Key developments since May 2004: On 8 April 2005 the Eritrean mine
action program was halted by government action for the second time in three
years, when vehicles used by the demining teams and other UN equipment were
seized. The Minister of National Development later indicated that Eritrea does
not require further UN technical assistance for its mine action program. The
Landmine Impact Survey, completed in June 2004, found that more than 655,000
people in 481 communities were affected by landmines and UXO in nearly 1,000
contaminated areas. Some 3.6 square kilometers of land and 2,180 kilometers of
road were cleared of mines in 2004 (1,327 antipersonnel mines, 93 antivehicle
mines and 3,865 UXO were destroyed). In addition, 21,855 square meters of land
were marked or surveyed. Eritrea completed its National Mine Action Strategic
Plan in late 2004. In total, US$5.8 million was spent on national mine action
programs in Eritrea in 2004, excluding UNMEE costs. International donors
contributed some $4.9 million in 2004.
National mine risk education, which had been suspended in 2002 during
government restructuring, re-started in 2004. In March 2005, mine risk
education started in areas outside the Temporary Security Zone, the first such
programs there since the end of the 1998-2000 war with Ethiopia. Increased
coverage was achieved inside the TSZ. Reported mine/UXO casualties in the
Temporary Security Zone decreased significantly in 2004. At the First Review
Conference, Eritrea was identified as one of 24 States Parties with the greatest
needs and responsibility to provide adequate survivor assistance. As part of
its commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan, Eritrea has identified some of its
objectives for the period 2005-2009 to address the needs of mine survivors.
Mine Ban Policy
Eritrea acceded to the Mine Ban Treaty on 27 August 2001, and it entered
into force for the country on 1 February 2002. Eritrea has not enacted domestic
legislation or reported any new national measures to implement the Mine Ban
Treaty. At a March 2004 regional landmine workshop, Eritrea said it planned to
“take all the necessary measures to adopt implementing
legislation.”[1 ]However, in
May 2005 the deputy head of the Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA) told Landmine
Monitor that he did not know if national legislation was being
pursued.[2 ]
Eritrea submitted its second Article 7 transparency report on 4 December
2004, covering the period from 1 September 2003 to 31 August
2004.[3 ]The report was due by 30
April 2004. Eritrea’s National Plan to Implement Article 5 of the
Convention was attached to the report. As of September 2005, Eritrea had not
submitted its annual updated report for calendar year 2004 which was due by 30
April 2005.
Eritrea attended the First Review Conference of the Mine Ban Treaty in
November-December 2004 in Nairobi, but did not make a statement during the high
level segment. Eritrea participated in a workshop on mine victim assistance
held in Nairobi from 31 May to 2 June 2005. Eritrea also attended the June 2005
intersessional Standing Committee meetings held in Geneva, but again made no
statements.[4 ]
Eritrea has not engaged in the extensive discussions that States Parties
have had on matters of interpretation and implementation related to Articles 1,
2 and 3. Thus, Eritrea has not made known its views on issues related to joint
military operations with non-States Parties, mines with sensitive fuzes or
antihandling devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training.
Production, Transfer and Stockpiling
Eritrea has stated that it never produced or exported antipersonnel mines,
and that all the mines used in past conflicts were obtained from Ethiopian
forces (either from minefields or storage facilities) during the 1961-1991 war
of independence.[5 ]
Eritrea reports that it no longer has any stockpiled antipersonnel mines,
except for 214 mines retained by the Eritrean Demining Authority’s
National Training Center for training and development
purposes.[6 ]Of the retained mines,
88 are listed as “live” and the rest as
“inert.”[7 ]Eritrea
maintains that all of the approximately 450,000 mines it obtained from Ethiopia
during the 1961-1991 war were subsequently laid during the 1998-2000 border
conflict, except for those that were unusable, which were disposed of or
destroyed.[8 ]
Use
There have been no reports of new use of antipersonnel mines since the end
of the 1998-2000 war.[9 ]
However, there were incidents caused by newly laid antivehicle mines in both
2004 and 2005 in the Temporary Security Zone (TSZ) separating Eritrea and
Ethiopia, according to the UN Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea (UNMEE) Mine
Action Coordination Center (MACC). In 2004, one incident occurred in Awgaro
village in Gash Barka region and another in Agam village in Debub region. The
MACC reported four incidents in March and April 2005 involving newly laid
antivehicle mines: three in Gash Barka (two near Omhajer and another near
Dirwash), and one in Debub (Kasad
Eiqa).[10 ]According to a media
report, one landmine was planted “on a road used as a supply route for the
Ethiopian army.”[11 ]The UN
said it did not know who planted the mines. The MACC previously reported 15
antivehicle incidents in the TSZ caused by newly laid mines between January and
July 2003.[12 ]
Landmine and UXO Problem
The legacy of World War II, three decades of a protracted struggle for
independence, and a two-year border war with Ethiopia have left Eritrea with one
of Africa’s more significant mine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) problems.
During the 1998-2000 border conflict, Eritrean forces laid an estimated 240,000
mines; Ethiopian forces are estimated to have laid an additional 150,000 to
200,000 mines.[13 ]
The Eritrea Landmine Impact Survey (LIS), completed in 2004, found that more
than 655,000 people in 481 communities were affected by landmines and UXO in
almost 1,000 mined areas. Nearly 90 percent of the affected communities are
located in four of the six national zobas
(states).[14 ]The Temporary
Security Zone separating Eritrea and Ethiopia crosses the four most contaminated
zobas; however, mine-contamination is not limited to the TSZ.
