim assistance and €3,057 ($3,802) through the French Embassy in Angola for MRE;^[98]
• Germany: €3,173,808 ($3,947,582), consisting of €970,345 ($1,206,915) for mine clearance in Cunene province by MgM, €865,000 ($1,075,887) for physical therapy and rehabilitation, €714,627 ($888,853) for mine clearance in Benguela province by SBF, €618,536 ($769,335) to MAG for mine clearance, EOD teams and MRE in Moxico province, and €5,300 ($6,592) partial financing of UNDP evaluation;^[99]
• Italy: €699,500 ($870,038), including €499,500 ($621,278) for UNDP planning and coordination, and €200,000 ($248,760) to UNICEF for MRE capacity-building;^[100]
• Japan: ¥137,500,000 ($1,271,381), consisting of ¥38,500,000 ($355,987) to HALO for mine clearance, ¥59,300,000 ($548,312) to MAG for mine clearance, ¥9,900,000 ($91,539) to HI for MRE, and ¥29,800,000 ($275,543) to UNMAS for MRE;^[101]
• Netherlands: €2,185,321 ($2,718,103), consisting of €949,674 ($1,181,205) to NPA for integrated mine action, €375,076 ($466,520) to HALO for mechanical demining support, €710,571 ($883,808) to MAG for mine clearance, and €150,000 ($186,570) to HI for victim assistance;^[102]
• Norway: NOK28,150,000 ($4,176,620) to NPA for mine action;^[103]
• South Africa: CHF118,314 ($95,200) through the ICRC Special Appeal Mine Action 2004;^[104]
• Sweden: SEK8,000,000 ($1,075,558) to NPA for mine action;^[105]
• Switzerland: €888,300 ($658,000), consisting of €648,000 ($480,000) to HALO for demining in Huambo, and €240,300 ($178,000) to HI for MRE, capacity-building and networking;^[106]
• UK: £334,000 ($612,222), consisting of £184,000 ($337,272) to HALO for mechanical demining, and £150,000 ($274,950) to NPA for integrated demining;^[107]
• US: $6,100,000 consisting of $5,300,000 from the State Department and $800,000 from the Leahy War Victims Fund.^[108]

Although there were slightly fewer international donors in 2004, some countries increased their funding in 2004; the Netherlands more than doubled its funding and Norway’s contribution to NPA in Angola almost doubled. US funding through the Department of State increased by $1.8 million. UNDP reported funding for Angola in 2004: $300,000 from the UK, $631,300 from Japan to the UN Voluntary Trust Fund and $200,000 through UNDP.^[109]

The Angolan government allocated $3 million for mine action in 2005, to be managed by INAD, including funds for survey and MRE.^[110] No details of disbursements were available.

UNDP has set up a Rapid Response Fund financed by the EC, which will provide approximately $3 million over two years, starting in June 2005. The fund is intended to support emergency or unplanned interventions costing up to $200,000 and limited to six months’ duration.^[111]

Landmine Casualties

In 2004, there were at least 191 new mine/UXO casualties in Angola. CNIDAH recorded 86 landmine/UXO incidents in 2004, which killed 73 people and injured 114 others. Of the recorded incidents, 41 were caused by antipersonnel mines, 26 by antivehicle mines and 19 by UXO. Incidents were recorded in Bié (22), Lunda Norte (19), Moxico (10), Kuando Kubango (10), Huambo (nine), Kwanza Sul (six), Malange (five), Bengo (two), Úige (two), and Kwanza Norte (one). The majority of casualties were aged between 15 and 35 years.^[112] This is a significant decrease compared with at least 270 new casualties in 108 incidents recorded by CNIDAH in 2003 (65 people killed and at least 205 injured).^[113] The true number of casualties is presumed to be higher than what has been reported, as many incidents are not recorded due to inaccessibility and the lack of a comprehensive data collection mechanism in Angola.^[114]

In addition, INTERSOS reported the injury of one deminer in Huíla province in September 2004.^[115] In 2003, one deminer was killed and 16 others injured during mine clearance operations.^[116]

New casualties continue to be reported in 2005. During the first six months, CNIDAH recorded 22 mine/UXO incidents; 20 people were killed and 16 injured. Of the recorded incidents, 14 were caused by antipersonnel mines, three by antivehicle mines and five by UXO.^[117]

Preliminary data, as of 31 May 2005, from the Landmine Impact Survey indicates that 324 “recent” mine/UXO casualties were identified in 11 provinces surveyed: 49 people (15 percent) were killed, and 74 (23 percent) were female. Most incidents were recorded in Moxico province (107), followed by Bié (58), Kwanza Sul (30), Malange (26), Lunda Norte (25), Benguela (20), Kwanza Norte (18), Huambo (15), Huíla (13), Cunene (seven) and Lunda Sul (five). Almost half (49 percent) of recent casualties were aged between 30 and 44, 28 percent aged between 15 and 29, 11 percent aged between five and 14, and seven percent was over 60 years old; the age of five percent was not known. Activities at the time of the mine/UXO incident include traveling (31 percent), collecting wood and water (18 percent), and farming (11 percent). Only four percent of recorded incidents were due to tampering.^[118]

