As in previous years, tracking financial support for mine action remains
difficult. There continues to be a great deal of variation in what donors
report on, the level of detail reported, and for what time period, despite
greater transparency and better reporting
mechanisms.[1] However, drawing from
Landmine Monitor research it is still possible to provide an informative picture
of the global funding situation.
For 2004, Landmine Monitor has identified US$399 million in mine action
funding by more than 27 donors.[2]
This is an increase of $60 million, or 18 percent, from 2003, and an increase of
$75 million, or 23 percent, from 2002. It should be noted that the bigger
totals for mine action funding for the past three years as expressed in US
dollars in part reflect the increasingly favorable exchange rates for many
donors.[3]
As before, Landmine Monitor has not included funds for research and
development (R&D) into demining technologies and equipment in these totals,
and has instead listed available R&D funding separately. Only nine
donors—Belgium, Canada, France, the European Commission, Japan,
Luxembourg, Norway, the United Kingdom and the United States—have reported
precise R&D funding for 2004. Together they spent some $29.1
million—an increase of 15 percent from the $25.3 million total recorded by
Landmine Monitor for 2003.
Research and development funds aside, these figures likely under-state global
donor mine action funding to a significant degree, for a number of reasons.
Funding for victim assistance programs is included where possible, but for some
major donors landmine victim assistance funding cannot be separated out from
other non-landmine-specific programs. In some cases, donors do not report the
value of in-kind (as opposed to cash) contributions. The totals also do not
reflect mine action funding provided by NGOs or the private sector.
Apart from international donor funding, the mine-affected countries
themselves have made significant contributions to mine action. Following are
some examples of contributions by mine-affected countries in 2004, drawn from
this year’s Landmine Monitor country reports. The government of Croatia
contributed KN183.8 million ($30.4 million) to mine action, 58 percent of its
total mine action costs. In Bosnia and Herzegovina, national sources (including
the Council of Ministers, entity governments and cantons) provided KM15.4
million ($9.8 million), or more than one-third of mine action funding.
Mozambique provided 178 billion Meticais (US$7.9 million, partly in-kind and
tax-exemptions) for mine action. The government of Ethiopia expended some ETB
35 million ($4 million) on mine clearance. The government of Yemen contributed
$3.5 million to the national mine action program. The government of Thailand
contributed Baht 38.3 million (US$957,500) to the national mine action
center.[4] The Colombian government
approved COP 2.5 billion (about $934,100) for the national mine action program
for the period July 2004 to June 2005, and a similar amount the previous year.
Together, these seven countries contributed about $57.5 million to mine action
in 2004. In addition, the Iraqi government is reportedly investing $20 million
in its mine action program, but it is not clear what time period this
expenditure covers. Many of the mine-affected States Parties to the Mine Ban
Treaty previously reported national mine action contributions totaling $190
million from 1997-2003.[5]
Even greater increases in mine action funding will be needed in the future to
cope fully with the global landmine problem and to enable Mine Ban Treaty States
Parties to meet their 10-year deadlines for mine clearance. Under the Nairobi
Action Plan 2005-2009, States Parties agreed they will ensure the sustainability
of their commitments, including providing where possible multi-year funding to
facilitate long-term planning of mine action and victim assistance programs
(Action #45); they agreed, where relevant, to urge the UN, regional
organizations and the World Bank and regional development banks and financial
institutions to support States Parties requiring assistance in fulfilling their
treaty obligations (Action #48); and they agreed to pursue efforts to identify
new and non-traditional sources of support, be they technical, material or
financial (Action #50).[6]
Contributions in 2004
Of the 20 most significant donors, half increased their mine action
contributions in 2004 in terms of national currency, and half provided
less.[7] Those with increases were:
Austria (200 percent), Japan (191 percent), New Zealand (135 percent), the
Netherlands (60 percent), Switzerland (24
percent),[8] Ireland (20 percent), the
United States (20 percent), Norway (14 percent), Denmark (5 percent) and the
European Commission (0.7 percent). Donors with decreases in contributions to
mine action in 2004 included Greece (57 percent), Italy (51 percent), United
Kingdom (33 percent), France (32 percent), Germany (23 percent), Sweden (19
percent), Belgium (16 percent), Finland (14 percent), Australia (12 percent) and
Canada (4 percent).
The United States was once again the largest individual country donor to mine
action. It contributed a total of $96.5 million in fiscal year 2004 to
humanitarian mine action programs in 31 countries, including $35.8 million
provided for Iraq.
Donors that significantly increased their contribution in terms of US dollars
include Japan ($29.8 million), the United States ($15.9 million), the
Netherlands ($7.2 million), the European Commission ($6.9 million) and Norway
($5.7 million). The upward distortion of donor contributions when expressed in
US dollars, caused by the falling value of the US dollar in 2004, is evident in
the case of the European Commission (EC). In US dollar terms, the EC
contribution increased by 10.7 percent while in Euros the contribution rose by
just 0.7 percent.
In terms of mine action contributions per capita (relative to the national
population), the largest country donors were: Norway, by far the greatest
contributor, providing $7.49 per capita; Denmark $2.54 per capita, and
Luxembourg $1.72 per capita. Switzerland, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Finland
also had mine action contributions in excess of $1 per capita.
It should be noted that the mine action funding totals compiled by Landmine
Monitor for individual years 2002, 2003 and 2004 do not include the $50 million
contributed by the United Arab Emirates, through UNMAS, to mine action in
Lebanon from 2002-2004. It is unclear how much of this total was spent in each
year; however, this is included in the 1992-2004 total.
Note: Does not include funding for research and development
Mine Action Donors
Unless otherwise noted, figures are in US
dollars.[14] Figures include victim
assistance funding, where known. Figures do not include funds for
research and development, which are identified separately.
Figures do not include mine victim assistance funding; however, funding for
war victims programs totaled an additional $11.9 million in fiscal year
2004.
R&D totaled $12.8 million in fiscal year 2004, $12.6 million in fiscal
year 2003, and $133 million for fiscal years 1995-2004
See United States country report for more details on US mine action
funding.
Figures do not include additional mine action funding by individual European
Union Member States. R&D totaled €460,000 ($572,148) in 2004,
€10,000 in 2003, and €50 million from 1992-2004.
