Table of Contents

Country Reports

LM Report 2005

Sudan

Key developments since May 2004: The government and SPLM/A signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement in January 2005 that includes a prohibition on use of landmines. There have been no serious allegations of new use of antipersonnel mines by government, SPLA or other forces anywhere in Sudan in this reporting period. Sudan prepared its initial Article 7 transparency report, indicating a preliminary stockpile of 9,485 antipersonnel mines. Sudan has decided to retain 5,000 mines for training purposes. New mine action structures were developed, with extensive UN involvement, to allow increased mine action following the peace agreement. However, operational capacity was reported as inadequate. In 2004-2005, capacity was concentrated on survey and clearance of transport routes and resettlement areas needed for refugees, aid and UN peacekeeping forces. Demining organizations cleared half a square kilometer of land in 2004, destroying 336 antipersonnel mines, 400 antivehicle mines, and 200,000 items of unexploded and abandoned ordnance. More than 106 kilometers of road were verified. In 2004, some US$15 million was donated for mine action in Sudan.

A significant decrease in mine/UXO casualties was reported in 2004; however, casualty data is “vastly underreported.” At the First Review Conference, Sudan was identified as one of 24 States Parties with the greatest needs and responsibility to provide adequate survivor assistance. In October 2004, a new orthopedic workshop and rehabilitation center opened in Rumbek, and in January 2005, Sudan’s first internationally recognized diploma course in prosthetics and orthotics started. In June 2005, as part of its commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan, Sudan presented its objectives for the period 2005 to 2009 to meet the needs of mine survivors.

Background

Following a three-year peace process, the government of Sudan and the southern-based rebel Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/A) signed a Comprehensive Peace Agreement (CPA) on 9 January 2005, putting an end to the longest-running internal conflict in Africa. The CPA applies to southern Sudan and three Transitional Areas: an expanded South Kordofan state (Nuba Mountains), the southern part of Blue Nile state, and the district of Abyei in Kordofan. Technical committees prepared annexes to govern the implementation of the CPA. The six-month, pre-interim period ended on 9 July 2005 with the swearing in of former SPLM/A leader John Garang as First Vice President. The interim implementation period of six years will last until July 2011, when a referendum on self-determination for the south will be held.

A Government of National Unity (GONU), to be shared by the former ruling party, the National Congress, SPLM/A and others, and a semi-autonomous Government of South Sudan (GOSS), were being established as of July 2005. The interim federal constitution entered into force, but the selection of federal ministers and legislators, the drafting and ratification of the GOSS constitution, and the selection of GOSS ministers, were delayed by the untimely death in a helicopter accident of First Vice President Garang on 30 July 2005.

On 24 March 2005, the UN Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1590 to monitor the implementation of the CPA and establish a peacekeeping mission called United Nations Mission in Sudan (UNMIS). The first contingent of a 10,000-strong UNMIS arrived in Kassala, eastern Sudan, in early May 2005. UNMIS has been tasked with assisting the CPA parties to engage in mine action activities.^[1]

In June 2005, the government of Sudan and the National Democratic Alliance (NDA), composed of SPLM/A and smaller northern-based parties and armed groups, signed a peace agreement for the non-SPLM/A NDA members, but left the status of NDA armed groups until a later time.^[2]

The conflict that escalated in early 2003 in the Darfur region on Sudan’s western border with Chad continued at a lower level in 2005, though the humanitarian crisis persisted as two million internally displaced persons remained in camps, unable to return home because of persistent harassment and violence. The humanitarian cease-fire for Darfur, signed in Chad in April 2004, has been scarcely respected.

There is continued military activity on the southern Sudanese border with Uganda, primarily by rebels of the Ugandan Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA). The LRA has engaged in attacks on southern Sudanese civilians inside Sudan, driving thousands of them to take refuge in Uganda in 2005. The LRA is a known user of landmines.