The total number of landmine casualties in Angola is not known. In September 2004, the government reportedly stated that 700 people had been killed and 2,300 injured in landmine incidents “over the last six years.”^[119] The government estimates that there are 70,000 to 80,000 mine survivors in Angola, representing 78 percent of all persons with disabilities. Approximately two thirds of survivors are concentrated in Luanda, with others found in the mine-affected provinces of Bié, Huambo, Malange and Moxico.^[120]

Survivor Assistance

At the First Review Conference in November-December 2004, Angola was identified as one of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine survivors and “the greatest responsibility to act, but also the greatest needs and expectations for assistance” in providing adequate services for the care, rehabilitation and reintegration of survivors.^[121] The government stated that it is “very much concerned on the situation of mine victims....and has launched a challenge within the juridical-legal framework in favour of mine victims and other disabled people, aiming at ensuring their rights....to have access to health, education, employment, sports and leisure....but we will not be able to carry out this great task...” without assistance.^[122]

Angola participated in the Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa in Nairobi from 31 May to 2 June 2005. The workshop was hosted by the co-chairs of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration to assist States Parties in developing a plan of action to meet the aims of the Nairobi Action Plan in relation to mine victim assistance.

Angola’s Article 7 report included the voluntary Form J with information on mine victim assistance activities.^[123]

The Support and Social Reintegration Sub-Commission of CNIDAH coordinates and monitors the activities of mine victim assistance providers in Angola, holding irregular coordination meetings with key actors in victim assistance. The sub-commission is made up of representatives of the ministries of health, labor, social affairs and education, UN agencies, the ICRC, and international and local NGOs. ICRC and other physical rehabilitation NGOs also work with the Orthopedic Coordination Group.^[124]

Civilian survivor assistance consists mostly of physical rehabilitation, provided by international NGOs. The weaknesses in the provision of assistance to mine survivors and other persons with disabilities in Angola include the limited availability of services, a lack of coordination and information about the number and needs of mine survivors, and a delay in formulating policies and operational plans.^[125]

Assistance to mine survivors is a part of the Ministry of Health’s National Program for the Rehabilitation of People with Physical and Sensorial Disability (PNR) 2001-2005.^[126] In collaboration with NGOs and international organizations, the PNR has been amended and extended to April 2006. The six main objectives include: increasing the capacity at all levels of the Ministry of Health (MINSAU) to carry out the National Rehabilitation Plan; creating a framework and qualifications for orthopedics, physiotherapy and rehabilitation; improving services for people with disabilities; improving management of orthopedic centers; supporting civil society initiatives to facilitate the socioeconomic reintegration of people with disabilities; the participation of MINSAU in multi-sectoral coordination with other relevant ministries working with people with disability. The PNR is designed to facilitate the nationalization of the physical rehabilitation program and strengthen national capacity.^[127] The PNR is supported by the European Commission.

Few Angolans have access to healthcare and the public health situation in the country remains critical with much of the infrastructure destroyed by years of conflict. There are few qualified medical personnel, and medicines and equipment are in short supply. It is believed that 30 to 50 percent of mine casualties die before or after surgery for a number of reasons, including the distance to the nearest medical facility, lack of transport and incorrectly applied first aid. It can take hours or days for some mine casualties to reach the nearest hospital.^[128] The government reportedly gives low priority in the budget to basic social services.^[129]

There is a government-run health system and a parallel private system for those who can afford it. There are 27 national and provincial hospitals, of which 10 are located in Luanda, and a large number of smaller hospitals and health posts; however, about 20 percent are reportedly not functioning.^[130]

The NGO Medair supports five health clinics and one health center in Bundas municipality in Southern Moxico province, and one health center in Lumbala N’guimbo. All are staffed by MINSAU personnel with training and some supervision from Medair personnel. A mobile medical team has been operational since January 2004 serving remote communities without health clinics. Emergency evacuation is possible by aircraft from Lumbala to Luena either on UN or government military flights.^[131]

Angola is in the process of nationalizing physical rehabilitation centers, as outlined in the PNR. Handicap International is providing institutional support to the development of the PNR and the nationalization process of the physical rehabilitation centers. HI will also focus on monitoring and follow-up. Some centers are already completely nationalized, and in others the Ministry of Health is in charge of the day-to-day management, but is supported by international organizations.^[132] An external evaluation of the PNR is currently underway with a national workshop planned for later in 2005.^[133] According to an evaluation on the nationalization of two centers, “much support will be needed from [PNR] in the future to ensure that the centers ... can continue and further develop their work. This ranges from provision of training to administrators and technical staff, to technical support and provision of materials and appropriate tools for managing the services. There is still a long way to go.”^[134]

