Key developments since May 2004: Perú named for the first time
the three penitentiary centers it had mined in the departments of Puno,
Cajamarca and Lima. In June 2005, the Police stated that 1,361 electrical
towers in Huancavelica, Ica and Lima previously demined are still considered
dangerous and mine-affected. No mine risk education has been carried out in
Perú since October 2003. There were no known landmine casualties in
2004, in contrast to 2003 when 21 mine/UXO casualties were reported. At the
First Review Conference, Perú was identified as one of 24 States Parties
with the greatest needs and responsibility to provide adequate survivor
assistance. Perú presented its survivor assistance objectives for the
period to 2009.
Mine Ban Policy
The Republic of Perú signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 3 December 1997,
ratified on 17 June 1998 and became a State Party on 1 March 1999. There is no
specific legislation in place to implement the Mine Ban Treaty. A number of
provisions in Perú’s criminal code apply to possession and trade of
weapons, such as antipersonnel landmines, and include criminal sanctions. From
2002 to 2004, the Parliamentary Commission of Justice and the Review Commission
of the Criminal Code worked on an initiative to reform the criminal code to
include an article on sanctions relating to
landmines.[1 ]To expedite the
implementation of national legislation, on 22 November 2004, Congressman Alcides
Chamorro submitted law project 11994-2004, a “Law that penally sanctions
conduct prohibited by the Ottawa Convention” (“Ley que sanciona
penalmente conductas prohibidas por la Convención de Ottawa”). The
law was still before the Parliamentary Commission as of September
2005.[2]
On 2 May 2005, Perú submitted its sixth Article 7 report, covering
the period March 2004 to March 2005. It included voluntary Form J on victim
assistance.[3]
Perú participated in the First Review Conference of the Mine Ban
Treaty in Nairobi in November-December 2004, where its Geneva-based ambassador
announced that Perú and Ecuador would carry out a joint mine clearance
operation in Cordillera del Cóndor and called for technical assistance
and cooperation to support this effort.[4 ]The countries submitted a memorandum to the Review Conference regarding
joint clearance operations.[5 ]
Perú attended the intersessional meetings in Geneva in June 2005,
where it made presentations on mine clearance and victim assistance.
Perú has made few formal statements on issues of interpretation and
implementation related to Articles 1, 2 and 3, concerning joint military
operations with non-States Parties, foreign stockpiling and transit of
antipersonnel mines, antivehicle mines with sensitive fuzes and antihandling
devices, and the permissible number of mines retained for training purposes.
However, it has been generally sympathetic to ICBL views on these matters, and
as co-chair of the Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the
Convention, strove to encourage dialogue and common
understandings.[6 ]
Perú is a State Party to Amended Protocol II of the Convention on
Conventional Weapons and attended the Protocol’s Sixth Annual conference
of States Parties in November 2004. It did not submit an Amended Protocol II
Article 13 report for 2004.
On 4 November 2004, a former Peruvian soldier, Julio Montoya, who lost his
leg in a mine incident while on patrol in 1999, completed a 127-day walk from
Boston to Miami to raise awareness about the needs of people with
disabilities.[7]
Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Destruction
Perú is a former producer of antipersonnel
mines.[8 ]The Ministry of Defense has
told Landmine Monitor that Perú never exported antipersonnel
mines.[9 ]In the past, Perú
imported mines from Belgium, Spain, the former Soviet Union, the United States
and the former Yugoslavia.
In December 2001, Perú completed destruction of its stockpiled
antipersonnel mines, far in advance of its March 2003 deadline. Based on all of
its Article 7 reports, which have contained different and sometimes
contradictory information, it appears that from 1999 to December 2001,
Perú destroyed a total of 338,356 antipersonnel
mines.[10 ]
In May 2005, Perú reported that it has retained 4,024 antipersonnel
mines for training purposes, the same number of mines reported since April
2003.[11 ]In May 2005, a military
official explained to Landmine Monitor that the mines are held by different
Combat Engineer Units of the Army for use in “show and teach”
instruction on the safe storage and transportation of mines, so the mines are
not destroyed during training.[12 ]However, Perú has not yet reported in any detail on the intended
purposes and actual uses of its retained mines—a step agreed to by States
Parties in the Nairobi Action Plan that emerged from the First Review
Conference. The number of mines retained is significantly lower than the 9,526
antipersonnel mines Perú initially announced it would retain in May
2000.