Mine Ban Policy

The Republic of the Sudan signed the Mine Ban Treaty on 4 December 1997 and ratified it on 13 October 2003. The treaty entered into force for Sudan on 1 April 2004. Sudan has not yet taken any domestic legal measures specifically to implement the Mine Ban Treaty and enforce the antipersonnel mine prohibitions.^[3] In June 2004, Sudanese officials told Landmine Monitor that plans were underway for the incorporation of Mine Ban Treaty implementation measures in Sudan’s new constitution and laws.^[4]

Sudan prepared an initial Article 7 transparency measures report dated 1 October 2004. The Mine Ban Treaty Implementation Support Unit has received the report, but it has apparently not been officially submitted to the United Nations, which posts all Article 7 reports on a public website.^[5]

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement incorporates previous agreements between the government and SPLM/A that explicitly prohibit use of all landmines. An agreement reached on 31 December 2004 states that the “laying of mines, explosive devices or booby traps of whatever type shall be prohibited.”^[6] Under a memorandum of understanding on cessation of hostilities reached in October 2002, both parties agreed to “cease laying of landmines.”^[7] The government and SPLM/A also agreed to stop using mines in the January 2002 Nuba Mountains cease-fire agreement.^[8]

In addition, a humanitarian cease-fire for Darfur, signed in Chad in April 2004, provides that the parties shall stop laying landmines, and mark and post any minefields. The parties to the conflict, the two rebel groups—Sudan Liberation Army/Movement (SLA/M) and the Justice and Equality Movement (JEM)—and the Sudanese government, are to assure that all forces under their control comply with the agreement.^[9]

The Ministers of Foreign Affairs, Humanitarian Affairs and Defence all participated in Sudan’s delegation to the Mine Ban Treaty’s First Review Conference in Nairobi in November-December 2004.^[10] In one statement, Sudan said, “The most critical obstacle and impediment for our endeavors to proceed with [the] peace process are the landmines,” and cited as a priority the linkage of mine action with development and poverty eradication as well as disarmament, demobilization and reintegration programs and internally displaced persons programs.^[11] In another statement, Sudan emphasized “the need for the integration of mine action into the process of socio-economic development to render it more effective; the engagement of non-State actors so as to commit them to respect the spirit and letter of the Convention; and the strengthening of regional and sub-regional cooperation on Convention issues.”^[12]

Sudan voted in favor of UN General Assembly Resolution 59/84 on 3 December 2004, calling for universalization and full implementation of the Mine Ban Treaty. This was its first such vote as a State Party, but it had supported every similar pro-ban UNGA resolution since 1996.

In June 2005, a delegation representing the new goverment participated in the Mine Ban Treaty intersessional meetings in Geneva, and made statements to the Standing Committees on mine clearance, victim assistance, and general status and operation of the convention.^[13]

In one of its June 2005 interventions, the delegation stated, “The Government of Sudan and the SPLM support the Sudan Campaign to Ban Landmines, including its 47 member NGOs, via the National Mine Action Office, for its national advocacy, monitoring and reporting activities.”^[14]

Non-State Actor Ban Policy

Prior to the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and cease-fire agreements prohibiting use of landmines reached in January 2002, October 2002 and December 2004, the SPLM/A signed the Geneva Call Deed of Commitment to ban antipersonnel landmines and cooperate in mine action on 4 October 2001. In September 2003, the SPLM/A stated its policy: “No victim activated explosive devices are to be used or produced or transferred. All antipersonnel mines and victim activated improvised explosive devices are to be destroyed.”^[15] Landmine Monitor is not aware of any statements regarding antipersonnel mines by rebel groups in Darfur.

Production, Trade and Stockpiling

Sudan has repeatedly stated that it has not produced, imported or exported antipersonnel mines.^[16] Warring parties in Sudan have used at least 12 different types of antipersonnel mines produced by seven countries: Belgium, China, Egypt, India, Israel, Italy and the former Soviet Union.^[17]

In the past, the government often stated that it possessed no antipersonnel mine stockpiles and that it destroyed all mines recovered from rebel forces or collected during demining.^[18] In June 2004, Sudanese officials said a “small number” of mines exist for training, but that the number was unknown as the mines were scattered around the country; they said the information was being collected for the Article 7 report.^[19]

The October 2004 Article 7 report lists a total of 9,485 stockpiled antipersonnel mines of six types: PMN, POMZ-2, PMD-6 (Soviet Union), TS-50 (Italy), Type 72A (China) and M14 (India).^[20] It states that accurate numbers for each type will be provided in the next Article 7 report.