MINSAU, in cooperation with international organizations, manages 11 rehabilitation centers providing services for all persons with disabilities. All the centers provide physical rehabilitation, prosthetics and orthotics, psychosocial support and vocational training. At the national level, there is the Center for Medical and Physical Rehabilitation (CMRF) in Luanda, provincial centers in Viana, Neves Bendinha, Huambo, Lubango, and Luena, regional centers in Kuito, Menongue, and Benguela, and municipal centers in Negage and Gabela. In 2004, three centers were supported by ICRC (Huambo, Kuito and Luanda), three by HI (Lubango, Benguela and Negage), one by German Technical Cooperation (GTZ) and HI (Viana), one by INTERSOS (Menongue) and one by Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (Luena). An eleventh center was inaugurated in Gabela, Kwanza Sul province, in April 2005. In 2004, the orthopedic centers registered 1,962 landmine survivors; however, the demand is reportedly not being met. It is estimated that only 25 percent of the needs are being met by existing facilities.^[135] According to preliminary findings of the LIS, of 275 recent survivors, only four reported receiving any form of physical rehabilitation after the incident.^[136]

A shortage of trained rehabilitation specialists is partly responsible for the unmet demand. In early 2005, 12 Angolan technicians were sent to El Salvador to undertake a three-year prosthetic and orthotic training program at the Don Bosco University. A new curriculum for physiotherapy and orthopedic training has been finalized and submitted to MINSAU for validation. If endorsed, physiotherapy training should start by the end of 2005.^[137]

The ICRC supports three MINSAU orthopedic centers in Luanda, Huambo and Kuito, providing materials and technical assistance. ICRC also facilitates access to the centers for people from remote areas on organized road transport, while MINSAU provides accommodation during the period of treatment. In 2004, the three ICRC-supported centers produced 1,627 prostheses (1,229 for mine survivors), 125 orthoses (17 for mine survivors), 6,159 crutches and 249 wheelchairs. The three centers provide approximately 45 percent of the physical rehabilitation services in Angola. In December 2004, ICRC discontinued the service to transport people to the centers; however, ICRC intends to continue playing a key role in support of the PNR, and in developing and consolidating national plans. In 2004, two ICRC-sponsored technicians started and two completed formal prosthetic and orthotic training at the Tanzania Training Center for Orthopedic Technicians.^[138]

Handicap International was directly involved in the rehabilitation centers in Benguela, Lubango and Negage until March 2005 when management was handed over to MINSAU. In 2004, the three centers produced 174 prostheses, 54 orthoses and 1,439 crutches; 888 crutches were distributed countrywide. In addition, the Viana center operated jointly by HI and GTZ produced 413 prosthetic limbs in 2004. HI provided on-the-job training to orthopedic technicians and physiotherapy assistants. The Viana foot factory produced 3,591 prosthetic feet in 2004, which were distributed to the other orthopedic centers in the country. HI provides technical assistance to MINSAU on the implementation of the PNR. In early 2005, HI started a community-based rehabilitation project in the provinces of Benguela, Huíla and Namibe, in partnership with MINSAU and the Ministry of Social Affairs, with a focus on an effective referral system, social reintegration, awareness raising, lobbying and prevention of disability.^[139]

INTERSOS supported the Landmine Victims Orthopedic Center in Menongue, Kuando Kubango province until March 2005, when management was handed over to MINSAU. INTERSOS continues to provide technical support, training for technicians, training for psychosocial support, equipment, repairs and maintenance, and facilitates transport to the center. In 2004, the center produced 99 prostheses, two orthoses and 422 crutches, repaired 12 devices, and performed two cosmetic procedures. In December 2004, INTERSOS commenced construction of a physiotherapy room within the provincial hospital in Menongue; it was completed in April 2005. In January-February 2005, INTERSOS surveyed 186 amputees in Menongue municipality to collect information about their satisfaction with prosthetic services; the results were not available as of July 2005. INTERSOS, in cooperation with the local NGO Mbembwa and other organizations, organizes psychosocial support and vocational training in mechanics, tailoring and carpentry to assist the reintegration of persons with disabilities into their communities.^[140]

Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation (VVAF) supports the Luena Rehabilitation Center (LRC) in Moxico province, providing physical rehabilitation, physiotherapy, psychosocial support and socioeconomic reintegration to war-affected Angolans; 27 percent of staff at the center has a disability, including five mine survivors. VVAF also brings beneficiaries to Luena from the neighboring provinces of Lunda Sul and Lunda Norte by road and by air. This is necessary because there are virtually no services available in these provinces for mine survivors. In 2004, the center provided 3,798 physiotherapy treatments to 711 people, produced 308 prostheses, 53 orthoses, 349 crutches and 33 wheelchairs, and repaired 180 devices. Until January 2005, the LRC operated independently of government health services. It has now been handed over to the Moxico Provincial Directorate of Health with 32 Angolan workers being paid by MINSAU; however, as of August 2005, the workers had reportedly not been paid. The VVAF exit and sustainability strategy for the LRC requires continued technical assistance and material support through 2008, and collaboration with the PNR to ensure upgrading and training for technical staff. It is unclear whether or not support for services in Lunda Norte and Lunda Sul will continue as VVAF’s involvement in management of the LRC is scaled back.^[141]