See European Commission appendix for more details on EC mine action
funding.
NORWAY — $219.1 million
2004
$34.3 million (NOK 231.2 million)
2003
$28.6 million (NOK 202.4 million)
2002
$25.4 million (NOK 202.9 million)
2001
$20 million (NOK 176.9 million)
2000
$19.5 million (NOK 178.6 million)
1999
$21.5 million (NOK 185 million)
1998
$24 million
1997
$16.7 million (NOK 125 million)
1996
$13.5 million (NOK 101 million)
1995
$11.6 million (NOK 87 million)
1994
$4.0 million (NOK 30 million)
R&D totaled NOK2,250,000 ($333,833) in 2004; previous Norwegian
expenditures on R&D are not known.
Norway was by far the largest per capita donor to mine action in 2004.
Norway increased its mine action funding to NOK 231,187,806 ($34.3 million), its
highest level ever, and a significant increase from NOK 202.4 million ($28.57
million) in 2003.[17] Norway
provided about NOK 137.2 million ($20.4 million) to mine clearance and related
activities for 16 countries, including demining, capacity building, rapid
assessment, a technical advisor, and a mine dog detection training center. It
provided funding to Mauritania for the first time. Countries or regions
receiving significantly increased funding included Angola, Central America,
Croatia, Jordan, Sri Lanka and Sudan. Funding decreased for Eritrea, Ethiopia,
Iraq and Mozambique. Victim assistance support totaled more than NOK 43 million
($6.4 million), almost 20 percent of Norway’s mine action funding; it
benefited programs in Afghanistan, Iraq and Lebanon, as well as to the following
organizations: Landmine Survivors Network, Tromsø Victim Resource Center,
Handicap International and the ICRC Special Appeal.
JAPAN — $178 million
2004
$42.8 million (¥4,630 million)
2003
$13 million (¥1,590 million)
2002
$49.7 million (¥5,537 million)
2001
$7.5 million (¥802 million)
2000
$12.7 million (¥1,480 million)
1999
$16 million (¥1,904 million)
1998
$6.3 million (¥722 million)
Pre-1998
approx. $30 million
R&D totaled ¥795 million ($7.35 million) in 2004, ¥720 million
($5.9 million) in 2003, and ¥1,555 ($13.6 million) from 1999 to
2004.
In 2004, Japan contributed ¥4,630 million ($42.8 million) to mine
action.[18] This is Japan’s
second largest annual mine action funding contribution to date and is nearly
three times the ¥1,590 million provided in 2003. Funding to mine clearance
projects rose significantly, at 81 percent (¥3,747 million) of the total
contribution in 2004 compared to 65 percent (¥1,494 million) in 2003.
Japan allocated just over 1 percent (¥53.3 million - $492,843) of its
funding to mine victim assistance in 2004, all of which went to Yemen. Japan
did not make an allocation to victim assistance in 2003. Japan contributed
funding to 11 countries, UNMAS and the OAS in 2004. Japan made an exceptional
mine action contribution of ¥1,761 million ($16.3 million) as part of its
total funding to Cambodia in 2004.
UNITED KINGDOM — $148.8 million
2004-2005
$15.3 million (£8.3 million)
2003-2004
$20 million (£12.3 million)
2002-2003
$18.5 million (£12.5 million)
2001-2002
$15.4 million (£10.7 million)
2000-2001
$21.5 million (£15 million)
1999-2000
$20.4 million (£13.6 million)
1998-1999
$6.5 million (£4.6 million)
1997-1998
$6.6 million (£4.6 million)
1996
$6.3 million
1995
$6.9 million
1994
$6.3 million
1993
$5.1 million
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
R&D totaled £1,066,332 ($1.95 million) in 2004-2005, £1.5
million ($2.5 million) in 2003-2004, and £7 million ($11.1 million) from
1999-2000 to 2004-2005.
The United Kingdom contributed £8,339,080 ($15.3 million) to mine action
activities during its fiscal year 2004-2005, a decrease of 33 percent from
£12.3 million in 2003-2004.[19]
The UK provided funds for six countries, as well as Kosovo and Somaliland.
Funds for mine clearance totaled some $5.1 million in 2004-2005, compared to an
estimated $14.1 million in 2003-2004. The UK did not provide any funds for mine
action in Iraq in 2004-2005, compared to $8.5 million in 2003-2004. The UK
continued its core funding support for UNMAS, UNDP and UNICEF. The UK Ministry
of Defence provided $554,992 to the Handicap International Phoenix Programme in
2004-2005.
R&D totaled C$3,132,600 ($2.4 million) in 2004, C$2.8 million ($2
million) in 2003, and US$13.5 million from 1998-2004.
In FY 2004/2005, Canada’s mine action funding declined slightly from
C$30.8 million ($22.5 million) to C$29,474,658
($22,643,224).[21] This was
Canada’s second highest mine action funding total. Canada provided
funding to 36 countries (two less than the previous year) and areas, as well as
regional bodies, UN agencies, NGOs and the Geneva International Centre for
Humanitarian Demining. In FY2004/2005 Canada increased its support to mine risk
education (from $625,109 to $1.14 million), victim assistance (from $463,312 to
$2.01 million), and advocacy, prevention and stockpile destruction (from $1.91
million to $2.98 million).[22] In
FY 2004/2005, Canada decreased its support to mine clearance, including demining
(from $4.19 million to $3.5 million), coordination (from $4.54 million to $2.87
million), and information including surveys (from $869,820 to $212,722).
GERMANY — $122.9 million
2004
$18.7 million (€15 million)
2003
$22.1 million (€19.5 million)
2002
$19.4 million (€20.4 million)
2001
$12.3 million (DM26.8 million, €13.7 million)
2000
$14.5 million (DM 27.6 million)
1999
$11.4 million (DM 21.7 million)
1998
$10.1 million
1997
$4.9 million
1996
$7.9 million
1995
$0.8 million
1994
$0.5 million
1993
$0.3 million
R&D totaled €102,989 ($128,098) in 2004, and $5.1 million from
1993-1999; no figures are available for 2000-2003.
Germany’s funding for mine action activities was approximately
€15 million ($18.7 million) in
2004,[23] a decrease from
€19.5 million ($22.1 million) in 2003. Germany’s contributions
benefited 19 countries in 2004, compared to 15 in 2003, in every region but the
Americas. Most of the funding was devoted to mine clearance activities.