Mine contamination in Eritrea has significant social, economic and
humanitarian effects. Some of the most populated and agriculturally productive
areas, such as Debub and Gash Barka, are heavily mine-affected. The Shilalo
area (in Gash Barka region) has “severe contamination” by mines and
UXO and is the most mine-affected area of Eritrea, according to
MACC.[15 ]The scattered nature of
the landmine problem in Eritrea, combined with changes in weather patterns and
seasonal activities, puts the civilian population at particular risk. During
harvest seasons (April-May), or periods of drought and dramatic crop failure (as
reported widely in recent years), civilians often migrate far from their local
areas, seeking food and water, into areas that may be unmarked and uncleared of
mines.[16 ]
Refugees and internally displaced persons are also significantly impacted by
the mine contamination in Eritrea. The UNICEF Emergency Response Coordinator
told Landmine Monitor that as of 6 May 2005, about 50,000 people remained in
camps in Eritrea, almost all of them from the TSZ. They are prevented from
returning home due in large part to the threat of landmines, both in the camp
areas and in the areas of
return.[17 ]
Unlike the TSZ, many mine-affected areas in the rest of the country have no
marking or security
perimeter.[18 ]
Mine Action Program
The Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA), established in 2002 after a major
government restructuring of mine action, is responsible for countrywide policy,
planning and coordination of mine action, and has committed itself to operating
within international mine action standards. It is not responsible for mine
action in direct support of the UNMEE peacekeeping mission and the
Eritrean-Ethiopian Border Commission.[19 ]EDA is headed by Brigadier General Tesfai Isak. The national mine action
implementing agency, under EDA coordination, is the Eritrean Demining Operations
(EDO).
The UNMEE Mine Action Coordination Center was established in August 2000,
following the cessation of hostilities between Eritrea and Ethiopia, with a
mandate to provide demining support to the UNMEE peacekeeping mission in the
TSZ.[20]
In 2004, the government and UN Development Programme (UNDP) continued the
mine action capacity-building program under which, according to an agreement
signed in 2002, UNDP assumes primary responsibility for assisting national
authorities to build an independent, comprehensive national mine action
capacity. In 2004-2005, the UNDP capacity-building program was headed by a
chief technical advisor and a staff of
eight.[21]
In 2005, the country’s mine action program came under pressure from
the government. On 8 April, without prior warning and as part of a broader
confiscation of UN equipment, the government seized 36 demining project
vehicles, resulting in the stand-down of field operations and effectively
suspending the national mine action
program.[22 ]On 2 May 2005, EDA
requested that foreign technical advisors attached to the UNDP capacity-building
program leave the country by 30 June 2005, with the exception of the Chief
Technical Advisor and Technical Advisor for Operations, because progress had
been made in developing an independent demining
capacity.[23 ]On 5 May 2005, EDA
requested, in writing, that UNDP hand over all equipment.
Several meetings were held between UNDP and the Ministry of National
Development but no agreement was reached. A Tripartite Review between the EDA,
UNDP and the main mine action donors (Norway and the European Commission) was
scheduled for 6 June, but canceled by EDA at the last
moment.[24 ]A UN high level mission
was conducted on 22-25 August 2005 involving the Secretary-General’s
Special Envoy, Martti Ahtisaari. Follow-on meetings were also conducted by the
UNDP HQ mine action team leader. In a meeting with the Minister of National
Development, he was told that Eritrea did not want further technical assistance
from the UN, and that it had acquired the capacity to conduct its own mine
action. UNDP and the minister agreed that an audit/evaluation should be
conducted before any further decisions were
made.[25]
This was the second time in less than three years that the government had
announced unexpected changes in mine action. In July 2002, the government
issued Proclamation 123/2002, restructuring mine action by establishing the EDA,
shortly followed by instructions that all international mine clearance
organizations must cease operations (two were subsequently allowed to remain,
but one of these was asked to leave less than a year later). This caused a
temporary stoppage in late 2002 of all national mine action operations in the
country, except for UNMEE.[26]
In December 2004, Eritrea completed its National Mine Action Strategic Plan
based on the LIS results. Two of the plan’s top priorities were the
return of 65,000 internally displaced persons by the end of 2006 (18,663 people
were returned in February 2005), and the completion of all mine clearance,
marking, and integrated mine risk education and victim assistance, in the
remaining LIS-identified high and medium impacted communities by
2009.[27 ]The strategic plan had
not started as of September 2005; it was unclear how achievement of the
strategic plan would be affected by the cessation of the national mine action
program in Eritrea.
During 2004, UNMEE MACC assisted the LIS in applying quality control to all
incoming data, and entered LIS data into the Information Management System for
Mine Action (IMSMA), which it maintains in parallel with the EDA IMSMA
database.[28 ]Under an April 2005
agreement between UNMEE MACC and EDA, data from IMSMA is available to all mine
action actors, partners, donors, government ministries and agencies. An
international expert was mandated to coordinate mine action data between the two
IMSMA databases; in the government intervention of early 2005 the expert left
EDA but continued working at UNMEE
MACC.[29]
Evaluation of Mine Action
In 2004, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD)
conducted an evaluation of mine clearance by UNMEE in Eritrea for UNMAS. The
report was completed in July 2005. It concluded that:
“In spite of some very noteworthy achievements, including the virtual
re-establishment of the National Training Centre and the training and equipping
of three national demining teams under the former Eritrean Demining Agency
(EDA-1), the MACC experienced a number of setbacks. Partly because of the
vagueness of mandate, other competing demands, as well as a serious
under-estimation of the challenges of issuing tasking orders, the MACC’s
coordination function was not effective, an assessment corroborated by opinions
of various respondents. Nor were the mine action capacity development activities
undertaken by the MACC ultimately successful (in spite of effective mine
clearance training activities), partly because a temporary mine action centre
associated with the peacekeeping force is not always a natural conduit for this
type of activity, and partly because there was a lack of clear national
commitment and a precise, formally written and signed agreement at the highest
level.”[30 ]
Survey and Assessment
The Eritrea Landmine Impact Survey, which began in May 2002, was completed
in June 2004. It concluded that 481 communities were mine-affected, of which it
categorized 33 as high impact, 100 as medium impact and 348 as low impact. The
LIS identified 914 suspected hazardous areas and 113 UXO-contaminated
sites.[31 ]Through the LIS, there
is now “a good picture of where and how mines have impacted the
population,” according to UNMEE
MACC.[32]
UNMEE MACC is responsible for advice and production of an annual mine risk
assessment in the TSZ for the UNMEE force. The assessment is also designed to
provide information to other interested agencies. UNMEE MACC produced its most
recent mine risk assessment on 10 May
2005.[33 ]
In its Article 7 report of 4 December 2004, Eritrea reported that technical
survey was planned to start late in 2004, as follow-up to the LIS, in order to
further define minefields.[34 ]
Mine and UXO Clearance
Under Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty, Eritrea must destroy all
antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as
possible, but not later than 1 February 2012.