The Center for the Promotion and Development of Communities (Centro de Apoio a Promoção e Desenvolvimento de Comunidades, CAPDC), a local NGO created with the support of Medico International, shares the premises at the Luena Rehabilitation Center with VVAF. VVAF works in partnership with CAPDC to identify, assess, refer and transport beneficiaries to the LRC, to provide psychosocial support and emergency material support to the most vulnerable, and referrals to vocational training and micro credit programs, and to provide follow-up to those rehabilitated. In 2004, the VVAF-supported program provided psychosocial support for 638 people and socioeconomic reintegration support for 218 people, including micro credit, job referral and housing. VVAF also partnered with Association for Aid and Relief Japan to facilitate access to rehabilitation for 90 landmine survivors in Lunda Norte in 2004. Other supporters of the CAPDC program include Medico International and MAG. VVAF also supports the Sports for Life program to promote the physical and psychosocial rehabilitation of mine survivors and other persons with disabilities. In 2004, 498 athletes with disabilities participated in wheelchair basketball and organized soccer tournaments. Sports for Life plans to be registered as an Angolan association by the end of 2006.^[142]

GTZ and local NGO League for the Reintegration of Disabled People (LARDEF) operate a community-based rehabilitation project near Viana, which aims to facilitate the reintegration of people with disability in society through a referral system and the creation of micro cooperatives. After four years of operation, the program has become a model for the Ministry of Social Affairs, which plans to implement the program in other provinces. In 2005, GTZ also distributed 500 wheelchairs donated by the Wheelchair Foundation to the physical rehabilitation centers of Viana and Gabela.^[143]

In 2004, the government reports that within the framework of socioeconomic reintegration, 405 landmine survivors and their families were rehabilitated, 63 mine survivors were integrated into the education system, 300 participated in literacy classes, 450 survivors received vocational training, and 81 survivors and their families received housing.^[144] The government acknowledges that activities are far from meeting needs for several reasons, including the lack of a national strategy for socioeconomic reintegration, the high number of mine survivors in urban areas, and high unemployment in the country.^[145]

The Ministry of Labor’s National Institute for Education and Professional Training and the Ministry of Social Affairs’ National Institute for Support of Disabled People work with local and international NGOs to support mine survivors with vocational training and micro credit programs; however, most services are concentrated in Luanda or in provincial capitals.^[146] In Benguela, there are four government and 10 private vocational training centers, in Lubango there are two government and 10 private centers, and Namibe has one government and eight private centers; however, it is not clear if all centers are open to persons with disabilities.^[147]

In 2004, Jesuit Refugee Service in Luena assisted landmine survivors and their families with vocational training in carpentry; however, the current status of the program is not known.^[148]

Disability and Development Partners^[149] supports LARDEF in Luanda, Benguela and Moxico to implement several projects to promote the socioeconomic reintegration, empowerment and employment opportunities of persons with disabilities and to raise awareness on their rights and needs. Dignidade, in Luanda and Benguela, operates small cooperatives of disabled persons with three-wheel vehicles that provide a taxi service for people and goods, and also provide transport to orthopedic centers in order to improve access to rehabilitation services. The program directly benefits 56 people, mostly mine survivors and their families. In April 2005, Dignidade Spares and Repairs Workshop started to provide a regular mechanical and repair service for the taxi cooperatives; four people with disabilities are employed, including three mine survivors. The Twendi (Let’s go) project, in Luanda, Benguela and Moxico provinces, focuses on promoting the socioeconomic reintegration of persons with disabilities through various small-scale development projects to assist displaced people with disabilities returning to their original villages, and enhances the capacity of LARDEF to advocate on the rights of persons with disabilities and influence government policy. About 50 people with disabilities and their families have directly benefited from the income generating projects; most are mine survivors. Two other new projects started in 2005; Tchilema (disabled people) project in Moxico province will focus on disabled women and their families to improve their socioeconomic position, and Avante (forward) will focus on the establishment of self-help groups, and advocacy on the rights and needs of persons with disabilities. The programs are funded by Adopt-a-Minefield, Baring Foundation, Charles Dayward Foundation, Comic Relief UK and Diana Princess of Wales Memorial Fund.^[150]

In August 2004, HI handed over a small vocational training facility, providing courses such as tailoring, shoemaking and electronics to mine survivors and other persons with disabilities, to the City of Luanda.^[151] In July 2005, HI started a new socioeconomic reintegration project in Huambo, which includes vocational training and employment assistance after training.^[152]

The local NGO ANDA works in partnership with the Lwini Social Solidarity Fund on socioeconomic reintegration programs to enable persons with disabilities to return to their areas of origin. The program is financed by the Angolan government through the National Institute of Social Security. On 17 June 2005, the fund organized a charity event, which raised $500,000.^[153]

Disability Policy and Practice

Angola has three legislative acts on protecting the rights of persons with disabilities, and a draft law is before the parliament.^[154] In addition, Law 21-B/92 of MINSAU identifies people with disabilities as a vulnerable group to whom priority for assistance should be given.^[155] However, the provisions of legislation are reportedly not fully implemented and the government has done little to improve the physical or socioeconomic conditions of the disabled.^[156] In March 2005, CNIDAH organized a national symposium on Laws and Protection for People Disabled by Landmines. The seminar concluded that even though the laws exist, there is a lack of financial resources or decrees for their implementation.^[157]

The Ministry of Social Affairs (MINARS) is responsible for issues relating to persons with disabilities, and provides assistance such as food aid, housing, wheelchairs and socioeconomic reintegration. Within MINARS, the National Direction for the Integration of People with Disability is in charge of developing and implementing the national policy.^[158] A 2004 survey by MINARS registered 89,170 people with a disability; 22,523 are amputees.^[159]