Use
Perú has acknowledged that it used antipersonnel landmines to protect
high-tension electrical towers and public infrastructure during and after the
internal conflict of 1980-1992 with guerrillas of the Shining Path (Sendero
Luminoso, SL) and the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement (MRTA). Perú
has continued to maintain that it never laid mines along the border with Ecuador
before, during or after the 1995 Cenepa
conflict.[13 ]
According to media reports, on 23 July 2005 armed assailants used a landmine
to blow up a vehicle in the community of Yarajanca, in Tocache province, San
Martín department, in central Perú. The assailants reportedly set
off the landmine as the vehicle approached and then ambushed the
occupants.[14 ]National Police
Chief Marco Miyashiro told media that the assailants were members of a
“narcosenderista” [drug trafficking-Shining Path] column. The Nuevo
Progreso district judicial authority, his driver, and a police officer were
killed; a physician and two other police officers were seriously
injured.[15 ]
This incident is similar to mine incidents reported in June and July 2003,
in which the Shining Path reportedly used landmines in various villages in
Huanta Province, Ayacucho Department.[16 ]
Landmine and UXO Problem
Mine contamination in Perú is concentrated in three areas:
the northern border with Ecuador, where both countries used mines during the
1995 Cenepa conflict; five departments (Tumbes, Piura, Cajamarca, Amazonas and
Loreto) were
mine-affected;[17 ]clearance in
Tumbes was reported as completed by December
2003;[18 ]
the territory inland from the Pacific coast and Andean highlands, where the
police used mines to protect infrastructure (primarily high-tension electrical
towers) between 1989 and 1993 during the internal conflict with the Shining Path
and MTRA guerrillas, primarily in the departments of Ica, Huancavelica,
Junín and Lima.[19 ]For the
first time, in its May 2005 Article 7 report, Perú named the three
penitentiary centers it had mined in the departments of Puno, Cajamarca and
Lima;[20 ]
the southern border with Chile, where the Chilean military government mined
its side of the border in the 1970s and 1980s; displacement of mines by climatic
conditions to the Peruvian side of the border has been
reported.[21 ]
However, in June 2005, Perú reported on casualties from
mines—and also, for the first time, from unexploded ordnance
(UXO)—in five departments not previously identified as having a landmine
or UXO problem.[22 ]The five
departments—La Libertad, Ancash, San Martín, Huanuco and
Ayachuco—are not on the border with Ecuador, nor do electricity towers
pass through them.
In June 2004 and June 2005, Perú reported that there were over 30,000
mines in the Cordillera del Cóndor region bordering Ecuador, affecting
400,000 people; the populations most at risk were the Huambisa and Aguaruna
indigenous people, since they use jungle paths to reach their crop
sites.[23 ]In the dense jungle
areas of Amazonas department, Shuar and Ashuar indigenous people live on both
sides of the border, and Huambisa and Aguaruna live on the Peruvian
side.[24 ]The Organization of
American States (OAS) reported that the types of antipersonnel mines laid in
Perú along the border with Ecuador include PMD-6, PMD-6M, PRB/M-35,
PRB/M409 and the Peruvian-manufactured
MGP-30.[25 ]Perú added in
its May 2005 Article 7 report that an undetermined number of T-AB-1 mines are
suspected to be at the source of the Cenepa River, and in the Santiago, Achiume
and Tiwinza river areas on the border with
Ecuador.[26 ]
Perú's Article 7 report of 2 May 2005 states that 9,948 CICITEC mines
were emplaced around electricity towers and other
infrastructure.[27 ]There are 40
mines around an electricity tower in Junín department, 927 mines around
public infrastructure in El Callao, 2,906 around the EPRCMS Yanamayo
penitentiary in Puno, 2,886 mines around the penitentiary center EPS Huacariz in
Cajamarca, and 3,189 mines around the EPRCE Miguel Castro Castro penitentiary in
Lima.[28 ]
According to the national mine action center Contraminas, mines around
electrical towers are the largest single cause of mine casualties in
Perú. Of the 302 casualties from antipersonnel mines reported from 1989
to March 2005, 173 resulted from incidents around the electrical towers and 128
casualties resulted from incidents along the border with
Ecuador.[29 ]
An additional danger is reported by the National Police to have been created
by attempts to clear mines around electrical towers, with explosive remnants
(particularly detonators, “tren de encendido”) being blown outside
the security perimeter. These remnants were said to have resulted in numerous
civilian accidents, including three casualties in
2003.[30 ]In January 2005 a
nine-year-old boy suffered injuries to his right hand and leg following an
accident caused by remnants near a tower in Junín
department.[31 ]
During a May-June 2005 Landmine Monitor visit to communities in Junín
and Huancavelica departments, where clearance operations had been conducted in
mined areas around electrical towers, fencing around several towers was seen to
be in poor condition and partly removed during previous clearance operations.
Warning signs remained around most towers. Remnants of mines were
visible.[32 ]In June 2005, National
Police regarded 1,371 of the 1,712 towers mined as remaining dangerous despite
previous clearance efforts, and quality control of most of the clearance
operations had not been carried
out.[33]
Staff of the National Penitentiary Institute (Instituto Nacional
Penitenciario, INPE) reported that in March 2005 the Ministry of Justice had
requested that all mine-affected INPE penal centers provide information about
the extent of the mine problem at each location. Landmine Monitor was informed
in May 2005 that the current administration at INPE was only recently informed
that some INPE penal centers were mined. The Second Vice-President of INPE
assured Landmine Monitor that mine clearance of penal centers would be a
priority, and that INPE would take steps to comply with the Mine Ban Treaty as
soon as possible.[34 ]
Landmine Monitor visited the EPRCE Miguel Castro Castro penal center in
Lima. The entire outer perimeter wall of the center is surrounded by a minefield
approximately three meters in width. The fencing is marked and in good
condition, but does not fully reach the ground. There were no indications that
the minefield had been maintained; it was littered with garbage and the remains
of a dog. Although civilian homes are located within 400 meters of the front
facing mined perimeter wall, civilian access to the minefields is limited by
both marked fencing and outer
ditches.[35]
Mine Action Program
Contraminas, the Peruvian Center for Mine Action (Centro Peruano de
Acción contras las Minas Antipersonales), is responsible for planning and
policy-making for mine action, including humanitarian demining and mine risk
education. The ministries of foreign affairs, defense, education, interior,
health and National Council for the Integration of Disabled Persons (Consejo
Nacional para la Integración de la Persona con Discapacidad en el
Perú, CONADIS) are represented on the Executive Committee of
Contraminas.[36 ]According to the
coordinator of Contraminas, the biggest challenge it faces is that it has
limited staff and does not have its own
budget.[37 ]Also, the Technical
Secretariat of Contraminas has other responsibilities in addition to mine
action.[38]
Mine clearance operations are implemented on the northern border with
Ecuador by the Peruvian military, with support from the OAS Program for Integral
Action against Antipersonnel Mines (Acción Integral Contra Minas
Antipersonal, AICMA) and international supervision and verification from the OAS
Mission for Assistance to Demining in South America (Misión de Asistencia
a la Remoción de minas en América del Sur, MARMINAS). As of May
2005, 100 Army deminers in two companies were based in Bagua, Amazonas
department in two units, supported by two supervisors from MARMINAS. Army
deminers have received training and support from Spain, and on a permanent basis
from the US through its Southern Command. In 2005, training courses were held
on first aid, communications and demining
procedures.[39 ]
Mine clearance of the high-tension electrical towers is the responsibility
of the electricity companies. Clearance is carried out by
DIVSECOM,[40 ]a specialized unit of
the national police, and in previous years by Industrial Services of the Navy
(SIMA). In May 2005, DIVSECOM had 78 deminers. Training and refresher courses
have been provided by OAS.[41]
Informal meetings were held in 2003 to develop a national mine action plan.
