Key developments since May 2004: In July 2004 and November 2004,
Somaliland officials indicated they were prepared to sign the Geneva Call Deed
of Commitment on a comprehensive ban on antipersonnel mines, but have not done
so. There was a launch of the Landmine Monitor Report 2004 and of the
new Somalia Coalition to Ban Landmines in Hargeisa in November 2004. HALO Trust
and the Danish Demining Group demined more than 22 square kilometers of land in
2004, destroying 304 antipersonnel mines and 103 antivehicle mines. A national
mine action strategy and policy, which was developed and presented to parliament
in 2004, awaited approval after elections in September 2005. International
donations increased in 2004, after declining since 2001. Donors reported
providing over US$4 million for mine action in Somaliland in 2004, double the
amount donated in 2003. In January 2005, Handicap International launched a new
MRE project targeting herders in affected communities in four regions.
Mine Ban Policy
The Republic of Somaliland proclaimed independence from Somalia in 1991 with
the fall of the government of Siyad Barre. However, Somaliland is not
recognized by the international community as an independent state, and thus it
is not in a position to accede to the Mine Ban Treaty. Somaliland authorities
have expressed their commitment to the ban treaty often since 1997, but no
legally binding measures have been taken yet to prohibit use, production, trade
or stockpiling of antipersonnel mines.
At the 20 November 2004 launch in Hargeisa of the ICBL’s Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, the Vice President of Somaliland, Ahmed Yusuf Yasin,
who is also the head of the mine action authority in Somaliland, confirmed the
government’s intention to sign the Swiss-based NGO Geneva Call’s
Deed of Commitment for non-state actors, pledging a total prohibition on
antipersonnel mines. He said Somaliland would sign “as a means to monitor
our already Declared Unilateral Compliance with the Ottawa Convention.”
Somaliland’s Minister of Foreign Affairs, Dr. Edna Adan Ismail, also
confirmed to ICBL that the signing of the Deed of Commitment was viewed as an
interim step to be followed by Somaliland joining the Mine Ban Treaty as soon as
the government is recognized.[1 ]Earlier, in July 2004, Somaliland officials wrote to Geneva Call that the
government was ready to sign.[2 ]
However, as of September 2005 Somaliland had still not signed the Deed.
Somaliland authorities have been reluctant to sign as they consider Somaliland
an independent state and not a “non-state actor.” In its 2004
annual report, the Somaliland Mine Action Center (SMAC) indicated that
Somaliland may be in a position to sign a modified version of the Deed of
Commitment by September 2005.[3 ]
The Landmine Monitor launch event was hosted by the Institute for Practical
and Research Training (IPRT), a member of the ICBL Advisory Board and Landmine
Monitor’s contact point in Somaliland, in cooperation with Geneva Call.
The event featured a reading by Somaliland’s award-winning poet, Abdi Adan
Qays, as well as statements by ICBL representative Susan B. Walker and other
dignitaries.
In the days before the Landmine Monitor event, 10 Somali organizations met
to draft an agreement to form a Somalia Coalition to Ban Landmines (SOCBAL).
Nine founding members signed SOCBAL’s founding charter on 20 November
2004. SOCBAL’s launch was held in Hargeisa, Somaliland, so that the new
coalition could learn from the experience of the Somaliland Coalition Against
Landmines.
Production, Transfer, Stockpiling and Use
Somaliland does not produce landmines and there have been no indications
that it has exported or acquired new landmines since proclaiming independence.
Officials have acknowledged the existence of stockpiles of antipersonnel
mines, but have not provided information on numbers or types. In early 2003,
Somaliland officials told Landmine Monitor that there were plans for the
destruction of all existing stockpiles, but apparently no progress has been
made.[4 ]
Demining organizations operating in Somaliland, including the Danish
Demining Group (DDG) and HALO Trust, have periodically destroyed antipersonnel
mines and antivehicle mines provided to them by the Ministry of Defense from its
stockpiles, by local police that have confiscated mines from individuals or
militias, and by villagers and other
individuals.[5 ]
There were no reports of use of landmines in Somaliland in 2004 or the first
half of 2005, including in the hostilities in the disputed town of Las Anod in
Sool region, which is claimed by both Somaliland and Puntland.