In 2004 a total of 3,575,725 square meters of land and 2,180 kilometers of
road were cleared, destroying in the process 1,327 antipersonnel mines, 93
antivehicle mines and 3,865 UXO, according to UNMEE MACC data. In addition,
21,855 square meters of land were marked or
surveyed.[35 ]This represents a
significant decrease from 2003 (4.8 square kilometers); however the area
reported cleared in 2003 included large amounts of battle area
clearance.[36]
Mine clearance in Eritrea was undertaken in 2004-2005 by EDO and RONCO
(tasked by EDA), and by UNMEE and Mechem (tasked by UNMEE MACC). From 2001
until early 2004, Slovak Armed Forces demining contingents were tasked by UNMEE
MACC.
In the first half of 2005, a larger area was cleared than in
January-December 2004. From 1 January through August 2005, some 5.7 square
kilometers of land and 1,293 kilometers of roads were cleared, destroying in the
process 273 antipersonnel mines, 36 antivehicle mines and 20,191 UXO. When EDO
clearance operations were suspended in April 2005, UNMEE and Mechem continued
working, as did RONCO. RONCO increased its clearance capacity in 2005, and
UNMEE clearance capacity was also increased with the deployment of the South
African company Mechem.
EDO, which started clearance operations in December 2003, had the following
operating capacity in 2004-2005: three manual clearance teams of 60 persons each
and two of 25 persons each; six mine risk education teams of four persons each;
two five-person explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams; and one seven-person
technical survey team accredited in October
2004.[38 ]EDO operations ceased in
early April 2004.[39 ]
The US company RONCO had eight mine detection dogs (with national dog
handlers) and two 60-person EOD/manual clearance teams based in
Shilalo.[40 ]During 2004, six new
mine detection dog (MDD) teams were integrated, bringing the total to 14 MDD
teams; in 2005, one additional demining team was trained. RONCO trained and
supervised EDO teams. RONCO clearance data for 2004 differs from what UNMEE
MACC has reported. RONCO stated that it cleared an area of 2,236,141 square
meters in 2004 through manual and mine detection dog clearance, destroying in
the process 94 antipersonnel mines, 6 antivehicle mines and 330
UXO.[41 ]
Mechem began integrated clearance operations under UNMEE MACC coordination
in December 2004. Mechem worked in the TSZ, employing Kenyan deminers. Its
integrated capacity seeks to enhance the MACC’s existing manual capacity
and consists of a training component, 10 MDD with five dog handlers, four
mini-flails and four mine-protected heavy vehicles with steel wheels for ground
preparation. In addition to mine/UXO clearance, Mechem marked or surveyed
21,855 square meters in
2004.[42]
UNMEE MACC continued to provide demining support to the UNMEE peacekeeping
demining force in 2004 and into 2005, consisting of UN demining units from Kenya
and Bangladesh, who operated primarily in the minefields of the Shilalo area.
Shilalo is the major operational base for UNMEE MACC mine action in the TSZ and
MACC has established a demining coordination center
there.[43 ]
Since August 2002, UNMEE MACC has provided demining support to the
Eritrea-Ethiopia Boundary Commission, which issued its final border demarcation
ruling in April 2002. Protests at the ruling culminated in early 2005 in
disbandment of the commission’s demarcation field offices, and cessation
of UNMEE MACC support for demining of border posts.
Mine Risk Education
UNICEF is the focal point for mine risk education (MRE) in Eritrea,
providing coordination, technical support and capacity-building. During 2004,
UNICEF entered into a formal agreement with EDO, which revived the national MRE
program after the 2002 government restructuring of mine action that resulted in
suspension of MRE programs.[44 ]National standards for MRE have not been adopted and the International
Mine Action Standards (IMAS) are not applied.
MRE is targeted on a geographical basis. Since the LIS was completed, it
has been used to prioritize activities in areas outside the TSZ, particularly in
the Anseba area which LIS identified as highly
mine-affected.[45 ]
MRE is provided by UNICEF and EDO teams, while in the TSZ UNMEE MACC teams
also provide MRE. From January 2005 through March 2005, six UNICEF teams
provided MRE to 13,812 recipients (51 percent male; 38 percent above 18 years of
age; 62 percent children). In the TSZ, UNMEE MACC provided MRE to approximately
60,000 people from January 2004 to May 2005.