In September 2005, Contraminas reported that a mine action plan covering 2002 to
2006 was approved but is not publicly
available.[42 ]The Article 7 report
of May 2005 refers to a program of humanitarian demining of electricity towers
and a program of mine clearance on the border with Ecuador, but does not provide
a timetable or logistical
details.[43]
The Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA), donated by
Switzerland, is housed and operated by Contraminas. It includes the location of
mine-affected electrical towers, a registry of landmine and UXO casualties, and
information on healthcare services in the areas with landmine and UXO
survivors.[44 ]Contraminas also
holds maps of mined electrical towers provided by the Ministry of Energy and
Mines. OAS AICMA has access to the IMSMA database, which is not available to
the public.[45 ]
In 2004 and the first half of 2005, no new survey activity was reported. In
2003, OAS called for more surveys to be
conducted.[46]
Mine and UXO Clearance
Perú’s treaty-mandated deadline for destruction of all
antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control is 1 March
2009.
At the First Review Conference in November-December 2004, Perú's
Permanent Representative to the UN in Geneva, Ambassador Astete
Rodríguez, asked for international technical assistance and cooperation
to support future efforts of Perú and Ecuador to address the landmine
problem on their shared border.[47 ]In June 2005, Perú described the difficult situation for mine
clearance in the Cordillera del Cóndor: the rough jungle terrain,
climate, difficult access, and the way mines were sown in that
area.[48 ]In previous years, OAS
and the Peruvian Army had reported that it would take until 2010 to declare
Perú “mine safe,” due to technical issues and extremely
difficult geographic and climatic conditions in the majority of the
mine-affected areas in the country.[49 ]However, in April 2004, Contraminas informed Landmine Monitor that
Perú expected to meet the treaty
deadline.[50 ]
Information on clearance operations completed and planned in Perú
appears to be fragmentary. Perú's Article 7 report states that three
CICTEC mines were destroyed in clearance operations between March 2004 and March
2005. The mines were cleared from 13,000 square meters around the ETEVENSA
thermoelectric plant in Ventallina, El Callao (Lima) where mine clearance
operations had previously been
conducted.[51 ]The Article 7 report
does not refer to other clearance operations in the reporting period. However,
in August 2004, DIVSECOM reported completing clearance of UXO at a police base
in Vitarte, Lima, removal of fuzes from areas around 53 electricity towers and
from 20 percent of the previously demined area around a former police training
ground in Ventanilla, El Callao
(Lima).[52 ]
Border with Ecuador
At the First Review Conference, Perú announced that joint clearance
operations in El Oro province (Ecuador) and Tumbes department (Perú) had
been completed in March 2004. Joint operations were to commence on the
Cordillera del Cóndor mountain range region in early
2005.[53 ]Operations had not
commenced by September 2005, due to a lack of OAS channeled financial support
and because Perú did not possess a necessary evacuation
helicopter.[54]
In May 2005, a military official reported that “during 2005 the first
focus of operations would be reconnaissance of high-risk zones on the border
region at the source of the Santiago River, where there were reports of mines,
grenades, and booby traps.” The Army requested US$380,000 for clearance
in this area. As of September 2005 the Army had not received the requested
funds from the OAS and clearance had not
commenced.[55 ]Contraminas reported
that the Army and Contraminas were nearing completion of an impact study at the
source of the Santiago River, funded with OAS contributions from
2004.[56 ]
According to Contraminas, the Ecuadorian authorities reported in May 2004
that some antipersonnel mines might be still in the ground on either side of the
Chira River in Piura department, due to changes in the banks of the
river.[57 ]The possibility of
remaining mine contamination in the Chira River area was discussed at a joint
meeting with Contraminas and the Ecuadorian Mine Clearance Center (Centro de
Desminado del Ecuador, CENDESMI), military and OAS international supervisors in
early 2005. The area to be cleared totaled 9,000 square meters; Ecuador
reported that nine antipersonnel mines had been lost in the
area.[58 ]
High-tension Electrical Towers, Public Infrastructure and Penitentiary
Centers
Perú's Article 7 reports of May 2004 and May 2005 state that, in
Junín, one electrical tower affected by an estimated 40 CICITEC and DEXA
antipersonnel mines, remains to be
cleared.[59 ]In September 2005,
Contraminas said that the electrical tower had been demined in 2003, by an
individual privately contracted by ETECEN, but that the clearance had not been
certified by Contraminas.[60 ]
Approximately 60,000 antipersonnel mines were cleared from 1,711 electrical
towers between mid-2002 and February
2004.[61 ]At the First Review
Conference, Perú stated that quality control of clearance around the