Landmine and UXO Problem
The landmine and unexploded ordnance (UXO) problem in Somaliland is the
legacy of the 1964 and 1977-1978 border wars with Ethiopia, and the 1988-1991
civil war between the army of the regime of Siyad Barre and the Somali National
Movement.[6 ]Most of the mine-laying
was carried out by troops of the Siyad Barre regime, which used mines to
terrorize the civilian population.[7 ]
A Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) of four regions found that, “the land
contaminated by mines and/or ... UXO directly impact the safety and livelihoods
of an estimated 1.34 million people, and has led to the death or injury of 276
people in the last two years.”[8 ]Casualties have continued to occur at a significant level since the
completion of the survey. The LIS also reported that while the “most
prevalent resource blockages” are of roads and pastureland, the
“most serious blockages in terms of safety and socioeconomic security are
of drinking water sources and irrigated
cropland.”[9 ]
The UN Development Programme (UNDP) office in Somaliland report that no
formal marking or fencing of mined areas is possible due to the materials being
stolen. But local marking is carried out by communities, and most dangerous
areas are known to local
communities.[10]
Mine Action Program
Two bodies are responsible for mine action activities in Somaliland: the
National Demining Agency (NDA), and the Somaliland Mine Action Center (SMAC), an
autonomous organization established with UNDP support. Since March 2004, both
NDA and SMAC report directly to the Vice President, Ahmed Yusuf Yasin. UNDP
continues to support SMAC.[11 ]SMAC
is mandated to carry out mine action coordination, planning and quality
management.[12 ]NDA is responsible
for building local capacity for clearance, survey and mine risk
education.[13 ]
SMAC and other stakeholders conducted a planning process in 2001–2002,
which resulted in an interim strategic plan. This remained in place until a
more detailed plan could be made using Landmine Impact Survey (LIS) data and
until the authorities published a national development plan. When LIS results
were available, UNDP contracted Cranfield University to conduct a strategic
planning workshop in late 2003. This resulted in a proposed strategic plan
presented to the authorities for
approval.[14 ]
In November 2004, Vice-President Yassin announced that a national policy on
mine action, derived from the proposed strategic plan, was in the process of
being approved by the House of
Representatives.[15 ]It was not
considered during the parliamentary session ending in June 2005; it will be
considered by a new parliament elected on 29 September
2005.[16 ]The proposed policy
clarifies lines of responsibilities between SMAC and NDA, and also endorses the
1 March 1999 House of Representatives resolution supporting a comprehensive ban
on antipersonnel mines.[17 ]
According to the UN, the main goals for mine action in Somaliland are to
clear access to water sources and grazing areas, to clear high impact areas by
2006, and reduce the number of incidents from mines and UXO. To achieve this,
the UN states that “the expansion of clearance capacities in Somaliland
will have to take place by strengthening the NDA with training and equipping 90
deminers, expanding the police explosive ordnance disposal teams to all regions
of Somaliland, conducting a mine risk education program to highlight the dangers
of ‘intentional risk taking’ and supporting SMAC to ensure continued
coordination and planning of mine action in
Somaliland.”[18 ]The strategy
is coordinated by SMAC in collaboration with implementing agencies; there are
monthly coordination meetings. SMAC hosts the meeting on behalf of the
authorities. The capacity-building project implemented by UNDP and the Somalia
Rule of Law and Security Program, which aims to train 90 deminers and implement
a mine-risk education capacity, targets high impact areas identified in the LIS.
Once these are cleared, NDA will move to medium and low impact sites. The
duration of the project is 2005-2007 with a total budget of $6,611,000: 2005,
$1,111,000; 2006, $5 million; 2007,
$500,000.[19]
UNDP maintains an Information Management System for Mine Action (IMSMA)
database, on which countrywide data is stored. In mid-2005, the UNDP IMSMA
database contained LIS data for Somaliland and
Puntland.[20 ]
Survey and Assessment
A Landmine Impact Survey covering the Awdal, Galbeed, Sahil and Togdheer
regions of Somaliland was conducted in March 2002-March
2003.[21 ]The survey was carried
out by DDG. It identified 357 of Somaliland’s 588 communities in the
regions of Awdal, Galbeed, Sahil and Togdheer as affected by landmines, of which
it classified 45 as high impact, 102 as medium impact and 210 as low impact.