From January 2004 until February 2005, six UNICEF/EDO MRE teams were
deployed in Gash Barka, Debub and the Southern Red Sea zoba. Each team
consisted of four people, conducting classroom and community presentations,
theatrical shows, puppet shows and teacher training. Community volunteers were
recruited throughout the country and are present in all six of the zobas in
Eritrea; they reinforce the messages after departure of the MRE teams. In March
2005, the teams were also deployed to Maekel, the Northern Red Sea and Anseba
zobas, representing the first MRE programs outside the TSZ since the end of the
1998-2000 war.[46 ]
In 2004 and 2005, monthly field coordination meetings in the TSZ took place
between UNMEE MACC MRE teams and EDO MRE teams, to ensure wider MRE coverage in
the most heavily affected areas in the
TSZ.[47]
UNICEF expanded its community-based approach to MRE during 2004 and 2005,
particularly in Senafe, one of the more mine-impacted areas of Eritrea, with a
population of roughly 36,000 including about 7,000 children and three
camps.[48 ]UNICEF/EDO MRE teams
worked closely with the local administrator and school supervisors to provide
MRE for local residents, camp residents and local schools. In May 2004, the
Ministry of Education, with UNICEF support, organized a teacher training MRE
workshop for teachers of nine Senafe area schools, targeting a student
population of about 800.[49 ]
In January 2005, UNICEF trained 21 MRE volunteers in highly affected
communities. This training included how to undertake data gathering and
standardized reporting to IMSMA. Each volunteer was a local resident, either an
elder, a teacher, or a person otherwise chosen by local
administrators.[50 ]From January to
April 2005, these community members provided MRE to 2,641 adults and 1,814
children.[51 ]In 2005, UNICEF
standardized MRE reporting using IMSMA forms to include community demographics,
and to reflect the integrated nature of MRE with clearance activities.
During 2004, UNICEF/EDO also sought a more integrated community approach to
the awareness and response needs of affected communities. In Senafe in
mid-2004, MRE teams based in nearby Adi Keyh coordinated the local construction
of a large, gated safe-play area. With a contribution from the US Department of
State, and with UNICEF and War Child Netherlands coordination, the community
agreed to donate its labor, and in early 2005 the safe-play area was
completed.[52 ]
Several Senafe community members in May 2005 relayed to Landmine Monitor
examples of the successful impact of MRE on their community. The deputy
administrator of Senafe sub-zoba told Landmine Monitor that it is
“clear” that MRE is successful in Senafe; children “do come to
adults and tell them when they see weapons now, instead of picking them
up.”[53 ]A similar safe-play
area was constructed in Tsorona, a highly affected area in Gash Barka, also with
local construction.[54 ]
UNICEF sought to develop and strengthen mass media initiatives. In February
2004, together with the Ministry of Information, UNICEF developed 24 MRE radio
programs for adults and children, broadcast in all nine major languages across
the country on a weekly basis. In February 2004, to commemorate the second
anniversary of Eritrea’s accession to the Mine Ban Treaty, and to raise
public consciousness, UNICEF, in cooperation with EDO, hung large banners
reading “Think Mines” in Senafe, Barentu, Adi-keyh, Asmara, Tesanay,
Mendefera and Assab. In June 2005 81,600 posters and 27,800 leaflets were
printed and distributed for use by EDO and UNMEE MACC MRE teams
nationwide.[55 ]
In 2004 through May 2005, UNMEE MACC, with support from UNICEF and CARE,
continued to operate three MRE teams in the TSZ, two on the Eritrean side of the
TSZ, and one in the southern adjacent area of the TSZ (the Ethiopian side). MRE
field teams concentrated their activity in the most heavily affected areas of
the TSZ, especially in the areas near Shilalo and Tsorona, using oral
presentations, printed material, posters, school presentations and games adapted
to include MRE messages.[56 ]From
December 2003 to November 2004, 50,000 people received MRE from UNMEE MACC in
the TSZ and adjacent areas, including 1,202 MRE recipients in the southern
adjacent zone of the TSZ. From January to May 2005, approximately 10,450 people
were exposed to MRE training from the three MRE teams. In addition to settled
communities, in 2004 and 2005, UNMEE MACC field teams provided MRE to displaced
persons in the May Warai and Adi Kashi camps for internally displaced
persons.[57]
Funding and Assistance
Eight donor countries and the European Commission (EC) reported contributing
a total of US$4,947,052 to mine action in Eritrea in 2004. Funding in 2004
decreased from $6.85 million in 2003 and $11.1 million in
2002.[58 ]Donors in 2004 were:
Canada: C$386,583 ($296,983), consisting of C$298,395 ($229,235) for
community-based rehabilitation, and C$88,188 ($67,748) for protective
equipment;[59]
EC: €1 million ($1,243,800) for the capacity-building
program;[60]
Germany: €215,899 ($268,535) to UNMAS for mechanical
clearance;[61]
Italy: €84,000 ($104,479) to UNDP for metal
detectors;[62]
Norway: NOK5 million ($741,851) to UNDP for
capacity-building;[63]
Republic of Korea: $50,000 donated through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund for
Assistance in Mine Clearance;[64 ]
Sweden: SEK3,412,436 ($464,403) in-kind for technical
expertise;[65 ]
Switzerland: CHF438,750 ($325,000) consisting of CHF101,250 ($75,000) for
victim assistance and CHF337,500 ($250,000) in-kind for technical
advisors;[66]
US: $1,452,000 for mine detection dog teams and manual demining
teams.[67 ]
The Slovak Republic reported the in-kind value of Slovak Armed Forces
demining capacity in 2004 as $4,628,414.