electrical towers would be completed by the end of
2005.[62 ]While quality control of
an initial 50 towers was completed in November 2004, by July 2005 agreement for
quality control to be carried out at the other towers had not been reached
between the Ministry of Energy and Mines, ETECEN state electricity company, the
DIVSECOM police demining unit and Contraminas. The Police stated that the
towers in Huancavelica, Ica and Lima, demined by SIMA, are still considered
dangerous, and that 1,361 towers should still be considered as
mine-affected.[63 ]
In June 2005, it was expected that quality control of the entire network
would take approximately one year.[64 ]It would be implemented by DIVSECOM, observed by the Association of
Victims and Survivors of Landmines
(AVISCAM),[65 ]and certified by
Contraminas. A radius of 60 meters around each tower will be swept for mines
and explosive remnants.[66]
Border with Chile
On 6 July 2005, the Ministers of Defense and Foreign Affairs of Perú
and Chile discussed progress in clearance by Chile along the common border, and
reconfirmed that clearance would be completed by Chile’s 2011
treaty-mandated deadline.[67 ]The
Chilean Army’s Sixth Division began demining in Chile’s northern
Region I bordering with Perú at the Chacalluta airport, Arica, on 3
August 2004 at a ceremony attended by former Chilean Minister of Defense
Michelle Bachelet, the Commander-in-Chief of the Chilean Army General Juan
Emilio Cheyre, diplomats, Landmine Monitor Chile and
media.[68 ]Clearance at the
northern end of Chacalluta Airport in Arica was concluded 30 April 2005; as of
June, verification and certification had not been
undertaken.[69]
Mine Risk Education
No mine risk education (MRE) has been carried out in Perú since
October 2003 when Contraminas concluded an MRE project in Lima, Junín,
Huancavelica and Ica departments.[70 ]Although Perú reported in 2004 that the MRE project had been
evaluated,[71 ]a Ministry of Foreign
Affairs official reported that as of May 2005 the evaluation was not complete.
Lack of funding delayed the evaluation, but the project will be completed by the
end of September 2005.[72 ]
According to the National Police, further MRE activities will be carried out
in Lima, Junín, Huancavelica and Ica, at the same time as quality
assurance of the electrical towers. This project is on hold pending an agreement
with ETECEN for quality assurance of the
clearance.[73 ]
In June 2004, Perú reported that an MRE project, first carried out by
the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) regional office in Lima in
areas where there are mined electrical towers, would be replicated in the border
regions with Ecuador. The project would target a total population of 19,187
Aguaruna and Huambisa indigenous peoples of the Jíbaro linguistic group
in the districts of Cenepa and Santiago (Amazonas
department).[74 ]In May 2005,
Perú reported that a proposal for MRE developed in 2004 in the Cordillera
del Cóndor region of the northern border had been sent to
Contraminas.[75 ]
In May 2005, members of the European Commission delegation in Lima told
Landmine Monitor that a long-awaited EC contribution to mine action along the
Perú-Ecuador border would soon be approved for €1 million (approx.
$1.25 million), to be provided to the OAS in September or October 2005 for use
in mine action along the
border.[76 ]Funds would go to
support humanitarian demining and MRE workshops in schools and MRE radio
messages, but final plans had yet to be made. This project had not begun as of
September 2005.[77]
Funding and Assistance
According to the OAS, in 2004 Canada contributed $1,500 for a regional
seminar in Lima. Italy contributed $19,305 to Perú and $61,095 for mine
action in Perú, Colombia and
Ecuador.[78 ]
The US Department of State reported that it provided $500,000 in 2004
through OAS AICMA for joint cross-border clearance with
Ecuador.[79 ]The US Department of
State discontinued its funding through OAS AICMA of the joint border mine
clearance program, because the program failed to meet stated
objectives.[80 ]In September 2005,
OAS AICMA reported that operations in Perú could be suspended in October
2005 due to a lack of funding.[81 ]
In September 2005, Contraminas reported that the OAS had not yet received a
contribution from the European Commission and thus did not have funding
available to support mine action in Perú. Contraminas’ operational
budget for 2005 consists of funds remaining from
2004.[82 ]
Landmine Casualties
In 2004, there were no known new landmine casualties in Perú. In
2003, at least 21 mine/UXO casualties were reported, including seven people
killed and 14 injured.[83 ]
According to ICRC, in 2004 and the first three months of 2005, seven people
were injured by UXO (grenades).[84 ]On 23 January 2005 a 9-year-old boy was injured by explosive remnants of
an antipersonnel mine in the Jararanga-Piñascochas sector, Junín
department.[85 ]In February 2005, a
man in Lima lost the fingers of his right hand after handling the fuze of a
“pineapple” type grenade found in the
garbage.[86 ]No other mine
casualties were reported during the first half of 2005.