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement requires both parties to “promptly provide... information concerning the stockpiles of Anti-Personnel Mines” to the Ceasefire Joint Military Committee.^[21] In July 2005, the deputy director of the New Sudan Mine Action Directorate, Felix Yuggu Lo-Kakku, told Landmine Monitor that the SPLA does not have any stocks to destroy: “SPLA do not have any stockpile of its own. All stockpiles come from mines captured from government forces.”^[22]

Sudan’s treaty-mandated deadline for stockpile destruction is 1 April 2008. According to the Article 7 report, a destruction program is being formulated.^[23] In May 2005, the National Mine Action Office director told Landmine Monitor that the stockpile is stored in different military areas. He said that identifying the mines for collection and destruction will take some time.^[24]

Sudan has chosen to retain 5,000 antipersonnel mines for training purposes under Article 3 of the Mine Ban Treaty. The Army Engineer Corps will hold these mines. Sudan states that details of the number and types of mines retained will be in the next Article 7 report, but will include samples of all of the types of mines found in the country.^[25] In September 2003, the SPLM/A said that “it should be recognized that only antipersonnel mines rendered inoperable are to be used for training in mine clearance or other activities.”^[26]

Use

Antipersonnel mines were used extensively in Sudan’s two decades of civil conflict with the SPLM/A in southern Sudan, and in the three so-called conflict areas in northern Sudan (the Nuba Mountains, Abyei and Blue Nile). Mines were also allegedly used in recent years along Sudan’s borders with Chad, Eritrea, Libya and Uganda.

Landmine Monitor has not received any serious allegations of use of antipersonnel mines by government, SPLA or other forces anywhere in Sudan in this reporting period (since May 2004). None of the international and regional parties monitoring the cease-fires and CPA in southern Sudan have publicly reported any use of antipersonnel mines, including UNMIS, the Joint Military Commission in the Nuba Mountains, the US-sponsored Civilian Protection Monitoring Group based in Rumbek and Khartoum, the Intergovernmental Authority on Development, the East African regional body sponsoring the peace talks that led to the CPA, and its Verification and Monitoring Team. The annual human rights report published by the US Department of State in February 2005 states, “Other than one unconfirmed report, it appeared that no new mines were laid in the South [in 2004].”^[27] According to the UN Mine Action Office in Khartoum, there has been no evidence of antipersonnel mine use in Darfur in 2004 or 2005.^[28]

Past issues of Landmine Monitor have cited credible allegations of mine use by both government and rebel forces fighting in Sudan, as recently as early 2004.^[29] Government officials consistently denied any use of landmines.^[30]

While there have been no reports of use of antipersonnel mines in Darfur, an imprisoned Army officer alleged that the Army had plans to use antipersonnel and antivehicle mines there in 2004. Human Rights Watch interviewed an Army officer in Kober Prison, North Khartoum, on 21 October 2004. He was in jail awaiting trial for an alleged March 2004 coup plot. He is from Darfur, and was a career Army officer assigned to the Army’s engineering corps. According to this officer, the Army decided in early 2004 to plant landmines in Darfur; at the time there was fighting in Farawiya, North Darfur. He said there were plans to lay: 520 antipersonnel mines in Mornei, West Darfur; 457 antipersonnel mines in Abu Gamra, North Darfur; 121 antitank mines in West Darfur, along the border with Chad and also in Mornei. He told Human Rights Watch that he saw landmines from the Omdurman military engineering storage depot moved to lorries and planes destined for Fashir, North Darfur.^[31] Landmine Monitor was not able to independently assess the validity of these allegations.

There were four incidents in Darfur in 2004 that may have involved new use of antivehicle mines.^[32] An incident in October 2004 led to a temporary suspension of UN food distribution in the area.^[33] (See Landmine/UXO Casualties for details.)

The Ugandan Lord’s Resistance Army operates from bases inside Sudan. In July 2004, the Ugandan army crossed into Sudan to attack a makeshift headquarters of the LRA leader, Joseph Kony, in Bileniang and recovered weapons including landmines.^[34]

Landmine and ERW Problem

The size of the country (four times that of France), the lack of data and reliable information, and the shortage of systematic surveys makes it difficult to establish the extent of contamination by landmines and explosive remnants of war (ERW) in Sudan with any precision.^[35] Available information indicates that the south generally faces a larger problem than the north, and that landmines are in general a lesser problem than ERW (comprising abandoned ordnance – AXO, and unexploded ordnance – UXO) both in the south and north. However, road access in both parts of the country is hampered by the suspected presence of mines. In mid-2005, the Sudan mine action program recorded 707 dangerous areas totaling approximately 4,302 square kilometers.^[36]

Antipersonnel and antivehicle mines as well as other types of munitions were an integral part of the conflict, and were used by both the government of Sudan (GOS) and SPLM/A forces.^[37] According to various assessments, antivehicle mines were mainly used on roads by SPLM/A to restrict GOS forces’ movements and access to towns. GOS used antipersonnel landmines defensively to protect its garrison towns and to prohibit movement of insurgent forces.^[38]