There were 772 suspected hazardous areas. It also revealed an acute need for
clearance around water reservoirs.[22 ]
DDG and HALO Trust, in coordination with SMAC, performed more operationally
oriented general surveys in 40 of the 45 high impact communities identified by
the LIS in 2004.[23 ]Of the 45 high
impact communities, DDG surveyed 31 communities affected by 92 suspected hazard
areas (SHAs) between April and August
2004.[24 ]HALO provided information
on the nine communities (with 55 SHAs) in Awdal region as they were requested by
the SMAC/DDG landmine impact survey.[25 ]In 2004, HALO completed visits to 21 high impact communities in that area,
surveying 55 SHAs. This resulted in three high priority, 12 medium priority and
32 low priority clearance tasks being identified. The remaining eight tasks
were on the Ethiopian side of the
border.[26 ]The additional five
high impact communities were said to have been already
surveyed.[27 ]
DDG also initiated in early 2005 a second phase of general survey on
SMAC’s behalf, to assess the highest priority of the medium impacted LIS
communities. At the beginning of June 2005, 19 of the SHAs had been confirmed
as minefields, two remained suspected hazard areas, and 10 of the medium
impacted areas had been
disqualified.[28 ]
Mine and UXO Clearance
In 2004, two international mine clearance organizations worked in
Somaliland. According to SMAC, HALO and DDG cleared a total of 22,031,890 square
meters, destroying 304 antipersonnel mines and 103 antivehicle mines. With
police explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) teams, 25,154 UXO were
destroyed.[29]
Area Cleared and Surveyed, and Mines/UXO Destroyed in 2004
Organization
Area cleared (square meters)
Antipersonnel mines
Antivehicle mines
UXO
Area surveyed
(square meters)
DDG
78,685
86
26
4,623
HALO Trust
21,953,205
218
77
17,692
79,536,010
Police EOD
-
-
-
2,839
-
Total
22,031,890
304
103
25,154
79,536,010
The overwhelming majority of this clearance (21,589,530 square meters) was
battle area clearance.[30 ]HALO
reports slightly different data from SMAC (21,879,445 square meters cleared),
and also mechanically verified some 75,680 square meters during 2004. HALO
commenced the work in 2004 by surveying the 79,536,010 square meters, which were
then identified and split into manual or mechanical clearance or battle area
clearance tasks.[31]
DDG uses the rake technique for clearance, similar to techniques used in Sri
Lanka. From 1999 to 2005, DDG cleared 29 areas totaling 1,357,258 square
meters, and carried out level one survey on 1,652,255 square meters of
previously LIS surveyed areas. In 2005, DDG was working on one minefield site
(approximately 200,000 square meters) and had four mobile EOD teams involved in
the Village by Village (VBVC) EOD
Project.[32]
DDG regards the VBVC as its most important project, with some 2,064
community visits having been conducted in Galbeed, Saaxil, Togdheer, Sool and
Sanaag regions since its inception in 2003; during this period, 158
antipersonnel mines, 32 antivehicle mines and 13,890 UXO have been cleared.
Average numbers of items cleared per community visit have dropped from 17 in
2003 to two in 2005, indicating a clear reduction in the threat across the five
regions served by the VBVC EOD
Project.[33]
There were three accidents from August to October 2004, involving minor
injuries to HALO deminers working on clearance
tasks.[34]
SMAC conducted quality control in seven areas cleared by HALO and DDG in
2004. SMAC reports that quality assurance was interrupted by breaks in funding.
On a site by site basis, they apply the sampling criteria as laid down in
IMAS.[35 ]
Mine Risk Education
Mine risk education (MRE) in Somaliland has been ad hoc and limited.
UNICEF and Handicap International (HI) have been the main organizations
involved, in collaboration with SMAC, and demining organizations such as DDG
have undertaken some MRE as part of their overall mine
action.[36 ]No national standards
for MRE have been developed in Somaliland.
In August 2004, the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining
provided an introductory MRE course in Hargeisa at the request of UNICEF.