As part of Perú’s commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan,
Contraminas told Landmine Monitor that it would conduct field visits to obtain
information on landmine survivors.[87 ]However, in June 2005, Contraminas reported that it did not have the
resources to carry out the census of mine/UXO casualties and will instead rely
on information from the Army and the
Police.[88]
In June 2005 Perú presented information on a total of 376 mine/UXO
casualties between 1991 and January 2005 registered in the Contraminas IMSMA
database: 298 antipersonnel mine casualties and 78 UXO casualties. A breakdown
of registered casualties to March 2005 indicates that more than 49 people were
killed and 253 injured; eleven were female, and 44 were under 18 years old.
Casualties were registered in the departments of Amazonas (118 mine casualties);
Tumbes (four UXO casualties); Cajamarca (two UXO); La Libertad (one UXO); Ancash
(one mine); Lima (58 mine and 13 UXO); Ica (five mine and one UXO); San
Martín (three UXO); Huanuco (16 UXO); Junín (62 mine and 11 UXO);
Huancavelica (40 mine and 12 UXO); Ayacucho (seven mine and 15 UXO); Tacna
(three mine); the location of four casualties was not
identified.[89 ]The data is based
on information provided by ICRC, Policy, Army, Ombudsman’s Office, AVISCAM
and the database of the national registry of identification (Registro
Naciónal de Identificación de Estado
Civil).[90 ]
Statistics on mine casualties are believed to be
under-reported.[91 ]Landmine
Monitor was informed of unregistered mine/UXO casualties during field visits in
May 2005. Reasons suggested for the under-reporting include the lack of a
formal survey, fear of being labeled as a member or sympathizer of the Shining
Path insurgency, and fear of being threatened by the electricity company for
trespassing on private land.[92 ]According to Julio Montoya, who collects data as part of his advocacy work
for mine survivors, about 1,600 soldiers injured by landmines and improvised
explosive devices since the Cenepa conflict have been treated at the Military
Hospital in Lima.[93 ]
Survivor Assistance and Disability Policy and Practice
At the First Review Conference in Nairobi, Perú was identified as one
of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine survivors, and with
“the greatest responsibility to act, but also the greatest needs and
expectations for assistance” in providing adequate services for the care,
rehabilitation and reintegration of
survivors.[94 ]Perú
participated in a workshop in Managua, Nicaragua, on 26-27 April 2005, which was
convened by the co-chairs of the Standing Committee of Victim Assistance and
Socio-Economic Reintegration, to assist State Parties in developing a plan of
action to meet the aims of the Nairobi Action Plan in relation to victim
assistance.[95 ]
Perú included the voluntary Form J with information on mine
casualties and survivor assistance with its annual Article 7
Report.[96 ]
At the June 2005 Standing Committee meetings, Perú made a detailed
presentation on the situation relating to survivor assistance in the country,
its objectives for 2009 and plans to achieve those objectives. The objectives
include: completion of the mine/UXO database; monitoring the situation of
survivors; supporting rehabilitation facilities in coordination with civil
society groups; creating a fund for psychosocial rehabilitation, in coordination
with public institutions and civil society; providing direct assistance to each
survivor by 2009. The lack of national or international funding to achieve its
goals was highlighted throughout the
presentation.[97 ]
All public health centers in the country reportedly have the capacity to
provide first aid, and state hospitals have the capacity to deal with trauma
cases and provide psychological support. In May 2005, the Ministry of Health
was reviewing hospital capacities in Junín and Lima departments, and
reported that awareness of mental health and psychosocial rehabilitation was
“just starting,” not only for landmine/UXO survivors but for all
persons affected by the armed conflict who had not yet received any
psychological support. The Ministry of Health’s capacity to provide
rehabilitation outside Lima is very limited, and the aim is to decentralize
available services. In the central Andean highlands the aim is to strengthen
the capacity at the health post level, improving first aid and emergency
treatment, and transportation to regional hospitals. At the regional hospital
level, the aim is to provide training in rehabilitation for staff, and improve
the equipment that is available.[98 ]
Based on field visits by Landmine Monitor in June 2004 and May 2005, it
would appear that assistance available to civilian mine casualties remains
unchanged and facilities are still poor in rural areas. The May 2005 visit by
Landmine Monitor to rural communities in Huancayo province, Junín
department, and the adjacent municipality of Pampas, Huancavelica department,
indicated that, in general, survivors receive first aid and immediate medical
care, but many had not received rehabilitation or vocational retraining, nor
were they aware of their rights according to national disability laws. In some
cases, the electricity company ETECEN had provided transport and supported
medical treatment, but not
rehabilitation.[99 ]
The Army and the National Police provide medical assistance, physical
rehabilitation, prostheses and psychological support for their personnel injured
by landmines. In June 2004, Contraminas was reportedly coordinating with the
ministries of defense, interior and health to make the services available to
police and army personnel also available to civilian mine survivors; however,
services remain inaccessible to
civilians.[100 ]
In February 2004, Contraminas reported that it had started a pilot project
to provide integrated assistance to 20 landmine survivors, with the support of
OAS AICMA and ICRC; however, Landmine Monitor was advised in May 2005 that the
pilot project had been cancelled due to a lack of funding. Rather than
developing a pilot project, Contraminas now plans to provide healthcare and
rehabilitation coverage for all landmine and UXO survivors, with the support of
the OAS, after the survivor register has been
completed.[101]
Facilities available to assist mine survivors include the National
Rehabilitation Institute (Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, INR) in
Lima, which offers integrated services for a fee, including physical
rehabilitation, psychological support and vocational training. The National
Council for the Integration of Persons with Disabilities (CONADIS) is
responsible for the Center for Technical and Occupational Training (Centro de
Formación Técnica y Ocupacional, CEFODI) in El Callao, which
provides vocational training for persons with
disabilities.[102]
Members of AVISCAM participated at the First Review Conference in
November-December 2004 and in the victim assistance workshop in Managua in April
2005. AVISCAM has 42 members; 30 are former policemen and 12 were injured
during mine clearance or laying. AVISCAM plans to create a home in Lima, where
survivors can stay during treatment and receive
support.[103]
Perú has legislation and measures to protect the rights of persons
with disabilities, including mine survivors; however, a lack of resources limits
their effectiveness.[104 ]CONADIS
is the inter-ministerial body responsible for the protection of the rights of
persons with disabilities, including policies on the socioeconomic reintegration
of mine/UXO survivors.[105 ]
The state Integrated Health Insurance (Seguro Integral de Salud, SIS)
provides broad health coverage to young people and others in extreme poverty.