The presence of mines on roads in the north and south has restricted access by aid agencies and increased the cost of food and non-food items. The World Food Programme estimates that food security for two million people is directly affected by mines.^[39] Landmines and ERW are also a serious obstacle to reconstruction projects.^[40]

Mines and ERW affect the following states in particular: Western Equatoria, Eastern Equatoria, Bahr Al-Jabal, Bahr Al-Ghazal, Lakes, Jonglei, Upper Nile, South/West Kordofan, Blue Nile and Kassala. In addition, the country’s borders with Chad, Democratic Republic of Congo, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Libya and Uganda are considered affected by mines.^[41]

The southern part of Sudan where most of the fighting between GOS and SPLA took place is believed to be the center of mine and ERW contamination.^[42] Data collected so far indicates that there are few formal minefields,^[43] and survey teams observed that mines have not been laid following specific patterns. Rather, potentially important areas, such as bridges or water wells, are believed to be contaminated with landmines.^[44] However, the biggest problem in the south is the large amount of AXO and UXO that are found in or near populated areas, on the edges of roads, and around abandoned camps and garrisons. Also, the majority of villages have ammunition supplies that villagers are often reluctant to surrender until they are confident of the peace process.^[45]

The locations of submunitions dropped in the south are very difficult to identify: information on strike locations is sketchy, and fast-growing vegetation makes it nearly impossible to define any “footprints.”  Submunitions present a significant danger, particularly if civilians have attempted to clear them.^[46]

A complication, adding to the danger posed by ERW, is that the heat renders ammunition more sensitive and rain damages the roof of storage bunkers, increasing the risk of explosion.^[47] On 23 February 2005, massive explosions were reported in the western side of Juba in Equatoria state, where government buildings and UN offices are located. According to Sudanese authorities, the incident occurred when ammunition stored in a bunker in a military compound accidentally exploded. Tens of thousands of items of ordnance were thrown out by the blast. GOS military engineers reportedly cleared the exploded shells; six teams of 35 men each were needed. UNMAO reported that, according to GOS, there were 39 deaths, 90 wounded and four people unaccounted for. Reports by independent sources in Juba said several hundred people were killed and some villages were devastated.^[48]

In general, the north is not heavily affected by landmines.^[49] Areas suspected to be mined border the separation line between GOS and SPLM/A forces, which is located south of the Blue Nile and in Kordofan region.^[50]

Darfur region is affected by UXO more than by mines, although mine incidents causing severe casualties to aid workers were reported in 2004. The last reported landmine incident was in October 2004.^[51]

The Comprehensive Peace Agreement requires both parties to surrender maps indicating where mines have been laid.^[52] GOS has provided maps for certain areas. The SPLA did not systematically map and record mines laid, and consequently it works more on the basis of collective memory for the provision of information on mine emplacement.^[53]

Over 1,750 mine/UXO casualties have been recorded in Sudan; the most common activities during which civilians were killed or injured by mines and UXO were traveling, collecting water, food or wood, or tending to livestock (see Landmine/UXO Casualties section). Recorded numbers are believed to substantially understate the actual number of mine/UXO casualties, as many are unlikely to reach hospitals, due to long distances, scarce facilities and lack of transport. In general, people living near dangerous areas are aware of the threat. However, the huge amounts of ERW endanger children who may tamper with them.

Major problems are expected when large numbers of displaced people return to their home areas. Refugees and internally displaced persons are at risk, both in the process of returning on roads, which may be mined, and as they resettle in communities affected by landmines and ERW. They may also cultivate land, not knowing which areas are dangerous.^[54] The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) estimates that around 500,000 to 600,000 refugees in camps in eight neighboring countries will return.^[55] Most refugees are expected to return to Western Equatoria, while many refugees currently in Ethiopia are from the Upper Nile and Blue Nile provinces.^[56]

Mine Action Program

There is no unified national mine action authority in Sudan. Responsibilities for mine action are shared between the north and the south with the support of the UN Mine Action Office. The tripartite structure in place in mid-2005 consisted of:

1. UN Mine Action Office (UNMAO), with the overall task of assisting both parties’ demining efforts by providing technical advice and support for coordination;
2. National (north) Mine Action Office, directed by a National Mine Action Technical Committee;
3. New (south) Sudan Mine Action Directorate, directed by the New Sudan Authority on Landmines.^[57]