[68 ]This was not reported in
monetary terms in previous years, although Slovak forces operated in Eritrea
from 2001 to 2004.[69]
UNDP reported that funding committed to national mine action programs during
2004 totaled $5,805,936.[70 ]EDA
and EDO are funded through UNDP and the government. UNDP contributed $1.5
million to EDA and EDO in 2004. The Eritrean government contributes to national
salaries only; government funds for 2002-2006 total
$2,326,800.[71 ]The total cost of
the LIS was $2,251,965, funded by the EC and
Canada.[72]
Landmine and UXO Casualties
In 2004, UNMEE MACC recorded 30 new mine/UXO casualties, including 13 people
killed and 17 injured, in 28 mine-related incidents in the TSZ and adjacent
areas; at least three casualties were female, and six were under the age of 18
years. Of the 28 incidents, at least two involved antipersonnel mines, three
involved antivehicle mines, and seven involved UXO; the type of device in 16
incidents is unknown.[73 ]In 2003,
UNMEE MACC recorded 62 mine/UXO casualties (24 killed and 38 injured) in the
TSZ.[74 ]According to the UNMEE
MACC program manager, the significant decrease in casualties between 2003 and
2004 can be attributed to the overall success of all combined mine action
activities (national and UNMEE), an increase in clearance operations and an
increase in MRE.[75 ]The Landmine
Impact Survey recorded 87 new mine/UXO casualties in Eritrea in
2003.[76]
Casualties continue to be reported by UNMEE MACC in 2005, with two people
killed and nine injured in nine mine-related incidents in the TSZ to 5 May; two
were under 18 years old.[77 ]
There are few, if any, reporting mechanisms outside of the TSZ. In May
2005, Landmine Monitor visited Godeti, a village near Dekemhare in Maekel Zoba
(outside the TSZ), where in September 2003 a five-year-old boy was killed and
his three-year-old brother injured in a UXO incident. At the time of the
incident, the injured child was carried by foot from the village to Dekemhare,
from where he was taken to Halibut Hospital in Asmara for treatment. The
boy’s mother told Landmine Monitor that no one has ever come to
investigate the incident or to question her or the community about the incident
other than the attending doctors at the
hospital.[78 ]Casualty data in the
TSZ is reported primarily by military observers, UNMEE MACC staff, International
Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), or other NGOs in the field, but rarely by
farmers or local administrators.
Casualties recorded by UNMEE MACC in the TSZ do not reflect the total number
of landmine casualties in Eritrea. The Landmine Impact Survey, completed in
June 2004, presents the most comprehensive data available on landmine casualties
in Eritrea. The LIS identified a total of 4,934 mine casualties, including
2,436 people killed and 2,498
injured.[79 ]However, there are
limitations with the LIS results, which may not represent the total number of
mine casualties in Eritrea, since the information was only collected in
communities with a known presence and risk of landmines. Communities without a
known mine presence were not
surveyed.[80 ]There are an
estimated 40,000 mine survivors in
Eritrea.[81]
On 28 April 2005, one Eritrean child was killed
and another severely injured while handling a landmine near a refugee camp in
Gadaref state, in Sudan.[82 ]
Survivor Assistance
At the First Review Conference in November-December 2004, Eritrea was
identified as one of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine
survivors, and with “the greatest responsibility to act, but also the
greatest needs and expectations for assistance” in providing adequate
services for the care, rehabilitation and reintegration of
survivors.[83 ]Eritrea participated
in the Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, held in
Nairobi from 31 May-2 June 2005. The workshop was hosted by the co-chairs
of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
to assist States Parties in developing a plan of action to meet the aims of the
Nairobi Action Plan in relation to mine victim assistance.
One mine survivor from Eritrea, the UNMEE MACC MRE Coordinator, participated
in the First Review Conference.
Eritrea submitted the voluntary Form J with its annual Article 7 report,
which included details of the objective to establish a victim support system
within the National Plan to Implement Article 5 of the
Convention.[84 ]
As part of its commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan, Eritrea has identified
some of its objectives for the period 2005-2009 to address the needs of mine
survivors, which include:
establishing a nationwide surveillance and reporting system, with linkages
to the national disability survey, which will also report on the ongoing
socioeconomic situation of mine survivors;
improving capacities in first aid and emergency care to reduce mortality in
mine/UXO incidents, through training and infrastructure development;
strengthening the referral system for rehabilitation;
strengthening and expanding community-based rehabilitation services into
highly affected sub-regions;
providing assessment and rehabilitation services for 80 percent of known
survivors;
strengthening capacities for psychosocial support in 50 percent of
sub-regions;
adapting teacher training to meet the needs of children with
disabilities;
providing seed money to 1,800 persons with disabilities and monitoring their
economic reintegration;
developing vocational training programs;
developing affirmative action for job placement and employment;
strengthening associations of landmine survivors;
enacting and implementing legal provisions to ensure full and equal
participation of mine survivors and other persons with disabilities;
advocating for improved accessibility to buildings and other
infrastructure.
Eritrea intends to link survivor assistance with its Millennium Development
Goals until 2015.[85]
The UNDP capacity-building program for mine action in Eritrea included a
mandate for survivor assistance and was coordinated by a UNDP technical advisor.