In January 2005, HI started an MRE program, with funding from UNICEF and
Ireland, which targets child and adult herders (aged five to 29 years) in
affected communities in Awdal, Togdheer, Saaxil and Galbeed regions of northwest
Somalia. The project seeks to create a network of MRE volunteers throughout
these regions, primarily health workers and herders, and to train 70
community health workers in basic MRE. Also trained will be journalists and
scriptwriters from Radio Hargeisa who will disseminate two hours of MRE per
month. HI also seeks to strengthen the capacities of mine action partners
through training HALO, Police EOD response teams, SMAC staff and DDG quick
response teams in MRE techniques and teaching
skills.[37 ]
An earlier KAP (Knowledge, Attitudes and Practice) survey in these regions
in September 2002 by UNICEF and HI established that 29 percent of the population
was not able to identify the potential risk from mines and
UXO.[38 ]UNICEF noted, “An
overwhelming percentage of people expressed the desire to receive information on
landmines/UXO, in particular on how communities live safely in their
mine-contaminated area and how, and to whom, landmines/UXO should be
reported.”[39]
Funding and Assistance
Information provided to Landmine Monitor indicates that six countries and
the European Commission (EC) provided $4,107,787 for mine action in Somaliland
(as distinct from Somalia) in 2004. This is almost double the amount donated in
2003 ($2.1 million).[40 ]In
November 2004, the Vice-President of Somaliland, Ahmed Yassin, stated that since
2001, “international community funding for Somaliland mine action has
decreased....” [41 ]The $2.1
million funding reported in 2003 was a sharp decrease from the $5.55 million
reported in 2002 and $4.4 million in
2001.[42 ]According to DDG, funding
for Somaliland is becoming more difficult to obtain, “in the light of
general fatigue with the Somali problem, and other regional priorities such as
Sudan having loomed much larger in the donor
conscience.”[43]
Donors in 2004 included:
Denmark: DKK2 million ($333,940) to DDG for mine clearance/mine action;
[44]
Netherlands: €596,704 ($742,180) to HALO for mine
clearance;[48 ]
Norway: NOK2,550,000 ($378,344) to HALO for mine
clearance;[49]
Sweden: SEK9.5 million ($1,292,869) to DDG for
demining;[50]
Switzerland: CHF202,500 ($150,000) to UNOPS in-kind for
advisors.[51]
Landmine/UXO Casualties
In 2004, the Somaliland Mine Action Center recorded 63 new landmine/UXO
casualties, including 19 people killed and 44 injured, in four of the six
regions of Somaliland; 46 casualties (73 percent) were children and 14 were
female. Antipersonnel mines caused 28 casualties, UXO caused 33, and
antivehicle mines caused two.[52 ]Casualties were reported in Galbeed (31), Toghdheer (15), Awdal (13) and
Sahil (four).[53 ]In 2003, SMAC
recorded 50 mine/UXO casualties between July and December, including 13 people
killed and 37 injured.[54 ]
In 2004, three HALO deminers were slightly injured while working on
clearance tasks.[55]
Casualties continue to be reported in 2005. SMAC recording 38 new mine/UXO
casualties to August, including 11 people killed and 27 injured; 27 casualties
were children (71 percent) and 12 were female. Antipersonnel mines caused 10
casualties, UXO caused 24, and antivehicle mines cased
four.[56 ]The Danish Demining Group
recorded one antipersonnel mine casualty in Bisiqa minefield, Toghdheer region
in March 2005.[57 ]
Comprehensive data on new mine/UXO casualties is not available. Although
SMAC is collecting and recording casualty data using IMSMA, this activity is
severely limited by a lack of funding, which was particularly acute between
April and June 2004.[58 ]
The total number of landmine casualties in Somaliland is not known. The
most comprehensive information on casualties is the Landmine Impact Survey,
completed in March 2003. LIS identified a total of 2,927 mine/UXO casualties
(1,206 killed and 1,721 injured).[59 ]In July 2005, DDG started to collect casualty data through its MRE
program.[60]
Survivor Assistance
Public health facilities with the capacity to assist landmine casualties are
reportedly minimal, with hospitals poorly equipped and staffed. Mine casualties
are often treated at Hargeisa General Hospital, the largest hospital in
Somaliland. A surgical hospital in Berbera, which used to treat many mine
casualties from the Sahil and the heavily mine-affected Toghdheer regions, has
witnessed a sharp deterioration of all services following the end of assistance
from the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and later the Italian