UNMAS initiated its mine action assistance to Sudan in 2002, supporting the creation of National Mine Action Office (NMAO) in Khartoum by the government in 2003. NMAO’s role was to coordinate mine action and to ensure that activities were in accordance with humanitarian principles of impartiality and neutrality. NMAO represents the Humanitarian Aid Commission, which sits under the GOS Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs. Also in 2003, regional UN mine action offices (UNRMAOs) were set up in Kadugli in the Nuba Mountains and in Rumbek, South Sudan.^[58]

The National Mine Action Technical Committee (NMATC) was created by the GOS Minister of Humanitarian Affairs on 8 May 2004. It comprises representatives from seven different ministries with the task of developing and approving national policies and guidelines, coordination of national mine action (although NMAO also has a coordination role), cross-conflict coordination and negotiations on landmines, and prioritization and approval of mine action programs.^[59]

The next day, SPLM/A created by decree the New Sudan Authority on Landmines (NSAL) and the New Sudan Mine Action Directorate (NSMAD). NSAL is composed of 17 commissioners of various departments and secretariats. Its functions are the same as NMATC, with an additional national and international advocacy component in support of mine action and supervision of the SPLM/A Mine Action Directorate.^[60] As of July 2005, NSAL had not met and NMATC had only met on a few occasions.^[61]

The CPA endorsed the existing “one country two systems” approach, and foresaw a mine action structure consisting of two mine action authorities (north and south), with the UNMAO providing overall support and coordination. Coordination of this tripartite structure as well as the actors on the ground will be facilitated by a UN Chief of Mine Action Sector, who will report to the Deputy Special Representative of the UN Secretary General for Sudan.^[62]

Since the CPA was signed, the National Mine Action Office has become de facto the NMAO for the north and NSMAD remained the New (south) Sudan Mine Action Directorate. The overall question of how mine action will be addressed within the Government of National Unity (GONU) envisaged by the CPA was unresolved as of July 2005. UNMAO encouraged the creation of one national mine action authority. But if SPLM/Government of South Sudan (GOSS) and GOS chose to maintain their two individual structures, UNMAO would encourage the creation of a permanent cross-line coordination mechanism where national planning and coordination could be resolved on regular basis.^[63]

Regardless of this uncertainty, formal cross-line coordination between NMATC and NSAL was expected to take place as soon as the GNU was established and the situation stabilized. The unexpected death of the SPLM/A leader John Garang, shortly after being appointed Vice President in late July, slowed this process.

Issues that UNMAO expected to be discussed in the first cross-line meetings include national legislation for mine action and the GNU’s funding of mine action, as well as structures.^[64] There have been occasional meetings between NMAO and NSMAD directors since May 2004, with issues such as policy, strategy, accreditation and guidelines being discussed.^[65] Collaboration on mine action between north and south was in advance of the CPA; in July and August 2004, both parties ratified the Mine Action Strategy and Policy Framework. Cross-line collaboration on mine action was initiated in 2003 in the Nuba Mountains, following a cease-fire agreement there in January 2002.^[66]

The UN mine action program in Sudan is coordinated by UNMAO, which is supported by UNMAS, UNICEF and the UN Development Programme (UNDP). UNMAO's mandate is to support the UN Mission in Sudan, which has the mandate “to assist the parties to the CPA in cooperation with other international partners in the mine action sector, by providing humanitarian demining assistance, technical advice, and coordination.”^[67] The Sudan mine action program saw significant growth in 2005, both to support transition from the former UN Advance Mission in Sudan (UNAMIS) to UNMIS and to continue to build national mine action capabilities.^[68] UNMAO has three areas of responsibility: integration of demining activities by the UNMIS peacekeeping forces into the Sudan mine action program; coordination of demining, mine risk education and victim assistance by NGOs and commercial companies; capacity-building of NMAO/NSMAD.