The program was working with the government to help strengthen the national
capacity to provide adequate assistance to mine
survivors.[86 ]
Decades of armed conflict in Eritrea have contributed to the current
inability of the healthcare infrastructure to adequately assist the large number
of war-disabled, including mine casualties. Mine incidents usually occur long
distances from regional health centers; transport is a problem, with many
casualties carried on foot for long distances to reach medical care. Medical
facilities often lack medicines and supplies. Access to post-emergency care and
ongoing rehabilitative services remains extremely limited; for rural populations
this is often nonexistent. Poverty also limits the ability of survivors to
access follow-up and ongoing
care.[87]
According to the LIS, of 217 “recent” survivors, 94 percent
received some form of emergency care; however, 60 percent of “less
recent” casualties died as a result of the mine incident. Less than three
percent of “recent” survivors reported receiving rehabilitation
assistance. No survivors reported receiving vocational training after the
incident. The majority of survivors reported injuries other than amputation or
loss of sight; 39 percent suffered an
amputation.[88 ]
The Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare (MLHW) is responsible for providing
assistance to people with disabilities, including landmine survivors. MLHW
administers a Community-Based Rehabilitation (CBR) program through the
Department of Social Affairs. The CBR program operates in 22 sub-regions (about
40 percent of the country), but not in all mine-affected
communities.[89 ]
In 2004, the Maekel National Prosthetic and Orthopedic Center, outside of
Asmara, became operational. The center includes an orthopedic workshop,
production facilities for prosthetic and orthopedic components, wheelchair
manufacturing and kitchen facilities. In 2005, a residential wing was opened
with the capacity for about 12 people. The center assists about 75-80 people
per week; 87 percent are landmine survivors. Construction of a physiotherapy
department and training unit is expected to be completed by the end of 2005, if
funding is available.[90]
The CBR program distributes prosthetic and orthopedic devices, mostly
through the administration of three orthopedic workshops in Asmara (Maekela),
Keren and Assab. The Keren workshop aims to provide residential facilities by
the end of 2005. However, the centers do not have the capacity to meet all the
needs; there is reportedly a waiting list of 40,000 disabled people seeking
rehabilitation services. The centers often lack raw materials for the
production of prostheses, and many people travel long distances to access
services that cannot be provided. There is also a need to improve the quality
of production as many mobility devices provided in Eritrea are reportedly
substandard, painful to use, easily broken, and difficult to maintain. In May
2005, the CBR program, with support from the UNDP capacity building program,
held an orthopedic workshop referral training program for MRE staff from EDA,
EDO, UNMEE MACC and the National Red Cross, so that the teams could inform mine
survivors in the communities visited about available services for their physical
rehabilitation.[91 ]
Access to care for landmine survivors from rural areas is one of the biggest
obstacles in providing survivor assistance in Eritrea. In January 2005, the CBR
program deployed a mobile orthopedic workshop to visit remote rural areas. The
mobile unit is staffed by orthopedic technicians, some of whom are mine
survivors, and can provide some orthopedic devices, casting, assessments and
repairs to devices. The mobile workshop typically remains in a local region for
up to two weeks at a time.[92 ]
Other obstacles to the reintegration of mine survivors and other people with
a disability is social stigmatization in the community; abandonment,
particularly of female survivors, is
widespread.[93 ]The CBR program has
trained 500 people in basic counseling skills to provide psychological support
for persons with disabilities. Another 1,120 volunteers are trained in basic
skills in counseling, mobility and physiotherapy, and can provide referrals to
other services. Peer-to-peer support training is also being
encouraged.[94 ]
The CBR program includes income generation and sustainable livelihood
programs. The program includes the provision of small grants to persons with
disabilities for small-scale businesses, and the handing over of land. In
Kuasien (one hour north of Asmara), one of the most mine-affected villages in
Eritrea, the community agreed to grant the best farmland to landmine survivors,
once they reach 18 years of age. All other residents receive land at 30 years
of age. MLHW advocated this policy to the Kuasien community as a response to
the LIS identification of Kuasien as one of the highly-impacted areas of the
country.[95 ]
MLHW and UNDP implements the Seed Money Loan Project, which provides
training and follow-up to support the sustainability of the businesses of
beneficiaries. Training is provided in animal husbandry and business
management. The projects assists vulnerable people, including mine survivors,
to access greater social participation, empowerment and dignity in their
communities.[96]
MLHW and UNDP also implement the Donkeys for School Project. The project
aims to give equal opportunities to children with disabilities, including child
mine survivors, to access education in rural areas of Eritrea. If disabled
children cannot access formal education then their prospects for socioeconomic
reintegration will be greatly diminished. The donkeys provide transport to take
children to school. More than 2,259 disabled children are benefiting from the
project.[97]
In May 2005, MLHW was in the process of identifying beneficiaries for a
USAID-fund economic reintegration program. The Leahy War Victims Fund, through
its Socioeconomic Reintegration of Persons with Disabilities Program,
contributed $465,000 for interest-free loans and related business skills
training for approximately 550 persons with disabilities; about 60-70 percent
will be landmine survivors. Funded activities will include small shops/kiosks,
small chicken/egg production and
bakeries.[98 ]
Disability Policy and Practice
Development of the long-awaited, revised national disability policy was
placed on hold in 2005, pending further progress on the proposed Comprehensive
and Integral International Convention on Promotion and Protection of the Rights
and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities (CCPWD). The Eritrean Mission to the
United Nations in New York is one of four African countries on the working
committee for the CCPWD.[99 ]
The Ministry of Labor and Human Welfare is responsible for assistance to
people with disabilities, including landmine survivors; government policy is to
provide assistance to all disabled people regardless of the cause of the
disability. MLHW has endorsed the victim assistance strategic plan for
2002-2006: Direction to Establish a Model of Victim Support Utilizing Community
Based Rehabilitation in Eritrea. The strategy includes all aspects of mine
survivor assistance.[100 ]
The National Survey of Persons with Disabilities in Eritrea is nearing
completion with 73,600 records standardized and entered into the database, and
approximately 30,000 additional records still to be coded and entered, as of May
2005.[101 ]The database will
include detailed psychological and social indicators. Changing attitudes
towards persons with disabilities, as an element in their socioeconomic
reintegration into society, is a fundamental policy of the MLHW’s CBR
program.[102]
[1 ]“Report and
Recommendations,” Workshop on Landmines and the Convention on the
Prohibition of Anti-Personnel Mines in East Africa, the Great Lakes and the Horn
of Africa Regions, Nairobi, Kenya, 2-4 March 2004.
[2 ]Interview with Habtom Seghid,
Deputy General Manager, Eritrean Demining Authority (EDA), Asmara, 12 May
2005.
[3 ]The UN submission date is 4
December, though the report itself is dated 15 September 2004. Eritrea
submitted its initial Article 7 report on 3 September 2003, covering the period
1 February 2002 to 3 September 2003. It was due on 31 July 2002.
[4 ]The Deputy General Manager of
EDA represented Eritrea at both meetings.
[5 ]Article 7 Reports, Forms B and
E, 3 September 2003 and 4 December 2004.
[6 ]The Training Center was moved
in 2004 from Asha Gol Gol to a temporary location in Karen, which is not fully
equipped and, as of May 2005, was not functioning as an effective training
center. Interview with Habtom Seghid, Deputy General Manager, EDA, Asmara, 12
May 2005.