NGO COOPI.[61 ]COOPI supported
several hospitals in Somaliland until early 2005, including Berbera hospital and
Burao regional hospital in Toghdheer region. COOPI remains active in Awdal
region, where an 18-month project to financially and technically support the
health program started in May
2004.[62]
Generally, first aid is available and there is transport to take casualties
to the nearest medical facility. However, the average travel time to a suitably
equipped hospital is over six hours. Mine clearance organizations (HALO, DDG
and SBF) train paramedics to work with their mine clearance teams, and have
medical equipment and ambulances for use in emergencies. In 2004, DDG provided
emergency care for one mine
casualty.[63]
The Norwegian Red Cross-supported Somaliland Red Crescent Society (SRCS)
runs a lower limb prosthetic and component manufacturing center in Hargeisa, and
a mobile clinic that makes periodic visits to regions outside of Hargeisa. In
2004, the center produced 163 prostheses (57 for mine survivors), 88 orthoses
and 1,536 components, and repaired 272 devices; 24 percent of survivors were
women and nine percent were
children.[64]
The Disability Action Network (DAN) runs the Hargeisa Rehabilitation Center
(HRC) with support from Handicap International. In 2004, the center assisted
1,047 people, including three mine survivors, providing 10,283 physiotherapy
treatments, and producing 937 orthopedic appliances, including 29 wheelchairs
and 204 crutches; 591 devices were repaired. HRC works with the regional
hospitals in Berbera, Burao, Erigavo and Boroma, and the Ministry of Health and
Labor, which provides the premises and pays staff salaries. HRC also supports
the social integration of people with disabilities and raises awareness on
disability issues. It provides training for physiotherapy assistants,
orthopedic workers and other health professionals for the regional hospitals.
The Disability Action Network receives funding from the EU, the Embassy of
Finland in Nairobi, and the Norwegian Ministry of Social
Affairs.[65]
International Aid Services supports a primary education program for war
traumatized and mentally disabled children in Hargeisa, which includes life
skills training.[66 ]
The majority of people in Somaliland are nomads, where mobility is essential
for their livelihood, but no specific training or reintegration programs for
landmine survivors have been identified. The Africa Educational Trust provides
education and training opportunities for ex-combatants, young women and disabled
people; however, it is not known if any mine survivors have benefited from these
programs.[67]
Handicap International also supports local associations of and for disabled
people, including the Somaliland National Disability Forum, providing
organizational capacity building and training in the area of socioeconomic
reintegration.[68 ]The Somaliland
National Disability Forum is a coalition of all local disability actors and
works to improve the rights of people with
disabilities.[69]
Somaliland has legislation to protect the rights of all persons with
disabilities.
[1 ]“LM 2004 Hargeisa Launch
Report,” emailed to Landmine Monitor (HRW) from Susan B. Walker, ICBL
Intersessional Programme Officer, 24 November 2004.
[2 ]Email to Geneva Call from Edna
Adan Ismail, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Somaliland, 6 July 2004. Landmine
Monitor was told that Somaliland’s President Dahir Riyale Kahin
subsequently did not approve a proposed trip to Geneva in August 2004 by his
Vice President to sign the Deed of Commitment.
[3 ]Somaliland Mine Action Center,
“Annual Report 2004,” undated, obtained in May 2005.
[4 ]Interviews with military
officers and Ministry of Defense officials, Hargeisa, January and February
2003.
[5 ]For specific examples, see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 1228. Landmine Monitor was told that in
2005 DDG was collecting stockpiled mines village by village, then destroying the
mines, with the numbers included in mine clearance data. Email from Ahmed Esa,
Institute for Practical and Research Training, to Human Rights Watch, 16 August
2005.
[6 ]See Landmine Monitor Report
1999, pp. 210-212; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 213-214 for
further details on the extent of the landmine problem.
[7 ]Human Rights Watch and
Physicians for Human Rights, Landmines, a Deadly Legacy, Washington DC,
1993, p. 223.
[8 ]“Landmine Impact Survey:
Phase 1: Awdal, Galbeed, Sahil, and Togdheer Regions, Executive Summary,”
Survey Action Center (SAC), p. 3,
www.sac-na.org/pdf_text/somalia_ph1/ExecSummary.pdf.