According to a Ministry of Health official, SIS provides complete treatment to
children, including some rehabilitation, while adults receive only emergency
treatment; however, the work of SIS is limited by a lack of
funds.[106]
[1 ]Interview with Alcides
Chamorro, former President of the Commission of Justice and President of the
Review Commission, Lima, 9 March 2005; Landmine Monitor (MAC) interview with
Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Coordinator, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005. Once
completed, the proposed reforms would then go to the National Congress for
consideration.
[2]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Coordinator, Contraminas, Lima, 14 September 2005.
[3]Previous reports were submitted
on 6 May 2004, April 2003 (no date specified), 16 May 2002, 4 May 2001 and 2 May
2000.
[4 ]Intervention by Perú,
Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World (First Review Conference), Nairobi, 3
December 2004. Also announced at “Un paso más hacia un hemisferio
libre de minas antipersonal,” the Americas Regional Mine Action Seminar,
Quito, 12-13 August 2004.
[5 ]“Nota informativa de la
República del Ecuador y de la República del Perú sobre la
implementación de la Convención de Ottawa,” circulated at
the First Review Conference, Nairobi, 1 December 2004.
[6 ]In May 2002, Perú made
an intervention with respect to Article 2 on the issue of antivehicle mines with
antihandling devices, in which it encouraged States Parties to evaluate their
positions taking into account humanitarian aspects, and to make an
“authentic interpretation” of the Mine Ban Treaty according to its
spirit as well as its letter. Intervention by Perú, Standing Committee
on General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 31 May 2002. Notes
taken by Landmine Monitor (MAC).
[7]“Montoya completes epic
Boston to Miami journey,” Manning Times, 4 November 2004.
[8 ]The National Police produced
the “DEXA” mine until production facilities were closed in 1994,
while the Navy produced the “CICITEC” MG-MAP-304 and the
“CICITEC” MGP-30 mine until production facilities were closed in
1997. Article 7 Report, Form H, 2 May 2005; Article 7 Report, Forms E and H,
April 2003; ICRC, “Programa de Sensibilización de los Peligros de
las Minas Antipersonal,” Lima, 2002, p. 7.
[9 ]Telephone interview with Gen.
Raúl O’Connor, Director, Information Office, Ministry of Defense,
19 April 2000.
[10 ]Two destructions of a total
of 11,784 antipersonnel mines between March 2000 and March 2001 are sometimes
not included in Perú’s destruction totals. Perú destroyed
the bulk of its stockpile—321,730 mines—between 30 May and 13
September 2001. Perú declared stockpile destruction complete in September
2001, but then destroyed another 926 mines in December 2001 that it had intended
to retain for training. See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 658.
[11 ]The mines retained are:
PMD-6 (500), CICITEC (775), M18-A1 Claymore (600), M35 C/ESP M5 (100), M-409
(525), PMA-3 (500), PMD-6M (500) and POMZ-2M (500), all retained by the Army;
CICITEC mines (24) retained by the National Police. See Article 7 Report, Form
B, 2 May 2005.
[12 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Jaime Sanabria Kriete, Army General Headquarters, San Borja,
Lima, 26 May 2005.
[13 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 6
May 2004.
[14 ]“Reaparecen asesinos
terroristas,” El Expreso (Lima), 24 July 2005; “Assailants
kill judge, police officer in Perú,” EFE (Lima), 24 July
2005. In one report the landmine was described as an antipersonnel mine.
[15 ]“Narcoterristas en
Tocache: Emboscan y matan a juez y policía,” La República
(Lima), 24 July 2005; “Reaparecen asesinos terroristas,” El
Expreso (Lima), 24 July 2005.
[16 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 657. In some cases, it was not clear if the incidents
involved antivehicle mines, antipersonnel mines, improvised explosive devices or
booby-traps.
[17 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 16
May 2002.
[18 ]In April 2003, Perú
provided information on suspected mine-affected areas, including Sector La Coja,
Pueblo Nuevo, Lechugal, and Tiwinza. The department in which these areas are
located was not specified in the Article 7 report, but a document provided to
Landmine Monitor by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs indicated that they are in
the department of Tumbes. See Article 7 Report, Form C, Table 2, April 2003;
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Aide Memoire, “Tratamiento dispensado por el
Perú al tema de las minas antipersonal,” Lima, March 2003.