Germany did not provide funding to the GICHD in 2003, but in 2004 provided
$301,579.
SWEDEN — $114.9 million
2004
$11.4 million (SEK 83.5 million) disbursed
2003
$12.7 million (SEK 102.9 million) disbursed
2002
$7.3 million (SEK 71 million) disbursed
2001
$9.8 million (SEK 100.9 million) disbursed
2000
$11.8 million (SEK 107.9 million) disbursed
1999
$9.8 million (SEK 83.3 million) disbursed
1998
$16.6 million (SEK 129.5 million) allocated
1997
$11.9 million allocated
1996
$10.4 million allocated
1995
$5.1 million allocated
1994
$2.6 million allocated
1990-1993
$5.5 million allocated
Figures do not include victim assistance funding.
Sweden has in the past funded a number of R&D programs (approximately
$24 million 1994-1999 and $1.7 million in 2003), but the total value for 2004 is
not known.
In 2004, Sweden’s funding of mine action decreased from SEK 102.9
million ($12.7 million) to SEK 83,475,664 ($11.4
million).[24] This included new
mine clearance funding for Somalia (SEK 9.5 million) and Sudan (SEK 3.8
million), and increased funding for Bosnia and Herzegovina (SEK 5.0 million up
from SEK 1.9 million) and Sri Lanka (SEK 6 million up from SEK 4 million). Mine
action funding significantly decreased for Afghanistan (SEK 4.05 million from
SEK 14 million), Cambodia (SEK 12 million from SEK 16 million), Eritrea (SEK 3.4
million from SEK 4.4 million), Iraq (SEK 10 million from SEK 26 million) and
Mozambique (SEK 3.0 million from SEK 8.0 million). Funding for Angola and
Nicaragua remained basically at the same levels as last year.
Figures include some but not all victim assistance funding.
The Netherlands contributed €15,494,919 ($19.3 million) to mine action
activities in 2004, compared to $12.1 million in 2003. Approximately $12.2
million of the 2004 contribution was designated for mine clearance in 14
countries.[26] The Netherlands
provided $435,330 for victim assistance in 2004.
DENMARK — $98.5 million
2004
$13.7 million (DKK 82.3 million)
2003
$11.9 million (DKK 78.6 million)
2002
$10.6 million (DKK 83.5 million)
2001
$14.4 million (DKK 119.4 million)
2000
$13.4 million (DKK 106.7 million)
1999
$7 million (DKK 49.9 million)
1998
$6.2 million (DKK 44.3 million)
1997
$5.4 million (DKK 38.6 million)
1996
$8 million (DKK 57 million)
1995
$2.3 million
1994
$2.0 million
1993
$1.7 million
1992
$1.9 million
Figures for 1992-1995 do not include bilateral contributions.
Denmark has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not
known.
Denmark’s contribution to mine action activities increased to
approximately DKK 82.3 million ($13.8 million) in
2004[27] from some DKK 78.6 million
($12 million) in 2003. The bulk of Denmark’s funding was provided through
Danish NGOs. Danish funding benefited nine countries in 2004, as it had in
2003, including Afghanistan, Angola, Iraq, Mozambique and Sri Lanka.
Denmark’s contributions were primarily for mine clearance, and advocacy
and prevention activities.
SWITZERLAND — $67.8 million
2004
$10.9 million
CHF14.8 million
2003
$8.8 million
2002
$8.3 million
2001
$9.8 million
2000
$7.4 million
1999
$5.7 million
1998
Unknown
1997
$4.0 million
1996
$2.6 million
1995
$4.1 million
1994
$3.5 million
1993
$2.7 million
Funding for victim assistance is not included in these figures because it is
integrated into other funding for victims of war, post-conflict reconstruction
and long-term development.
The totals include $6.1 million for the Geneva International Centre for
Humanitarian Demining in 2004, $5.3 million in 2003 and about $21.4 million from
2000-2004; most of which could be counted as R&D
Switzerland provided CHF 14,756,648 (approximately $10.9 million) for mine
action activities in 2004, an increase of 24 percent from the $8.8 million
provided in 2003.[28] In addition
to the GICHD, Swiss contributions benefited 15 countries in 2004, compared to 12
in 2003. Support for mine clearance increased to an estimated $3.1 million in
2004, from an estimated $2.4 million in 2003.
AUSTRALIA — $65.8 million
2004-2005
$5.3 million (A$7.2 million)
2003-2004
$5.5 million (A$8.2 million)
2002-2003
$7.8 million (A$14.5 million)
2001-2002
$6.6 million (A$12.9 million)
2000-2001
$7.3 million (A$12.6 million)
1999-2000
$7.9 million (A$12.4 million)
1998-1999
$6.8 million (A$11.1 million)
1997-1998
$7.3 million (A$9.9 million)
1996-1997
$5.8 million (A$7.5 million)
1995-1996
$5.5 million (A$7.5 million)
Australia has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is
not known.
Australia contributed A$7,246,585 ($5.3 million) to mine action activities
for July 2004-June 2005, a decrease of 12 percent from A$8.2 million ($5.5
million) in fiscal year 2003/2004. According to information available to
Landmine Monitor, Australia has exceeded its A$100 million 10-year funding
pledge by about A$4 million. In FY 2004-2005, Australian contributions
benefited three countries (Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam) in FY2004/2005,
compared to five countries in 2003/2004 (Afghanistan and Laos, in addition to
the three above).[29]
Italy has funded a number of R&D programs, but the total value is not
known.
Italy contributed €2,539,500 ($3,158,630) to mine action activities in
2004, about half of its 2003 contribution (€5.1 million, $5.8 million).
This large decrease is mainly due to Italy ending its donations for mine action
in Iraq ($3.3 million in 2003). In 2004, Italian support for mine action in
Eritrea also ended. Italy's contributions in 2004 continued at similar or
slightly increased levels for mine action in Angola, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and
Herzegovina, Croatia, Sudan, Yemen, and to the OAS, GICHD and Geneva Call. In
2004, Italy started to contribute to mine action in Afghanistan.
UNITED ARAB EMIRATES — $50 million
The United Arab Emirates has reported that it provided $50 million, through
UNMAS, to mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004 under Operation Emirates
Solidarity.[31] The year-by-year
breakdown of expenditures is not available.