[7 ]Article 7 Reports, Form D, 3
September 2003 and 4 December 2004. In both reports, a total of 222 is cited,
but the numbers for individual types of mines add to 214. The 2003 report cited
113 live mines (22 M-35, two M-69 and one M-2A2 were no longer listed as live in
the 2004 report). The live antipersonnel mines retained include 12 PMN, 18
PMD-6, 53 POMZ-2, one MON-100 and four MON-200. The inert include a mix of PMN,
PMD-6, M-16, PPM-2, OZM, MON-100, MON-200, M-14, M-35, M-69 and M-2A2 mines.
[8 ]Article 7 Reports, Form B, 3
September 2003 and 4 December 2004. At the January 2002 intersessional meetings,
the Eritrean delegation claimed that 40,000 mines had been destroyed by the
Eritrean Defense Force following the end of the liberation war. UNMEE MACC could
not confirm this. See Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 249. UNMEE MACC
estimated that Eritrea laid about 240,000 mines during the 1998-2000 conflict.
Interview with Phil Lewis, Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 18 January 2002.
[9 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005.
[10 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005; “Four injured by landmines along border
with Eritrea,” IRIN (Addis Ababa), 28 April 2005.
[11 ]“Four injured by
landmines along border with Eritrea,” IRIN (Addis Ababa), 28 April
2005.
[12 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 11 March 2004.
[13 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2002, p. 250, citing maps and minefield records provided to UNMEE
MACC by Eritrea in May 2001, and by Ethiopia in April 2002.
[14 ]Executive Summary,
“Landmine Impact Survey: Final Report for Eritrea;” email from Mike
Kendellen, Director for Survey, Survey Action Center (SAC), 28 September 2004;
statement by Eritrea, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education
and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 22 June 2004. The four zobas are Debub,
Gash Barka, Anseba, and Semienawi Keih Bahri (Northern Red Sea).
[15 ]UNMEE MACC, “Mine
Action Threat Assessment for UNMEE,” 10 May 2005; UNMEE MACC,
“Weekly Update,” 15 March 2004.
[16 ]Interview with Angela
Berry-Koch, Emergency Response Coordinator, UNICEF, Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[17 ]Interview with Angela
Berry-Koch, Emergency Response Coordinator, UNICEF, Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[18 ]Interviews with Paul
Collinson, Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Mine Action Capacity Building Program
(MACBP), and Phil Lewis, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005.
[19 ]Government of Eritrea,
“A Proclamation to Establish the Eritrean Demining Authority, No.
123/2002,” Gazette of Eritrean Laws, Volume 11/2002, No. 4, 8 July
2002.
[20]Email from Phil Lewis,
Program Manager, UNMEE MACC, 20 May 2005.
[21]Interview with Paul
Collinson, UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 12 May 2005. In addition to the Chief Technical
Advisor, the program included two operational Advisors (one each to EDA and
EDO), a victim support advisor, an information and planning advisor, a logistics
advisor, an EOD/quality assurance advisor, a medical coordination advisor
(shared with UNMEE MACC), and an IMSMA management advisor (shared with UNMEE
MACC).
[22 ]“Eritrea
Mine-Clearance Suspended Due To Vehicle Confiscation, Demining Vehicles
reportedly taken to Defense Force Base,” IRIN, Asmara, 20 May 2005;
“Vehicle seizures threaten Eritrea demining funding,” Reuters
(Asmara), 1 July 2005.
[23 ]Interview with Habtom
Seghid, EDA, Asmara, 12 May 2005; interview with Paul Collinson, UNDP MACBP,
Asmara, 12 May 2005 and Geneva, 21 June 2005.
[24 ]Interview with Paul
Collinson, UNDP MACBP, Geneva, 21 September 2005.
[25]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 9 August 2005.
[26]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 27 September 2005. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp.
249-250.
[27 ]UN, “Country
Profile,” www.mineaction.org
accessed on 1 May 2005.
[28 ]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 20 May 2005.
[29]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 23 June 2005; email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE MACC, 27
September 2005.
[30 ]“Evaluation of the
UNMEE Mine Action Coordination Center,” Final Report, GICHD, Geneva, July
2005, p. iv.
[31 ]Executive Summary,
“Landmine Impact Survey: Final Report for Eritrea;” email from Mike
Kendellen, SAC, 28 September 2004; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004,
pp. 422-423.
[32]Interview with Gerhard
Bechtold, Chief of Information, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 5 May 2005.
[33 ]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 20 May 2005.
[34 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 4
December 2004 (for the period from 1 September 2003 to 31 August 2004).
[35 ]UNMEE MACC, “Demining
Progress Statistics,” 5 May 2005.
[36]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 27 September 2005.
[37 ]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 27 September 2005; UNMEE MACC, “Demining Progress Statistics,”
5 May 2005.
[38 ]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 23 June 2005.
[39 ]Interview with Paul
Collinson, UNDP MACBP, Geneva, 21 June 2005.
[40 ]Interview and email with
Marty Steele, UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 17 May 2005.
[41 ]Email from Stacy Smith,
Communications Manager, RONCO, 26 September 2005.
[42]Email from Phil Lewis, UNMEE
MACC, 20 May 2005.
[43 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005.
[44 ]UNICEF Mine Action
Activities, Progress Report, March 2005.
[45 ]Interview with Lejla Susic,
MRE Coordinator, UNICEF Eritrea, Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[46 ]Interview with Lejla Susic,
UNICEF Eritrea, Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[47]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005; interview with Lejla Susic, UNICEF Eritrea,
Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[48 ]Statistics from 2004
provided by UNICEF MRE Coordinator for Eritrea, May 2005.
[49 ]Interview with Abrahim
Saleh, Ministry of Education Supervisor for MRE in Senafe, 11 May 2005.
[50 ]UNICEF Mine Action
Activities Progress Report, February 2005.