Angola has a system of social security, which covers a large number of persons with disabilities; however, to benefit a person must have contributed to the scheme over time.^[160] For disabled ex-combatants, benefits are available according to the level of disability; however, this system is reportedly not functioning properly.^[161]

Angola’s interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper includes provisions for persons with disabilities in terms of education and vocational training. Elements of the strategy include children with special needs should have access to the normal school system, and vocational training programs will be put in place for vulnerable groups, including people with disabilities.^[162]

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[1] Article 7 Report, Form A, 3 May 2005.
[2] Landmine Monitor (Zambia) interview with Balbina Malheiros Dias da Silva, Coordinator, National Institute for Demining (INAD), Geneva, 14 June 2005.
[3] The first Article 7 report was submitted 14 September 2004, covering the period September 2003-April 2004. The report had been due on 30 June 2003. An earlier, undated draft was also submitted to the United Nations.
[4] Statement by the Angolan delegation, Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World (First Review Conference), Nairobi, 3 December 2004.
[5] Permanent Mission of Angola to the UN, Press Release, “Countries stand united in the battle against landmines,” New York, 4 November 2004, www.un.int/angola/press_release_landmines.
[6] Article 7 Report, Form E, 3 May 2005.
[7] Article 7 Report, Form H, 3 May 2005.
[8] Article 7 Reports, Forms B, D and G, 14 September 2004 and 3 May 2005. The reports use the names of countries from before the breakup of the former Soviet Union: Czechoslovakia, East Germany and USSR.
[9] Article 7 Report, Form G, 14 September 2004. In June 2004, Angola reported that it had destroyed 8,432 stockpiled antipersonnel mines. Presentation by CNIDAH representative, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 24 June 2004.
[10] Article 7 Reports, Form D, 14 September 2004 and 3 May 2005.
[11] Article 7 Report, Forms B and D, 3 May 2005.
[12] Article 7 Reports, Form D, 14 September 2004 and 3 May 2005.
[13] “Implementation of the Ottawa Convention through the disposal of anti-personnel landmines,” statement by Angola and UNDP, Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction, Geneva, 15 June 2005. The European Commission is to fund 85 percent (€1.5 million), the Angolan government 10 percent (€170,000), and UNDP five percent (€95,000), for a total of €1.77 million ($2.2 million). In June 2004, Angola cited a budget of $1.47 million. Presentation by CNIDAH representative, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 24 June 2004. Average exchange rate for 2004: €1 = $1.2438, used throughout this report. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[14] Landmine Monitor (Zambia) interview with Balbina Malheiros Dias da Silva, INAD, Geneva, 14 June 2005.
[15] Notes taken by Landmine Monitor (HRW), Standing Committee on Stockpile Destruction, Geneva, 15 June 2005. The formal presentation had a slide stating, “In case the project continues for 24 months, rather than eighteen months,” which would take Angola beyond its deadline. During a subsequent discussion with Human Rights Watch, the Angolan representative indicated she was unaware that the deadline cannot be extended, and again expressed the need for financial support.
[16] “Angola to destroy anti-personnel landmine stocks by 2007: official,” Xinhuanet (Luanda), 23 August 2005.
[17] From the Article 7 Report it appears that Angola has reported no stockpiles of the following mines it reported cleared by deminers: APM-1 and APM-2 (manufactured by Austria), M35 and M409 (Belgium), T-69 and Type 72A/B/C (China), PPMID (Czechoslovakia), M1AP-DV59 (France), No.4 (Israel), VS-50, VS MK 2, and Valmara 69 (Italy), APP M57 (North Korea), M966 BT2 (Portugal), J-69, MINI MS-803, MK-1, R1M1, R2M1/R2M2 and RK 1 (South Africa), FFV 013 (Sweden), M14/E1, M16/A1/A2 and M18A1 (USA), MON-200, OZM-3, OZM-72, OZMK-160, PMD-7 TS, PMN-2 [1?], PMR-2A and POMZ 2/M (USSR), NOMZ-2B (Vietnam), PMA-1, PMA-2, PMA-3, PMR-3 and PROM-1 (Yugoslavia). Article 7 Report, Form H, 3 May 2005.
[18] Landmine Monitor (Zambia) interview with Balbina Malheiros Dias da Silva, INAD, Geneva, 14 June 2005.
[19] Article 7 Report, Forms B and D, 3 May 2005.
[20] Misspelled as PONZ antipersonnel mine in the Article 7 report.
[21] Misspelled as PMM-1 antipersonnel mine in the Article 7 report.
[22] “Huambo: Civilians Surrender Over 1,200 Firearms,” ANGOP (Angola Press Agency), 17 January 2005.
[23] Under Article 18 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, “A state is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of a treaty when...it has signed the treaty....” Clearly, use of mines by a signatory defeats the object and purpose of the treaty.
[24] Previous editions of the Landmine Monitor Report have extensive descriptions of past mine use in Angola, including admissions of use by Angolan officials. See Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 111-117; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 129-130, 131-134; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 183-184, 185-186; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, pp. 65-66; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp. 78-79.
[25] USAID, “Angola - Complex Emergency,” May 2003.
[26] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 122-123, and Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p. 79.
[27] Article 7 Report, Form C, 14 September 2004.
[28] Survey Action Center, “Landmine Impact Survey Angola Summary Progress Report 31 May 2005,” email from Ulrich Tietze, SAC Coordinator of LIS in Angola, 22 June 2005; email from Mike Kendellen, Director for Survey, SAC, 16 September 2005.