[19 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 6
May 2004; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 659-660.
[20 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 6
May 2004.
[21 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 303.
[22 ]Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 16 June 2005.
[23 ]Interventions by
Perú, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine
Action Technologies, Geneva, 22 June 2004 and 13 June 2005. In May 2000 the
Peruvian government estimated there were approximately 120,000 antipersonnel
mines laid along the border with Ecuador.
[24 ]These people were displaced
by the border conflict and their ability to return to a traditional way of life
was constrained by the landmine and UXO problem. UNMAS, “Assessment
Mission Report,” 3 December 1999, pp. 3, 13.
[25 ]OAS AICMA, “Portafolio
2003-2004,” August 2003, p. 54.
[26 ]Article 7 Report, Form C,
Table 2, 2 May 2005.
[27 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 2
May 2005.
[28 ]Article 7 Report, Form C, 2
May 2005. In 2004, Perú reported 9,911 mines: the difference is three
fewer mines around EPS Huacariz in Cajamarca. See Article 7 Report (for the
period March 2003 to March 2004), Form C, Table 1, 6 May 2004. EPRCE is the
Establecimiento penal régimen cerrado especial.
[29 ]Contraminas, “Datos
Completos IMSMA/Víctimas 1989-2005.” One casualty is unaccounted
for.
[30 ]National Police and ETECEN,
“Plan de Operaciones Desminado Humanitario de las Torres de Alta
Tensión 2004,” January 2004, p. 4.
[31 ]Article 7 Report, Form J, 2
May 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 664, for previous
reports of explosive remnants and of poor standards of clearance of mines around
electricity towers.
[32 ]Landmine Monitor field visit
to communities in Huancayo (Junín) and Pampas districts (Huancavelica),
30 May-1 June 2005.
[33]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Juan Hidalgo Quevedo, Chief, Antimine Division, DIVSECOM,
National Police, Lima, 3 June 2005.
[34 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Susana Silva Hasembank, Second Vice-President, Instituto Nacional
Penitenciario, Lima, 27 May 2005.
[35]Landmine Monitor visit to
EPRCE Miguel Castro Castro, Lurigancho, Lima, 2 June 2005.
[36 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 661.
[37 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005.
[38]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Tennessii Schiavi Vergani, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lima, 26
May 2005.
[39 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Jaime Sanabria Kriete, Army General Headquarters, San Borja,
Lima, 26 May 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 661-662.
[40 ]DIVSECOM (División de
Seguridad Contraminas) was formerly known as JEFAMDEAP (Jefatura de
Activación de Minas y Dispositivos de Autoprotección), which was
formerly known as DIVSAM-DEXA (División de Seguridad de Activación
de Minas - Dispositivos Explosivos de Autoprotección). SIMA is the
Servicio Industrial de la Marina.
[41]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Juan Hidalgo Quevedo, Chief, Antimine Division, DIVSECOM,
National Police, Lima, 3 June 2005.
[42 ]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, 14 September 2005.
[43]Article 7 Report, Form J, 2
May 2005.
[44 ]Landmine Monitor interview
(MAC) with Jorge Chiquillanqui Inca, IMSMA Administrator, Contraminas, Lima, 26
May 2005.
[45 ]Statement by Perú,
Standing Committee on General Status and Operation of the Comvention, Geneva, 3
February 2003.
[46]OAS AICMA, “Portafolio
2003-2004,” August 2003, p. 56. For previous survey activity, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 660-661.
[47 ]Presentation by Perú,
First Review Conference, Nairobi, 3 December 2004.
[48 ]Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 13 June 2005; these difficulties were also reported by
Peru at the Standing Committee meeting on 22 June 2004.
[49 ]OAS, “Landmines
Removal in Perú,” project document, 30 November 2002; OAS AICMA,
“Portafolio 2003-2004,” August 2003, p. 58.
[50 ]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 15 April 2004.
[51 ]Article 7 Report, Form G, 2
May 2005. This is the first report of an original clearance operation having
been carried out at the thermoelectric plant in Ventallina.
[52 ]Report No. 093-2004-DIRSEPUB
PNP/DIVSECOM.EPO, 12 August 2004.
[53 ]“Nota informativa de
la República del Ecuador y de la República del Perú sobre
la implementación de la Convención de Ottawa,” circulated at
First Review Conference, Nairobi, 1 December 2004. For details of the agreement
to demine the Perú-Ecuador border, see Landmine Monitor Report
2004, p. 662. No update was given at the Standing Committee meetings in June
2005.
[54]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 14 September 2005.
[55 ]Telephone interview with
Col. Jaime Sanabria Kriete, Army General Headquarters, San Borja, Lima, 17
September 2005.
[56 ]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 14 September 2005.
[57 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Wilyam Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005.
[58 ]Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 13 June 2005.
[59 ]Article 7 Reports, Form C, 2
May 2005 and 6 May 2004.
[60 ]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 14 September 2005.
[61 ]Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, Geneva, 11 February 2004. See also Landmine Monitor Report
2004, p. 663.
[62 ]Intervention by Perú,
First Review Conference, Nairobi, 3 December 2004.
[63 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Juan Hidalgo Quevedo, DIVSECOM, National Police, Lima, 3
June 2005.
[64 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Juan Hidalgo Quevedo, DIVSECOM, National Police, Lima, 3
June 2005.
[65 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Carlos Estrada Salinas and Víctor Luis Lazo Collado,
AVISCAM, Lima, 27 May 2005.