R&D totaled €1,090,215 ($1.36 million) in 2004, €475,000
($538,000) in 2003, and $9.2 million from 1994-2004.
Belgium contributed €4,547,878 ($5,656,651) to mine action activities
in 2004, a decrease of 17 percent from €5,517,595 ($6,243,159)
contributed in 2003 (excluding R&D funding). In 2004 Belgium
contributed to mine action in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Cambodia, the
Democratic Republic of Congo, Kosovo and Laos. Belgium contributed some
€331,000 to survivor assistance in Angola in 2003, but did not
continue that support in 2004. Contributions to Handicap
International activities in the DR Congo declined to €1 million in 2004,
from €3 million in 2003. Belgian contributions in 2004 to mine
action in Cambodia also dropped to approximately half the levels of 2003 (2004:
€506,000; 2003: €960,000), with no funding of victim assistance in
Cambodia in 2004.
FRANCE — $24.8 million
2004
$1.9 million (€1.5 million)
2003
$2.5 million (€2.2 million)
2002
$3.6 million (€3.8 million)
2001
$2.7 million (€3 million)
2000
$1.2 million
1999
$0.9 million
1995-1998
$12 million
France has devoted considerable funds to R&D, but value of the R&D
relevant to humanitarian mine action is not known; in 2004, contributions
totaled €1.4 million ($2.2 million).
France contributed €1,523,845 ($1.9 million) to mine action activities
in 2004,[34] a decrease of 32
percent from the €2.2 million ($2.5 million) provided in 2003, and a
further decrease from the €3.8 million ($4.3 million) provided in 2002.
French contributions benefited 15 countries in 2004, in comparison to five in
2003. France increased its support for victim assistance to $315,298 in 2004
(in Afghanistan, Angola, Iraq, Jordan and Sri Lanka) from $24,000 in 2003.
French contributions to mine risk education programs decreased to $25,735 in
2004, from $475,230 in 2003.
IRELAND — $14.1 million
2004
$3 million (€2.4 million)
2003
$2.3 million (€2 million)
2002
$1.6 million (€1.7 million)
2001
$2 million (€2.2 million)
2000
$1.1 million
1999
$1.5 million
1994-1998
$2.6 million
Ireland provided €2,047,000 ($2.55 million) for mine clearance and
related activities, compared to €1 million ($1.13 million) in 2003, and it
provided €380,000 ($472,644) for mine risk education, compared to none in
2003. Victim assistance received no funds in 2004 compared to €385,000 in
2003.[35]
AUSTRIA — $14 million
2004
$3 million (€2.4 million)
2003
$0.9 million (€0.8 million)
2002
$2 million (€2.1 million)
2001
$0.9 million (ATS 13.7 million)
2000
$2 million (ATS 30 million)
1999
$1 million (ATS 15 million)
1994-1998
$4.2 million
Austria increased its funding for mine action activities to €2.4
million ($3 million) in 2004, from €775,056 ($876,976) in 2003. This is
its highest level of mine action funding ever, and more than three times last
year’s level. Austrian support for mine clearance increased from $551,375
in 2003 to approximately $2.2 million in
2004.[36] Support for the First
Review Conference (governmental and nongovernmental) totaled some $61,692 in
2004. Austrian contributions benefited seven countries in 2004, in comparison
with three countries in 2003.
NEW ZEALAND — $11.5 million
2004-2005
$2.5 million (NZ$3.7 million)
2003-2004
$1.1 million (NZ$1.6 million)
2002-2003
$0.8 million (NZ$1.4 million)
2001-2002
$0.7 million (NZ$1.7 million)
2000-2001
$1.1 million (NZ$2.3 million)
1999-2000
$0.8 million (NZ$1.6 million)
1998-1999
$0.5 million (NZ$0.9 million)
1992-1998
$4 million (NZ$6.9 million)
New Zealand contributes to R&D programs, but the contribution has not
been quantified.
New Zealand provided NZ$3,736,922 ($2.48 million) for mine action activities
during its fiscal year July 2004/June 2005, more than doubling the NZ$1.59
million ($1.05 million) that it provided in FY
2003/2004.[37] New Zealand
continues to support mine action activities (clearance, victim assistance and
MRE) in Cambodia, Laos, Mozambique and Sri Lanka.
GREECE — $9.6 million
2004
$2.4 million (€1.9 million)
2003
$5 million (€4.4 million)
2002
$1.4 million (€1.5 million)
2001
$0.8 million (€0.9 million)
Greece contributed $2.4 million for mine clearance operations in Iraq and
Lebanon, less than half its 2003 contribution of $5 million.
Other Mine Action Donors
Slovakia reported contributing $3.5 million as the in-kind
contributions of the Slovak Armed Forces in demining operations in Afghanistan
and Iraq in 2004.[38]
Republic of Korea contributed $3.1 million to mine action in 2004,
including $3 million for Iraq. In all previous years, the ROK gave a combined
total of US$1.06 million for mine action, including $50,000 in 2003.
Spain provided €978,494 ($1.2 million) to mine action activities
during 2004, a decrease of 9 percent from €1.07 million in 2003. Spanish
contributions in 2004 included clearance in Kosovo, Iraq and Afghanistan, and
training for Chilean and Spanish military at its International Demining Training
Center.
Luxembourg provided $773,186 to mine action activities in 2004, a
decrease from the approximately $1.8 million provided in
2003.[39] The difference is mostly
due to funding provided in 2003 to healthcare and disability projects of HI
Luxembourg ($837,688) that was not repeated in 2004. Luxembourg’s
contributions in 2004 benefited five countries in the Balkans (Croatia, Serbia
and Montenegro, and Bosnia and Herzegovina) and Southeast Asia (Laos and
Cambodia). Funding was devoted to mine and UXO clearance, victim assistance,
stockpile destruction, and mine risk education. R&D totaled €2,500
($3,110) in 2004.
Slovenia reported contributing $433,861 to mine action through
the International Trust Fund (ITF) in 2004, compared to $376,250 in 2003.
Czech Republic’s funding for mine action activities in 2004
totaled $189,234,[40] down from
$301,757 in 2003. It provided funds for the ITF, GICHD and the Implementation
Support Unit.