[29] Interview with Leonardo Sapalo, Director, INAD, Luanda, 12 May 2005.
[30] Email from Andy Frizzell, UNDP, Luanda, 26 July 2005.
[31] UN, “Country profile: Angola,” updated on 9 March 2005, www.mineaction.org.
[32] UN, “Country profile: Angola,” updated on 9 March 2005, www.mineaction.org.
[33] UN, “Country profile: Angola,” updated on 9 March 2005, www.mineaction.org.
[34] Telephone interview with Christian Larssen, Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Angola, 27 July 2005; Article 7 Report, Form A, 14 September 2004.
[35] Email from Andy Frizzell, UNDP, Luanda, 26 July 2005.
[36] Telephone interview with Christian Larssen, UNDP, Luanda, 27 July 2005.
[37] Email from Andy Frizzell, UNDP, Luanda, 26 July 2005.
[38] The conventional military term “brigade” refers to a large unit of approximately 600 personnel. INAD “brigades” consist of about 40-60 people.
[39] Interview with Leonardo Sapalo, Director, INAD, Luanda, 12 May 2005.
[40] Interviews with Christian Larssen,, UNDP Angola, and Archie Law, Regional Mine Action Advisor, UNDP South Africa, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[41] Interview with Leonardo Sapalo, INAD, Luanda, 12 May 2005.
[42] Information provided by Sara Sekkenes, Global Landmine Policy Advisor, NPA Mozambique, 6 August 2005. The two provincial survey reports of Bié and Huambo were compiled by NPA based on survey material primarily collated by HALO in a cooperative completion initiative.
[43] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 123.
[44] Email from Mike Kendellen, SAC, 28 July 2005, and interview, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[45] Interview with Mike Kendellen, SAC, 26 July 2005, and interview, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[46] SAC, “Landmine Impact Survey Angola Summary Progress Report 31 May 2005,” by email from Ulrich Tietze, SAC Angola, 22 June 2005; email from Mike Kendellen, SAC, 15 August 2005, and interview, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[47] Email from Guy Willoughby, Director, HALO Trust, 16 September 2005.
[48] Interview with Mike Kendellen, SAC, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[49] Interview with Christian Larssen, UNDP Angola, Geneva, 20 September 2005.
[50] Text of protocol emailed by Mike Kendellen, SAC, 27 June 2005.
[51] Email from Christian Larssen, UNDP, 27 July 2005; interview with Mike Kendellen, SAC, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[52] SAC, “Landmine Impact Survey Angola Summary Progress Report 31 May 2005,” information provided by email from Ulrich Tietze, SAC Angola, 22 June 2005.
[53] Information provided by Mike Kendellen, SAC, Geneva, 19 September 2005.
[54] Information provided by Ulrich Tietze, SAC Angola, 22 June 2005, and Sara Sekkenes, NPA, Mozambique, 6 August 2005. UNOPS is the UN Office for Project Services.
[55] Information provided by Ulrich Tietze, SAC Angola, 22 June 2005.
[56] Information provided by Ulrich Tietze, SAC Angola, 22 June 2005.
[57] Interview with Mike Kendellen, SAC, 26 July 2005.
[58] Article 7 Report, Form G, 3 May 2005. Clearance data does not necessarily agree with that reported by operators.
[59] For information about mine action in Angola in previous years, including other groups involved, see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 126-128.
[60] The five organizations are HALO, INTERSOS, Menschen gegen Minen, MAG and NPA. The term “verification” when applied to roads has not been defined and is used differently, and “clearance” of roads is conducted by a variety of machines and methodologies, making comparison inadvisable.
[61] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 125.
[62] Email from Harald Wie, Program Manager, DanChurchAid, Luanda, 9 August 2005.
[63] DanChurchAid update and response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, 20 July 2005.
[64] Email from Sam Christensen, DanChurchAid, Luanda, 9 August, 2005.
[65] HALO response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, 15 May 2005.
[66] Email from Gian Paolo Tongiorgi, Program Manager, INTERSOS, 19 September 2005; INTERSOS response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, 17 June 2005.
[67] MgM, “Introduction to MgM activities in Angola, 2004 and 2005,” undated; email from Ken O’Connell, Country Program Director, MgM, 4 May 2005.
[68] The UNOCHA/UNSECCORD system classifies roads in Angola as red, yellow and green. A “red” classification indicates that no UN agency is allowed to use the road. Yellow indicates the need to treat the road with caution and obtain updates prior to travel. Green indicates that the road is completely open to traffic. MAG classifies roads as trafficable and not trafficable, based on its own technical assessment.
[69] MAG, “Program Overview,” 1 July 2005; email from Greg Crowther, Country Program Manager, MAG, 29 July 2005; email from Tim Carstairs, Director of Policy, MAG, 20 September 2005. UNOCHA is the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs.
[70] Email from Mário Nunes, Deputy Program Manager, NPA, Luanda, 20 June 2005.
[71] SBF Response to Landmine Monitor questionnaire, 31 May 2005.
[72] Interview with Leonardo Sapalo, Director, INAD, Luanda, 12 May 2005; Leonardo Sapalo, cited by Permanent Mission of the Republic of Angola to the United Nations, Newsletter no. 10, December 2004/January 2005.
[73] CNIDAH statistics provided to Landmine Monitor (NPA) by CNIDAH, Luanda, 18 May 2005.
[74] CNIDAH statistics provided to Landmine Monitor (NPA) by CNIDAH, Luanda, 18 May 2005.
[75] INTERSOS Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, 17 June 2005.
[76] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, MRE Officer, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[77] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005; CNIDAH, “Relatório do Encontro Nacional sobre ERM, Luanda 15-17 February 2005,” pp. 5-7.
[78] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005; CNIDAH, “Relatório do Encontro Nacional sobre ERM, Luanda 15-17 February 2005,” pp. 5-7.