[51 ]UNICEF Mine Action
Activities Progress Report, April 2005.
[52 ]Interview with Lejla Susic,
UNICEF Eritrea, Asmara, 6 May 2005.
[53 ]Interview with Tesfay
Tsegay, Deputy Administrator, Senafe sub-zoba, Senafe, 11 May 2005.
[54 ]Interview with Lejla Susic,
UNICEF Eritrea, Asmara, 20 May 2005.
[55 ]Telephone interview with
Carl Howorth, Supply Officer, UNICEF Eritrea, Asmara, 27 September 2005.
[56 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara 10 May 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p.
427.
[57]Interview with Lt. Col.
Francis Lilu, MRE Coordinator, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 5 May 2005.
[58 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 428; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 774.
[59]Mine Action Investments
database; emails from Elvan Isikozlu, Mine Action Team, Foreign Affairs Canada,
June-August 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = C$1.3017. US Federal
Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[60]EC, “Contribution to
the Landmine Monitor 2005,” by email from Nicola Marcel, RELEX Unit 3a
Security Policy, EC, 19 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: €1 =
$1.2438, used throughout this report. US Federal Reserve, “List of
Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.
[61]Article 7 Report, Form J, 15
April 2005; email from Dirk Roland Haupt, Federal Foreign Office, Division 241,
25 July 2005.
[62]Mine Action Investments
database; email from Manfredo Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Adviser, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, June-July 2005.
[63]Article 7 Report, Form J, 28
April 2005; emails from May-Elin Stener, Department for Global Affairs, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, April-May 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 =
NOK6.7399. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3
January 2005.
[64 ]Response to Landmine Monitor
from ROK Mission to UN, New York, 25 May 2005; IND, “Annual Report on the
Mine Action Program 2004,” March 2005, p. 17. This is included in the
calculation of total donor funding.
[65 ]Letter from Alf Eliasson,
SIDA, 23 March 2005; email from Rickard Hartman, Program Manager, SRSA,
Stockholm, 22 April 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = SEK7.4380. US
Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January
2005.
[66]Mine Action Investments
database; email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, 1 July 2005. Rate of exchange for 2004 according to fixed rate
specified by donor: US$1 = CHF1.35.
[67 ]Email from H. Murphey McCloy
Jr., Senior Demining Advisor, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement, US
Department of State, 28 September 2005.
[68 ]Email from Markus Henrik,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 August 2005. Slovakia reported that this amount
is subject to reimbursement by the UN. It has not been included in the total
amount of donor contributions.
[69]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2001, p. 774; UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
(OCHA), “Eritrea: Humanitarian Update”, 30 November 2004.
[70 ]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 29 August 2005.
[71 ]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 29 August 2005.
[72]Email from Paul Collinson,
UNDP MACBP, Asmara, 29 August 2005.
[73 ]Interview with Gerhard
Bechtold, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 5 May 2005; “Report on casualties in
TSZ,” UNMEE MACC, 5 May 2005.
[74 ]For details, see Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 429.
[75 ]Interview with Phil Lewis,
UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 10 May 2005.
[76]For more information, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 429.
[77 ]Interviews with Gerhard
Bechtold, UNMEE MACC, Asmara, 5 May and 10 May 2005.
[78 ]Interviews with the mother
and young survivor during research visit to Godeiti Village, 14 May 2005.
[79 ]For information on
“recent” casualties see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p.
429-430; see also Survey Action Center, “Landmine Impact Survey:
Eritrea,” pp. 21, 25-27,
www.sac-na.org/pdf_text/eritrea/ERI_FinalReport.pdf . It should be noted that
information on total casualties reported in the Landmine Monitor Report 2004
was based on preliminary results and, after further analysis by SAC, the
figure was amended.
[80 ]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, Technical Advisor for Victim Support, UNDP, Asmara, 20 May
2005.
[81]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005.
[82 ]Landmine Monitor (HI)
interview with Abdul Latif Matin, Operation Analyst, UNOPS for UNMAS, Kassala,
Sudan, 28 May 2005.
[83 ]United Nations, Final
Report, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and on Their Destruction, Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004,
APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33.
[84 ]Article 7 Report, Form J, 4
December 2004.
[85]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005; see also Strategic Objective 4 in “Eritrea’s National
Plan to Implement Article 5 of the Convention,” Article 7 Report, Form J,
4 December 2004.
[86 ]For more information, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 432-433.
[87]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 12 May 2005; presentation by Eritrea, Workshop on
Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.
[88 ]Survey Action Center,
“Landmine Impact Survey: Eritrea,” pp. 27-28; see also Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 431.
[89 ]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005; for more information, see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004,
p. 431.
[90]Interview with Jabar Humad,
Director, Maekel National Prosthetic and Orthotic Center, Asmara, 19 May 2005;
interview with Jane Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 12 May 2005; see also Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 432.
[91 ]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005; interview with Jabar Humad, Director, Maekel National Prosthetic and
Orthotic Center, Asmara, 19 May 2005; interview with Jane Broulliette, UNDP,
Asmara, 12 May 2005; for more information, see Landmine Monitor Report
2004, pp. 431-432.
[92 ]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005.
[93 ]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 12 May 2005.
[94 ]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005.
[95 ]Interview with Tacabo
Gebrehewit, Director, Micro Financing and Loan Management program, Kuasien
Village, 19 May 2005; interview with Jane Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 20 May
2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 432.
[96]Standing Tall Australia and
Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration
of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 49.
[97]Standing Tall Australia and
Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration
of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 48.
[98 ]Email from Josh Kefauver,
Capacity Building Team Leader, USAID/Eritrea, 13 May 2005.
[99 ]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, UNDP, 13 May 2005.
[100 ]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 13 May 2005; for more information, see Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 433.
[101 ]Presentation by Eritrea,
Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2
June 2005.
[102]Interview with Jane
Broulliette, UNDP, Asmara, 13 May 2005.
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