Turkey contributed $100,000 to a mine action project in Azerbaijan,
and army experts were sent to assist with the project.
States and Victim Assistance
States Parties at the First Review Conference reiterated the obligations in
Article 6.3, that “Each State in a position to do so shall provide
assistance for the care and rehabilitation, and social and economic
reintegration, of mine victims,” stating that this “constitutes a
vital promise for hundreds of thousands” of mine survivors. States
Parties reasserted their collective commitment to providing external support for
victim assistance in the Nairobi Action Plan. Action #36 calls on States Parties
to “act upon their obligation under Article
6.3.”[41]
In many mine-affected countries the assistance available to address the needs
of survivors is inadequate and additional outside assistance is needed in
providing for the care and rehabilitation of mine survivors. Landmine Monitor
identified at least 33 countries receiving resources from other states for mine
victim assistance programs in 2004, with the majority of resources being
provided for physical rehabilitation.
Precise, comprehensive and comparable figures on resources available for mine
victim assistance are difficult to obtain. Some governments do not provide
specific funding for victim assistance, but rather consider victim assistance as
an integrated part of humanitarian mine action. Sometimes victim assistance
activities are funded together with mine risk education and it is not possible
to separate the amounts expended on each activity. Some countries, for example
Sweden and the United Kingdom, do not provide specific funding for victim
assistance at all with the view that landmine survivors are reached through
bilateral development cooperation and other contributions. However, experience
has shown that unless funding is specifically targeted at facilities and
programs that assist persons with disabilities, including landmine survivors, it
is likely that resources will be directed to other areas of public health or
development concern leaving the disabled population further disadvantaged.
Based on an analysis of various sources of information available to Landmine
Monitor, state donors to mine victim assistance in 2004
include:[42]
Resources for victim assistance as a percentage of total mine action funding
have declined significantly and steadily, even as the number of landmine
survivors requiring assistance has continued to grow every year. The
identifiable victim assistance funding for 2004 was $28.8 million compared to
$27.5 million in 2003, an increase of 4.8 percent.
In addition to resources provided by states, the European Commission reported
funding for mine victim assistance in 2004. In 2003 the EC reported funding for
mine victim assistance programs for the first time. The total of funding
attributable specifically to victim assistance is not known, however the EC
reported that in 2004 it contributed, €100,000 ($124,380) for support of a
rehabilitation center in Sri Lanka; €1.4 million ($1,741,320) for mine
risk education and victim assistance also in Sri Lanka; €250,000
($310,950) for victim assistance and mine risk education for Burmese refugees in
the Thai border areas; and €70,000 ($87,066) for mine risk education and
victim assistance in Uganda.
Several states significantly increased their reported funding of victim
assistance in 2004 including: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Finland,
France, Japan, South Africa, Switzerland and the United States. It should be
noted that while the US contribution appears to be the largest, this includes
the total contribution of the Leahy War Victims Fund (in excess of $11 million),
which supports programs for all victims of war; the percentage of funding that
goes to support programs assisting landmine survivors is not available.
Equally, if not more important, are the activities of mine-affected states in
providing resources for facilities and services within the public health system
to address the needs of landmine victims. For example, in Croatia, the state
reportedly allocated $17,241 specifically for mine victim assistance in 2004.
Information on the contributions made by mine-affected states to mine victim
assistance is not readily available. In addition, many if not the majority of
victim assistance programs are carried out by NGOs who receive funding from
various sources including governments, private donors and charitable
foundations. For example, in 2004 the Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund (a
UK-based charity) committed $3,350,000 to the Landmine Survivors Network over
three years to help support landmine survivors, their families and communities
worldwide.[46] Therefore, the
information obtained for the Landmine Monitor Report 2005 on funding
contributions cannot be taken as fully representative of the total resources
available to provide assistance to mine victims and other persons with
disabilities.
Included in the information provided by states are contributions to the ICRC
Special Appeal for Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the
Disabled.[47] In 2004 the ICRC
Special Appeal for Mine Action expended CHF 15.15 million ($13.19 million) on
its physical rehabilitation programs, compared to CHF 18.8 million ($14 million)
in 2003 on emergency care, continuing medical care and physical rehabilitation
programs. In 2004 contributions for physical rehabilitation programs totaling
CHF 15,793,587 ($12,708,068) were received by the ICRC Special Appeal for Mine
Action: CHF 7,000,247 ($5,632,642) from six countries (Australia, Belgium,
Canada, Finland, Norway and South Africa); CHF 319,952 ($257,444) from one
national Red Cross society (Japan); CHF 1,473,716 ($1,185,803) from
organizations including Rotary, UEFA, Soroptimist International and other
donors; and, an additional CHF 6,999,672 ($5,632,179) was funded from
contributions to the annual emergency
appeals.[48]
The ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled expended CHF 4,074,085 ($3,278,150) on
physical rehabilitation programs for persons with disabilities, including
landmine survivors in 2004, an increase from the $2,235,206 reported for 2003.
In 2004, five countries (Austria, Canada, Czech Republic, Norway and the United
States via the Leahy War Victims Fund) contributed CHF 2,775,378 ($2,233,165),
five national societies (Germany, Monaco, Norway, United Arab Emirates and
Switzerland) provided CHF 682,123 ($548,860), and private donors provided CHF
181,598 ($146,120).[49]
States also report contributions to victim assistance through the
Slovenia-based International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims
Assistance. In 2004 the ITF expended $717,358 on victim assistance,
constituting only 2.9 percent of overall spending. This is a sharp decrease
from 10.8 percent ($2,684,100)[50]
in 2003, and is the lowest percentage contribution to date, far below the ITF
target of 15 percent for victim
assistance.[51] In 2004 four
countries contributed to victim assistance activities through the ITF, including
the United States, Slovenia, France and Norway, as compared to seven countries
in 2003.[52]
Major Mine Action Recipients
Accurate, complete and comparable figures for major mine action recipients
are even more difficult to obtain than those for mine action donors. According
to information available to Landmine Monitor, the largest recipients have been
Afghanistan ($433 million since 1991), Cambodia ($232 million since 1994), Iraq
($225 million since 1993), Mozambique ($204 million since 1993), Bosnia and
Herzegovina ($148 million since 1995), Angola ($141 million since 1993), Kosovo
($91 million since 1999), Lebanon (estimated at greater than $80 million since
2000) and Laos ($62 million since 1994).