[79] CNIDAH, “Relatório do Encontro Nacional sobre ERM, Luanda 15-17 February 2005,” pp. 5-6.
[80] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[81] “Angola: Biggest ever campaign against landmines launched,” IRIN, www.irinnews.org/webspecials/
hma/angbig.asp, accessed 4 July 2005.
[82] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[83] CNIDAH, “Relatorio do Encontro Nacional sobre ERM, Luanda 15-17 February 2005,” pp. 7-8.
[84] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005. National NGOs include Trindade Ninho de Infancia (Bengo, Kwanza Sul), SECUT, BAGOS (Úige), Palanca Negra (Malange), ASASP (Kwanza Norte), CVA (Benguela, Bié), Cuidados da Infancia (Kwanza-Sul), Grupo Apoio a Crianca (Huambo), Clube de Jovens de Huíla (Huíla) and Enxame de Abelhas (Moxico). Other non-specialized national partners include civil society organizations such as the church, Boy Scouts and women’s groups.
[85] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[86] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[87] Telephone interview with Sharon Ball, UNICEF, 4 July 2005.
[88] ICRC Special Report “Mine Action 2004,” Geneva, June 2005.
[89] HI, “Final Report (March-October 2004) Raise Awareness Among The Angolan Population About The Danger Of Landmines,” p. 1.
[90] Email from Greg Crowther, MAG Angola, 6 July 2005.
[91] Email from Pia Cantini, MRE Officer, INTERSOS, 15 July 2005; email from Gian Paolo Tongiorgi, Program Manager, INTERSOS, 19 September 2005.
[92] Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 130.
[93] Emails from Elvan Isikozlu, Mine Action Team, Foreign Affairs Canada, June-August 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: UD$1 = C$1.3017. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[94] Email from Jan Kara, Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Czech Republic, 29 July 2005.
[95] Email from Hanne Elmelund Gam, Department of Humanitarian & NGO Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, 18 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = DKK5.989. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[96] Email from Nicola Marcel, RELEX Unit 3a Security Policy, European Commission, 19 July 2005. This includes funding through ECHO.
[97] Email from Teemu Sepponen, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Finland, 13 July 2005.
[98] Emails from Amb. Gerard Chesnel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 August 2005, from Anne Villeneuve, HI, July-August 2005, and from Christelle Hure, HI, 26 July 2005.
[99] Germany, Article 7 Report, Form J, 15 April 2005; email from Dirk Roland Haupt, Division 241, Federal Foreign Office, 25 July 2005.
[100] Emails from Manfred Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June-July 2005.
[101] Email from Kitagawa Yasu, Japanese Campaign to Ban Landmines (JCBL), 10 August 2005, based on Japanese language information from Ministry of Foreign Affairs sent to JCBL 1 May 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: YEN $108.15= $1. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[102] Email from Freek Keppels, Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005. Not included here is Dutch multiyear funding (2003-2008) to four mine action organizations operating in several countries, including HALO in Angola.
[103] Norway, Article 7 Report, Form J, 28 April 2005; email from Christine Roca, Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 April 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = NOK6.7399. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[104] ICRC Special Report, “Mine Action 2004,” Geneva, June 2005, p. 43. Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = CHF1.2428. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. South Africa’s Article 7 Report 2004, Form J, 13 May 2005 reported the contribution to ICRC as ZAR530,000.
[105] Document sent by post from Alf Eliasson, SIDA, 23 March 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = SEK7.4380. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[106] Email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 July 2005.
[107] Email from Andrew Willson, Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, Department for International Development, UK, 1 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: £1 = US$1.833, US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[108] USG Historical Chart containing data for Financial Year 2004. Email from Angela L. Jeffries, Financial Management Specialist, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, US Department of State, 20 July 2005.
[109] UNDP, “Funding Update by Donors,” www.undp.org, accessed 22 August 2005. These amounts are included in Landmine Monitor estimate of total funding. UNDP also reported a contribution by Italy assumed to be the same as reported by Italy to Landmine Monitor.
[110] Interview with Leonardo Sapalo, Director, INAD, Luanda, 12 May 2005.
[111] Email from Andy Frizzell, UNDP, Luanda, 26 July 2005.
[112] CNIDAH statistics provided to Landmine Monitor (NPA), 18 May 2005; presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH Victim Assistance Coordinator, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.
[113] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Joaquim Merca, Technical Advisor, UNDP, 14 July 2005.
[114] ICRC Special Report, “Mine Action 2004,” Geneva, June 2005, p.17; for more information, see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 132-133.
[115] INTERSOS Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire, 17 June 2005.
[116] For details, see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 133.
[117] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Joaquim Merca, UNDP, 14 July 2005.