[9 ]“Landmine Impact
Survey: Phase 1: Awdal, Galbeed, Sahil, and Togdheer Regions, Executive
Summary,” SAC, p. 3.
[10]Email from John Dingley,
Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Somalia, 1 August 2005.
[11 ]See Landmine Monitor
Report 2004, p. 1230.
[12 ]UN, “Country profile:
Somalia,” www.mineaction.org,
accessed 30 July 2005.
[13 ]Email from John Dingley,
Chief Technical Advisor, UNDP Somalia, 1 August 2005.
[14 ]UNMAS, “Portfolio of
Mine Action Projects 2005, Somaliland,” www.mineaction.org, accessed 17 September
2005.
[15 ]Keynote speech by
Vice-President Ahmed Yassin at the Somalia/Somaliland launch of Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, Hargeisa, Somaliland, 20 November 2004.
[16 ]Information provided by
Mohamed Osman Ahmed, Manager, SMAC, 19 August 2005.
[17 ]Letter re Presidential
Decree (ref 016/2004) from the Vice-President, 27 March 2004; see also
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 1231.
[18 ]UN, “Country profile:
Somalia,” www.mineaction.org,
accessed 30 July 2005.
[19]UNMAS, “Portfolio of
Mine Action Projects 2005, Somaliland,” www.mineaction.org, accessed 17 September
2005.
[20 ]Email from John Dingley,
UNDP Somalia, 1 August 2005.
[21 ]“Ongoing surveys:
Somalia,” SAC website, www.sac-na.org/surveys_somalia.html,
accessed 24 September 2005.
[22 ]“Landmine Impact
Survey: Phase 1: Awdal, Galbeed, Sahil, and Togdheer Regions, Executive
Summary,” SAC, p. 3,
www.sac-na.org/pdf_text/somalia_ph1/ExecSummary.pdf.
[23 ]At the time of
implementation, this general survey was referred to as a ‘technical’
survey, in order to distinguish it from the LIS conducted previously. Email
from Nick Bateman, Representative Horn & East Africa, DDG, Nairobi, 13
September 2005.
[24 ]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 13 September 2005.
[25 ]Email from Neil Ferrao,
HALO, 16 September 2005.
[26 ]“Summary of Technical
Survey 2004 by HALO Trust, Awdal Region LIS,” by email from Neil Ferrao,
HALO, 30 August 2005.
[27 ]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 13 September 2005.
[28 ]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 13 September 2005.
[29]SMAC, “Annual Report
2004,” May 2005.
[30 ]Email from John Dingley,
UNDP Somalia, 1 August 2005; email from Neil Ferrao, HALO, 30 August 2005.
[31]Email from Neil Ferrao,
HALO, 30 August 2005.
[32]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 26 September 2005.
[33]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 26 September 2005.
[34]Email from Neil Ferrao,
HALO, 30 August 2005.
[35 ]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, 13 September 2005.
[36 ]UNICEF created the Mine Risk
Education Advisory Group to advise the National Demining Agency and SMAC on the
development of effective MRE strategies, and to improve the collection and
dissemination of relevant data on mine incidents. See Landmine Monitor
Report 2002, p. 855.
[37 ]Emails from Shukir
Abdillahi, HI Somalia, 25 June 2005, and from Sophie Bonichon Yilma, HI, 12 July
2005.
[38 ]UNICEF/HI, “Knowledge,
Attitudes, and Practices Related to Landmines and Unexploded Ordnance,”
November 2002.
[39]UNICEF Somalia Support
Center, “Mines Awareness, Funding Proposal June 2003-December 2004,”
undated, p. 4.
[40 ]Landmine Monitor Report
2004, pp. 1234-1235.
[41 ]Keynote speech by
Vice-President Ahmed Yassin at the Somalia/Somaliland launch of Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, Hargeisa, Somaliland, 20 November 2004.
[42 ]Landmine Monitor Report
2004, pp. 1234-1235.
[43]Email from Nick Bateman,
DDG, Nairobi, 26 September 2005.
[44]Mine Action Investments
database; email from Hanne Elmelund Gam, the Department of Humanitarian &
NGO Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 July 2005. Average exchange
rate for 2004: 1 US$1 = DKK5.989. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange
Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. This funding item covered the two-year
period 1 April 2003-31 March 2005. Email from Nick Bateman, DDG, Nairobi, 26
September 2005.