In 2004 the top recipients were Afghanistan ($91.8 million), Iraq ($58.7
million), Cambodia ($41.6 million), Angola ($28 million), Sri Lanka ($23.6
million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($18.8 million), and Sudan ($15 million).
Recipient Countries receiving $1.0 million or more in 2004
Afghanistan
91.8 million
Iraq
58.7 million
Cambodia
41.6 million
Angola
28.0 million
Sri Lanka
23.6 million
Bosnia and Herzegovina
18.8 million
Sudan
15.0 million
Mozambique
12.0 million
Croatia
9.3 million
Laos
8.1 million
Lebanon
5.2 million
Eritrea
4.9 million
Vietnam
4.9 million
DR Congo
4.5 million
Somaliland
4.1 million
Nicaragua
4.0 million
Colombia
3.5 million
Azerbaijan
3.2 million
Cyprus
3.1 million
Albania
3.0 million
Yemen
2.6 million
Ethiopia
2.3 million
Tajikistan
2.3 million
Jordan
2.2 million
Abkhazia
2.0 million
Chad
1.9 million
Serbia and Montenegro
1.7 million
Kosovo
1.6 million
The biggest increases in mine action donations in 2004 were to Cambodia
($24.6 million), Afghanistan ($16.6 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina ($8.4
million), Sri Lanka ($7.8 million), Angola ($6.7 million), Sudan ($5.5 million),
Croatia ($3.8 million), Iraq ($3.7 million), Laos ($2.8 million), Somaliland ($2
million) and Jordan ($1.5 million).
The largest decreases were in Mozambique ($3.3 million), Azerbaijan ($2.4
million), Eritrea ($2 million) and Nicaragua ($1.4 million).
Abkhazia (Georgia)—Donor reports indicate that Abkhazia received
approximately $2 million in mine action assistance in 2004 compared to an
estimated $1.4 million in 2003.
Afghanistan—Reports by donors indicate that 16 countries and the
EC provided $91.8 million for mine action in Afghanistan in 2004. This
represents an increase of approximately 22 percent, compared with $75.2 million
reported by the United Nations Mine Action Center for Afghanistan for 2003.
Albania—Landmine Monitor estimates that approximately $3 million
was contributed for mine action in Albania in 2004, compared to the estimated
$3.6 million contributed in 2003.
Angola—In 2004, 15 donor countries, the EC and UNDP reported
contributions totaling approximately $28 million for mine action in Angola.
This is an increase from the estimated contribution of $21.3 million in 2003,
from 17 donor countries and the EC.
Azerbaijan—Donors reported contributing a total of $3.2 million
to mine action in Azerbaijan in 2004. This represents a decrease from last
year’s funding of approximately $5.6 million.
Bosnia and Herzegovina—Landmine Monitor estimates that in 2004 a
total of $18.8 million was donated to mine action in Bosnia and Herzegovina by
13 governments, the EC, SFOR, UNDP and several international organizations, a
substantial increase from $10.4 million in 2003.
Burundi—In 2004, three NGOs received $1,046,082 for mine action
in Burundi.
Cambodia—Thirteen countries and the EC reported contributions of
$41,652,918 for mine action in Cambodia in 2004. This total is more than double
the funding Landmine Monitor reported for 2003, some $17 million, and more than
CMAA reported as mine action expenditures in 2004. The largest single increase
in donor funding came from Japan, $16 million, a six-fold increase on its 2003
contribution.
Chad—As in the past, information on mine action funding for Chad
is inconsistent and incomplete. According to Landmine Monitor research, four
donors reported providing $1.9 million in mine action funding to Chad in 2004,
compared to $1.2 million in 2003.
Chechnya—In 2004, three countries and the EC reported providing
a total of US$804,066 for mine action in Chechnya and surrounding regions.
UNICEF reported receiving $1,035,145 for mine action in Chechnya and surrounding
regions in 2004.
Colombia—Unlike other heavily mine-affected countries,
international donors have contributed little specifically and directly to mine
action in Colombia. Most governments have provided indirect support through
international organizations. Four donors reported contributing a total of $3.53
million for mine action funding for Colombia in 2004. UNICEF and UNDP funded a
variety of programs in Colombia in 2004 and 2005, but the total value is not
known.
Croatia—Landmine Monitor identified international donations to
mine action in Croatia in 2004 totaling $9.3 million from seven countries and
the EC. This represents a significant increase from $5.5 million donated in
2003.
Cyprus—In August 2004, the EC made available €2.5 million
($3.1 million), through its Partnership for the Future program, to clear
National Guard minefields in the buffer zone. Prior to this, Canada provided
$250,000, channeled through the ITF, to which Slovenia added $25,000 in
2003.
Democratic Republic of Congo—International donors reported
contributing $4.5 million to mine action in the DRC in 2004, an increase from
$3.79 million in 2003.
Eritrea—In 2004 eight donor countries and the EC reported
contributing a total of $4.95 million to mine action in Eritrea, a decrease from
$6.85 million in 2003 and $11.1 million in 2002.
Ethiopia—Four countries and the EC reported contributing
approximately $2.34 million to mine action in Ethiopia in 2004.
Guinea-Bissau—Landmine Monitor estimates that just under $1
million was contributed for mine action in Guinea-Bissau in 2004, compared to
$1.21 million in 2003.
Iraq—The National Mine Action Authority has stated that it
received some $61 million in donations in 2004. Landmine Monitor has been able
to identify $58.7 million in contributions to mine action in Iraq in 2004 from
13 donors. This includes donations to NGOs and international agencies operating
in Iraq, and some in-kind contributions. Landmine Monitor identified $55
million in international contributions to mine action in Iraq from 15 donors in
2003.
Jordan—Four donor countries plus UNDP provided some $2.2 million
in 2004. This doubles the $1.1 million received in 2003.
Kosovo — A total of three countries reported contributing
approximately $1.58 million for mine action Kosovo in 2004. Landmine Monitor
estimated external mine action funding to be $2.2 million in 2003.