[118] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mike Kendellen, SAC, 13 July 2005. Recent casualties refer to people killed or injured in the two years preceding the visit of the surveyors. Data collected commenced in April 2004. To date, there are no survey results for seven provinces.
[119] Presentation by Angola, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 10 February 2004.
[120] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.
[121] United Nations, “Final Report, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,” Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33.
[122] Statement by the Angolan delegation, First Review Conference, Nairobi, 3 December 2004.
[123] Article 7 Report, Form J, 3 May 2005.
[124] See also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 134.
[125] Article 7 Report, Form J, 3 May 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 133-134.
[126] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2004.
[127] Ministry of Health, “Plano operacional do apoio ao PNRPPDSM,” approved 11 May 2005.
[128] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005; HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 3. See also Suzanne Fustukian, “Case Study 2: Review of Health Service Delivery in Angola,” DFID Health Systems Resource Center, 2004, p. 3; Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 134.
[129] Suzanne Fustukian, “Case Study 2: Review of Health Service Delivery in Angola,” DFID Health Systems Resource Center, 2004, pp. 7-8.
[130] HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 25.
[131] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mark Screeton, Desk Officer, Medair, 13 July 2005.
[132] Ministry of Health, “Plano operacional do apoio ao PNRPPDSM,” approved 11 May 2005; HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 25; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Rebecca Thompson, Mine Action delegate, ICRC Angola, 5 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Maddalena Maiuro, Mine Action Assistant, INTERSOS, 14 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Tracy Brown, VVAF Country Representative, 18 July 2005.
[133] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Tracy Brown, VVAF, 17 July 2005.
[134] Anders Eklund, “Evaluation of Physical Rehabilitation Centers in Lubango and Benguela, Angola,” December 2004/January 2005, p. 2.
[135] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 134-135.
[136] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mike Kendellen, SAC, 13 July 2005.
[137] HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 18.
[138] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Rebecca Thomson, ICRC, Angola, 5 July 2005; ICRC Special Report, “Mine Action 2004,” Geneva, 2005, p. 17; ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2004,” Geneva, July 2005, pp. 11, 16-17, 44.
[139] Article 7 Report, Form J, 3 May 2005; HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, pp. 4, 41.
[140] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Maddalena Maurio, INTERSOS, Milan, Italy, 15 July 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 135.
[141] Email to Landmine Monitor (MAC) from Anita Keller, Program Manager, VVAF, 27 September 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Tracy Brown, VVAF, 17 July 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 135-136.
[142] Email to Landmine Monitor (MAC) from Anita Keller, VVAF, 27 September 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Tracy Brown, VVAF, 17 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Dieter Mueller, Country Director, Medico International, 11 July 2005.
[143] ANGOP, “Les Centres orthopédiques bénéficient de 500 chaises roulantes,” ANGOP, 10 June 2005, http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200506130532.html, accessed 30 June 2005.
[144] Article 7 Report, Form J, 3 May 2005.
[145] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005; presentation by CNIDAH, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2004.
[146] HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 26.
[147] Teresa Boers, “Diagnostico Final da Situação das PPDs nas Provincias da Benguela, Huila, e Namibe,” for MINARS contracted by Handicap International, April-May 2005, pp. 7-23.
[148] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 136.
[149] Until August 2005, DDP was known as the Jaipur Limb Campaign UK.
[150] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Isabel Silva, Projects Officer, DDP, 15 July 2005. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 136-137; Standing Tall Australia and Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, pp. 14-15.
[151] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 137.
[152] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Stanislas Bonnet, Desk Officer for Angola, HI, 25 August 2005.
[153] Presentation by CNIDAH, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, 23 June 2004; “Lwini Fund Gala Yields USD 500,000,” ANGOP, 18 June 2005, www.allafrica.org, accessed 30 June 2005.
[154] For details, see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 137.
[155] Presentation by Dr. Adriano Gonçalves, CNIDAH, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.
[156] US Department of State, “Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004: Angola,” Washington DC, 28 February 2005.
[157] Landmine Monitor interview with Julie Nuttens, Country Director Ad-interim, HI, 29 June 2005.
[158] Landmine Monitor interview with Julie Nuttens, HI, 29 June 2005.
[159] MINARS, December 2004 in HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 31. The survey was conducted in health centers and with people who presented themselves voluntarily to the survey team. This might have led to an over-representation of ex-combatants for whom registration is a necessary step to receive compensation.
[160] HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 24.
[161] Landmine Monitor interview with Julie Nuttens, HI, 29 June 2005.
[162] HI, “Country Situation Analysis: Angola,” Brussels, June 2005, p. 6.