[66]National Police and ETECEN,
“Plan de Operaciones Desminado Humanitario de las Torres de Alta
Tensión 2004,” January 2004, p. 5.
[67 ]Declaración Conjunta
de los Ministros de Relaciones Exteriores y de Defensa del Perú y Chile,
Lima, 6 July 2005.
[68 ]Chilean Ministry of Defense
Press Release, “Ministra de Defensa Nacional encabeza operación de
levantamiento de campos minados en zonas fronterizas,” Santiago, 31 July
2004.
[69]Ministerio de Defensa
Nacional, Comisión Nacional de Desminado Humanitario,
“Situación de las operaciones de desminado humanitario en
Chile,” Santiago, June 2005, p. 16.
[70 ]Results of the 2003 MRE
program are reported in Article 7 Report, Form I, 2 May 2005.
[71 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Tennessii Schiavi Vergani, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lima, 26
May 2005.
[72 ]Interview with Tennessii
Schiavi Vergani, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lima, 12 September 2005.
[73 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Col. Juan Hidalgo Quevedo, DIVSECOM, National Police, Lima, 3
June 2005.
[74 ]Intervention by Perú,
Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action
Technologies, 22 June 2004.
[75 ]Ministry of Foreign Affairs
document 111-ME/SG-UDENA-2004; Article 7 Report, Form A, 2 May 2005.
[76 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Manuel de Rivera, Carmen García Audi, Delegación de
la Comisión Europea en el Perú, Lima, 2 June 2005.
[77]Interview with Tennessii
Schiavi Vergani, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Lima, 12 September 2005.
[78 ]“Statement of
contributions received to May 2005 for the period 1992-2005,” OAS AICMA,
Non-official document provided to Landmine Monitor, May 2005.
[79 ]Email from H. Murphey
McCloy, Senior Demining Advisor, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, US
Department of State, 30 September 2005.
[80 ]Email to Landmine Monitor
(HRW) from Richard G. Kidd, Director, Office of Weapons Removal and Abatement,
US Department of State, 24 August 2005.
[81 ]OAS AICMA report to the OAS
Hemispheric Security Commission, Washington DC, 21 September 2005.
[82 ]Interview with Wilyam
Lúcar Aliaga, Contraminas, Lima, 14 September 2005.
[83 ]For details, see Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 667.
[84 ]Landmine Monitor interview
(MAC) with Dafne Martos and Fanny Díaz, ICRC Regional Delegation for
Perú, Ecuador and Bolivia, Lima, 3 June 2005.
[85 ]Article 7 Report, Form J, 2
May 2005.
[86 ]“Reciclador pierde
tres dedos tras manipular granada en Independencia,” El Comercio
(Lima), 14 February 2005.
[87 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Jorge Chiquillanqui Inca, IMSMA Administrator, Contraminas, Lima,
26 May 2005.
[88]Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 16 June 2005.
[89 ]Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 16 June 2005.
[90 ]Presentation by Perú,
Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 16 June 2005; Contraminas, “Datos Completos IMSMA Víctimas
1989-2005;” Article 7 Report, Form J, 2 May 2005; Presentation by
Perú, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic
Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005; Landmine Monitor (MAC) interview with Jorge
Chiquillanqui Inca, IMSMA Administrator, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005.
Landmine Monitor has a copy of the database to May 2005.
[91 ]ICRC, “Programa de
Sensibilización,” Lima, 2002, pp. 7-8.
[92 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Donofré Chuco Castro, General Secretary, Unidad de
Comunidades Campesinas de la Sierra Central del Perú UCSICEP, Huancayo,
Junín, 30 May 2005, and Landmine Monitor (MAC) interviews with local
residents in Chucos and Chuquitambo, Huancayo province, Junín, 30-31 May
2005.
[93 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Julio Montoya, mine survivor, Lima, 2 June 2005.
[94 ]United Nations, Final
Report, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the
Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel
Mines and on Their Destruction, Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004,
APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33.
[95 ]“Workshop on Landmine
Advancing Victim Assistance in the Americas,” Managua, 27-28 April
2005.
[96 ]Article 7, Form J, 2 May
2005.
[97 ]Contraminas, Presentation to
the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration,
Geneva, 16 June 2005.
[98 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Dr. Celso Vladimir Bambarén Ataltrista, Director General,
National Defense Office of the Ministry of Health, San Isidro, Lima, 3 June
2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 667.
[99 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interviews with survivors and family members in the communities of Mullaca,
Puquio, and Sapallanga, 30-31 May 2005.
[100 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Jorge Chiquillanqui Inca, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005; see
also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 667-668.
[101]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Jorge Chiquillanqui Inca, Contraminas, Lima, 26 May 2005; see
also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 668.
[102]For more information, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 668.
[103]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Carlos Estrada Salinas and Víctor Luis Lazo Collado,
AVISCAM, Lima, 27 May 2005.
[104 ]For more information, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 669; see also US Department of State,
“Country Reports on Human Rights Practices - 2004; Perú,” 28
February 2005.
[105 ]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Dr. Celso Vladimir Bambarén Ataltrista, Director General,
National Defense Office of the Ministry of Health, San Isidro, Lima, 3 June
2005.
[106]Landmine Monitor (MAC)
interview with Dr. Celso Vladimir Bambarén Ataltrista, Ministry of
Health, San Isidro, Lima, 3 June 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report
2004, p. 668.
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