Lebanon—Landmine Monitor identified seven donor countries
contributing a total of $5.18 million for mine action in Lebanon in 2004,
compared to $5.9 million reported by donors in 2003. In addition, the United
Arab Emirates has reported that it provided $50 million, through UNMAS, to mine
action in Lebanon from 2002-2004 under Operation Emirates Solidarity. The
year-by-year breakdown of expenditures is not available.
Laos—Nine donor countries and the EC reported contributing $8.13
million to mine action in Laos in 2004, including funds for the UNDP Trust Fund
and other bilateral donations. This represents an increase from approximately
$5.27 million contributed by 10 donor countries and the EC in 2003.
Mozambique—Funding information provided to Landmine Monitor
directly by donors indicates that in 2004 14 countries and the EC contributed
$11.95 million for mine action in Mozambique. This is a substantial decrease
from the $15.25 million reported by donors in 2003.
Nagorno-Karabakh—In 2004, the HALO Trust received about $1.16
million for its work in Nagorno-Karabakh.
Nicaragua—It is difficult to clearly identify mine action
funding for Nicaragua on an annual basis, because many donors designate funds
for the Organization of American States’ Central America program and not
Nicaragua specifically, and some provide multi-year funding. In 2004 Canada,
Denmark, Norway, Sweden and the United States reported contributing $3.99
million to mine action in Nicaragua.
Serbia and Montenegro—Landmine Monitor estimates that Serbia and
Montenegro received $1.7 million in mine action funding in 2004, from two donor
governments, compared to approximately $1.1 million in 2003.
Somaliland—Six countries and the EC provided $4.1 million for
mine action in Somaliland in 2004. This is almost double the $2.1 million
donated in 2003.
Sri Lanka—There has been a major increase in contributions to
mine action for Sri Lanka since the cease-fire took effect in February 2002. In
2004, 12 countries and the EC reported $23.6 million in mine action funding,
compared to $15.8 million in 2003, and $6 million in 2002.
Sudan—Twelve donors and the EC contributed approximately $15
million for mine action in Sudan in 2004. This is almost a 70 percent increase
from the $9.5 million in international contributions identified by Landmine
Monitor in 2003.
Tajikistan—For 2004, Tajikistan reports that it received $2.3
million from seven countries, UNDP and OSCE. Landmine Monitor identified
funding of $2.5 million for mine action in Tajikistan from seven donor countries
and the EC in 2003.
Thailand—International donors reported contributing $964,945 to
mine action in Thailand in 2004, a decrease from about 1.2 million in 2003.
Vietnam—In 2004, four donors reported providing a total of
approximately $4.9 million for mine action in Vietnam. International
contributions in 2003 totaled about $4.3 million.
Yemen—Landmine Monitor estimates that Yemen received
approximately $2.6 million for its mine action program from eight donor
countries in 2004. This is a decrease from the $3.6 million received in
2003.
[1] Only 10 donor countries in 2004
reported their funding contributions on the UN Mine Action Investments
database. [2] In some cases, donors are not
reporting on calendar year 2004. Among the countries reporting for different
fiscal years are the US (October 2003-September 2004), Canada (April 2004-March
2005), UK (April 2004- April 2005) and Australia (July 2004-June 2005). [3] For example, the Euro increased
in value by about 10 percent versus the dollar in 2004. For the Euro, Landmine
Monitor has used these average rates: in 2004 €1=$1.2438; in 2003
€1=$1.13; in 2002, €1=$0.95; in 2001, €1=$0.90. US Federal
Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. [4] The contribution was for the
Thai fiscal year 2005 (1 October 2004–30 September 2005). [5] Among others contributing in
2004 were the governments of Jordan ($280,000, consisting of an annual
contribution of $235,000 from the Ministry of Finance and $35,000 from the Armed
Forces) and Macedonia ($15,000 for Unit for Humanitarian Demining office costs).
Information is not available for others who have contributed national funds to
mine action in the past, such as Chad, Nicaragua and Peru. [6] Final Report of the First
Review Conference, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, pp. 94-105. [7] Those increasing funding
included the top four historical donors, and seven of the top 11: US, EC,
Norway, Japan, Netherlands, Denmark and Switzerland. Those decreasing included
four of the top donors: UK, Canada, Germany and Sweden. [8] In 2005 for the first time
Switzerland provided Landmine Monitor with funding information in Swiss Francs
(CHF); previously, it had reported only in US Dollars.
[9] Includes $50 million,
provided by the United Arab Emirates for mine action in Lebanon from 2002-2004,
but the yearly breakdown in not available. [10] Average exchange rates for
2004 taken from US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates
(Annual),” 3 January 2005, with the exception of: US$1 = CHF1.35, fixed
rate specified by government of Switzerland.
[11] Includes funding from
Czech Republic, Luxembourg, Slovenia and South Africa. Totals for 2004 were not
available for China or a number of other past donors.
[12] Includes China ($6.2
million), Luxembourg ($4.6 million), South Korea ($4.1 million), Saudi Arabia
($3 million), Slovenia ($3.4 million), Iceland ($1.3 million), and $2 million
for other donors such as Brazil, Czech Republic, Hungary, Liechtenstein, Monaco,
Portugal, Slovakia, South Africa and others. [13] Per capita funding provides
another perspective on mine action funding by donor countries. To calculate
these figures the 2004 country funding amounts were divided by that
country’s population. Population numbers are from the World Bank, World
Development Indicators Database, “Population 2004,” 1 July 2005,
available at www.worldbank.org/data/databytopic/POP.pdf,
accessed 27 September 2005. [14] Figures for years prior to
2003 are taken from the Executive Summary of Landmine Monitor Report
2004, with any corrections received for earlier years. In most but not all
instances, the figures for earlier years are calculated at the exchange rates
for those years.
[15] USG Historical Chart
containing data for FY 2004, by email from Angela L. Jeffries, Financial
Management Specialist, US Department of State, Bureau of Political-Military
Affairs, 20 July 2005.