[45 ]UNDP reported that $800,000
of EC funds of €1.8 million ($2,238,840) allocated to Somalia was spent in
Somaliland in 2004; the EC funds were expended on 1 August 2003 for a 12-month
period, which was extended to September 2005. Email from John Dingley, Chief
Technical Advisor, Mine Action, UNDP Somalia, 1 August 2005; EC,
“Contribution to the Landmine Monitor 2005,” by email from Nicola
Marcel, RELEX Unit 3a Security Policy, EC, 19 July 2005.
[46]Mine Action Investments
database; email from Teemu Sepponen, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 13 July 2005.
Average exchange rate for 2004: €1 = $1.2438, used throughout this report.
US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January
2005.
[47]Ireland, Article 7 Report,
Form J, 14 June 2005; email from Department of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005
via Tony D’Costa, Pax Christi Ireland.
[48 ]Email from Freek Keppels,
Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4
August 2005.
[49]Norway, Article 7 Report,
Form J, 28 April 2005; emails from May-Elin Stener, Department for Global
Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, April-May 2005. Average exchange rate for
2004: $1 = NOK6.7399. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates
(Annual),” 3 January 2005. HALO reports receiving $390,000. Email from
Neil Ferrao, HALO, 30 August 2005.
[50]Email from Johan Nordenfelt,
Ambassador for Small Arms and Light Weapons, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20
April 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = SEK7.4380. US Federal Reserve,
“List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. This funding
item covered the two-year period 1 April 2003 to 31 March 2005. Email from Nick
Bateman, DDG, Nairobi, 26 September 2005.
[51]Mine Action Investments
database; email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign
Affairs, 1 July 2005. Rate of exchange for 2004 according to fixed rate
specified by donor: $1 = CH1.35.
[52 ]Email to Landmine Monitor
(HI) from Mohamed Jama, SMAC, 4 September 2005.
[53 ]SMAC, “Annual Report
2004,” May 2005.
[54 ]For more information see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 1235.
[55]Email from Neil Ferrao,
HALO, 30 August 2005.
[56 ]Email to Landmine Monitor
(HI) from Mohamed Jama, SMAC, 4 September 2005.
[57 ]Response to Landmine Monitor
Questionnaire by Nick Bateman, DDG, Nairobi, 28 July 2005.
[58 ]Landmine Monitor interview
with Ahmed Ali Maah, Manager, SMAC, 10 May 2005.
[59 ]For more information see
Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 1236.
[60]Response to Landmine Monitor
Questionnaire by Nick Bateman, DDG, Nairobi, 28 July 2005.
[61 ]Landmine Monitor visited
Berbera Hospital in April 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p.
1236.
[62]COOPI, “Technical and
financial support to the health program: Awdal Region, NW Somalia (Phase
IV),” www.coopi.org/en/.
[63]Response to Landmine Monitor
Questionnaire by Nick Bateman, DDG, Nairobi, 28 July 2005; see also Landmine
Monitor Report 2004, p. 1236.
[64]Data provided by Somaliland
Red Crescent Society Rehabilitation Workshop, Hargeisa, 10 April 2005; Somali
Red Crescent, “Annual Report 2004,” p. 21, sent by the Norwegian Red
Cross in Somalia, 8 August 2005.
[65]Response to Landmine Monitor
Questionnaire by Ali Jama Hassan, Managing Director, DAN, Hargeisa, 5 September
2005.
[66 ]Somalia NGO Consortium and
Somalia Aid Coordination Body, “NGO Consortium Handbook 2004,” p.
65, www.sacb.info/MainPubs%20and%20Docs.htm.
[67]Somalia NGO Consortium and
Somalia Aid Coordination Body, “NGO Consortium Handbook 2004,” pp.
13, 43, www.sacb.info/MainPubs%20and%20Docs.htm.
[68 ]Email to Landmine Monitor
(HI) from Ulrike Last, Disability Project Manager, HI, Hargeisa, 29 August
2005.
[69]Somaliland National
Disability Forum, “Activities Report of National Celebration Activities to
Mark International Disability Day: 3rd December 2004,” Hargeisa, December
2004, pp. 4, 7.
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