[16] European Community’s
Contribution to the Landmine Monitor 2005, by email from Nicola Marcel, RELEX
Unit 3a Security Policy, European Commission, 19 July 2005. [17] Article 7 Report, Form J, 28
April 2005; emails from May-Elin Stener, Section for Humanitarian Affairs,
Department for Global Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, April-May 2005. [18] Email from Kitagawa Yasu,
Japanese Campaign to Ban Landmines (JCBL), 10 August 2005, with translation of
Ministry of Foreign Affairs information sent to JCBL on 11 May 2005. [19] Email from Andrew Willson,
Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, Department for International
Development, 1 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor from Debbie Clements,
Directorate of Joint Commitments, Ministry of Defence, 10 August 2005. [20] Figures prior to 1998 only
include CIDA funding. [21] Canada is a good example of
exchange rate variations affecting total mine action funding as reported in US
dollars. Canadian funding decreased 1.3 million in Canadian dollars, but
increased 0.1 million in US dollars. [22] Mine Action Investments
database; emails from Elvan Isikozlu, Mine Action Team, Foreign Affairs Canada,
June-August 2005. [23] Article 7 Report, Form J, 15
April 2005; email from Dirk Roland Haupt, Federal Foreign Office, Division 241,
25 July 2005. [24] Document sent by post from
Alf Eliasson, SIDA,23 March 2005. [25] Figures prior to 1996 are
not available. [26] Email from Freek Keppels,
Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4
August 2005. [27] Mine Action Investments
database; email from Hanne Elmelund Gam, the Department of Humanitarian &
NGO Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 July 2005. [28] Mine Action Investments
database; email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, 1 July 2005. [29] Email from Doug Melvin,
AusAID, 17 June 2005.
[30] Mine Action Investments
database; emails from Manfredo Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Adviser, Ministry
of Foreign Affairs, June-July 2005. [31] The UAE reported in the UN
Mine Action Investment database that it had spent the $50 million from 2002-2004
as follows: $1,631,715 for Phase 1 (minefield reconnaissance and elimination of
booby-traps); $24,766,000 for Phase 2 (clearance and elimination of mines and
UXO); $6,199,000 for Phase 3 (clearance and elimination of UXO); $1,349,685 for
purchasing demining machinery and other equipment; $3,342,800 as a contribution
to the UN office in South Lebanon; $476,538 for film and media coverage of the
project by Emirates Media Corp; $12,234,262 for expenses of the UAE Armed Forces
and other administrative expenses. Mine Action Investment database, www.mineaction.org, accessed 4 August
2005.
[32] Amounts are taken from the
Mine Action Investments database. Confirmed by email from Teemu Sepponen,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13 July 2005.
[33] Article 7 Report, Form J,
2 May 2005. [34] Emails from Amb. Gerard
Chesnel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 30 June 2005, and Anne Villeneuve, HI,
July-August 2005. [35] Article 7 Report, Form J, 14
June 2005; email from Department of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005 via Tony
D’Costa, Pax Christi Ireland. [36] Article 7 Report, Form J, 27
April 2005;email from Norbert Hack, Minister, Department of Disarmament, Arms
Control and Non-Proliferation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 August 2005. [37] Letter from Charlotte
Darlow, Disarmament Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade, 20 April
2005; email from Jane Coster, NZAID, 11 August 2005. [38] Email from Markus Henrik,
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 17 August 2005. [39] Email from Francois Berg,
Disarmament Desk, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 2 August 2005. [40] Email from Jan Kara,
Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 July 2005. [41] Final Report of the First
Review Conference, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 27. [42] All amounts are expressed in
US dollars. This data was collated following an analysis by Landmine Monitor of
Form J attachments to Article 7 reports, the audited accounts of the ICRC
Special Appeal for Mine Action and the ICRC Special Fund for the Disabled,
information provided by the International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine
Victims Assistance (ITF), USAID, “Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund: 2004
Portfolio Synopsis,” p. 74, and other relevant data provided to Landmine
Monitor. Full details are available on request. It should be noted that ICRC
financial accounts are based on a calendar year whereas some donors have
different fiscal years, as in the case of Australian victim assistance funding
in 2004.
[43] Some of the figures for
2003 have changed since Landmine Monitor Report 2004, as new information
became available.
[44] Although it is among the
countries that did not report funding to victim assistance programs in 2004,
Landmine Monitor has identified Sweden as one of the main donors to a victim
assistance program in Colombia, through the Swedish International Development
Agency, via Star of Hope International.
[45] This amount includes three
components. First, Patrick J. Leahy War Victims Fund administered by the US
Agency for International Development (USAID) totalled $11.93 million. LWVF
expenditures for landmine survivors are not separated out from those for war
victims overall. Second, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
provided $3.15 million to Landmine Survivors Network. Email from Michael Gerber,
International Emergency and Refugee Health Branch, Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention, 21 September 2005. This is the first report in which annual
funding through CDC to mine victim assistance has been identified for inclusion
in the total of US funding. Third, US Department of State funding through the
Slovenia's International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance
totalled $497,227 of for victim assistance programs in the Balkans in calendar
year 2004. [46] Email from Therese Lyras,
Press and Communications Coordinator, Diana, Princess of Wales Memorial Fund, 20
July 2005. [47] It should be noted that ICRC
financial accounts are based on a calendar year whereas some donors have
different fiscal years. For the purposes of funding analysis, the contributions
are reflected in the year in which they were received by the ICRC. [48] ICRC Special Appeal Mine
Action 2004. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Fides Peat,
“Assistance for Mine Victims, Geneva: Auditor's report on supplementary
information on the Special Appeal, Statement of contributions and expenditure,
Financial Statements 2004,” Appendix II and III, Geneva, 14 July 2005.
Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = CHF1.2428, used for CHF amounts not
contributed by the Swiss Government at a set rate. US Federal Reserve,
“List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.,” Average
exchange rate for 2003: US$1 = CHF 1.3454 US Federal Reserve, “List of
Exchange Rates (Annual) 2 January 2004. [49] ICRC Special Fund for the
Disabled 2004. Landmine Monitor analysis of KPMG Fides Peat,
“Assistance for Mine Victims, Geneva: Auditor's report on supplementary
information on the Special Appeal, Statement of contributions and expenditure,
Financial Statements 2004,” Appendix V, Geneva, 14 July 2005. The
shortfall in contributions over expenditures was covered by general
reserves. [50] ITF, “Contribution to
the Landmine Monitor 2005,” by email from Iztok Hočevar, Head of
International Relations Department, 22 July 2005. [51] Executive Summary,
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 71. [52] Email from Natasa
Uršič, Geographical Information System Project Manager, 22 September
2005.