UNMAO has concentrated initially on humanitarian demining by mine action agencies and (later in 2005) by peacekeeping forces. UNMAO's final goal is to successfully transfer all mine action capacity to the national mine action authorities by the end of the six-year interim period foreseen by the CPA.^[69]

UNDP is in charge of capacity-building of NMAO, NSMAD and the Sudan Campaign to Ban Landmines, peace-building, and the disarmament, demobilization and reintegration of former combatants. There is said to be a particular need for capacity-building, in view of SPLM/GoSS decision-makers lack of familiarity with the mine action issue, and the failure to resolve the policy-making structures for mine action in Sudan.^[70]

Within the UNMAO structure, UNICEF is the focal agency for mine risk education (MRE) in Sudan, both for NGOs and national partners.  During 2005, UNICEF focused on providing emergency MRE to most at-risk populations, including internally displaced persons and returnees.  As part of its ongoing capacity-building role, UNICEF also provided regular coordination and technical support to MRE partners.^[71]

Accreditation of mine action operators is managed by UNMAO-Khartoum, except for mine detection dogs.^[72]

Other international organizations involved in mine action in Sudan include the World Food Programme (WFP). To facilitate the return and resettlement of refugees, WFP with its partner Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (FSD) initiated an emergency road repair and mine clearance program in January 2004.^[73] UNHCR became involved in 2005 as part of its mandate to ensure safe return and resettlement of internally displaced persons and refugees. It has two implementing partners, Mines Advisory Group and Norwegian People’s Aid (NPA), carrying out demining operations in Western Equatoria since June 2005 in support of refugee return and resettlement. UNHCR aimed to expand demining to other areas, such as Eastern Equatoria and Upper Nile.^[74]

Other international NGOs working in Sudan are DanChurchAid and Landmine Action UK, while national mine action NGOs include: Operation Save Innocent Lives (OSIL), JASMAR, Friends of Peace and Development Organization, Sudan Integrated Mine Action Service and the Sudanese Landmine Response (SLR in the south and SLIRI/Sudanese Landmine Information and Response Initiative in the north). Commercial companies involved in 2004-2005 were RONCO and Mechem. The strategy framework for mine action required that international NGOs operate in partnership with local NGOs.^[75]

Personnel from GOS Armed Forces and SPLA were selected in May 2005 for training in humanitarian demining.^[76] Five demining companies were to be created among the 10,000 UNMIS peacekeepers deployed in Sudan, under UNMAS coordination.^[77]

On 6 August 2005, UNMAO finalized revision of demining components of the 2003 national technical standards and guidelines, which are based on International Mine Action Standards (IMAS). The latest version will assist accreditation and amendments to standard operating procedures.^[78]

IMSMA has been used in Sudan since 2003. In 2004, an IMSMA office was also established in Darfur.^[79] However, US economic sanctions did not permit import of the latest version of IMSMA.^[80]

Mine Action Strategy

The National Mine Action Strategy endorsed by GOS and SPLM on 27 August 2004 remained the basis for mine action in mid-2005, but was to be revised to reflect the modalities of the CPA and the GNU.^[81] In June 2005, Sudan reported to the intersessional Standing Committee meetings the strategy’s aims:

• clearance of routes for humanitarian aid and returnees and resettlement areas by the end of 2006;
• completion of technical survey of all medium and high priority mine/ERW-contaminated areas by December 2008;
• clearance of medium and high priority minefields and battle areas by December 2011;
• recording and permanent marking of low priority minefields and battle areas by December 2008.^[82]

Priorities for demining, endorsed by GOS and SPLM/A were Equatoria, South Kordofan, Upper Nile, Kassala, Red Sea, Bahr Al-Ghazal, Blue Nile and Abyei.^[83] However, according to UNMAO, there was no systematic mechanism for prioritizing mine action as no comprehensive impact survey has been implemented.^[84] International mine action operators, with bilateral funding, respond to priorities identified by their survey teams and by local authorities, in collaboration with South Sudan Regional Mine Action Office (SSRMAO).^[85]

The 2005 mine action workplan prioritizes institutional and operational capacity-building of national authorities. It also prioritizes emergency survey, marking and limited clearance, route verification, and targeted mine risk education.^[86] Clearance of main transport routes was agreed by UNMAO, NSMAD, NMAO and WFP in March 2005. The re-opening of road corridors will enable survey teams to reach communities and obtain an overall analysis of the mine/ERW problem, in addition to facilitating refugee return, aid distribution and UNMIS deployments. However, it is estimated that it will take two years to open all road corridors. Clearance priority in south Sudan is also given to government buildings, schools and warehouses for WFP and UNHCR.^[87]

According to UNMAO staff, mine action assets and resources in Sudan are inadequate to fulfill the mine action program.^[88] Demining capacity is insufficient to respond to increasing demands for emergency survey clearance and mine risk education.^[89] One UNMAO officer pointed out, “South Sudan is 46 times bigger than Kosovo, but the Sudan mine action program has only 20 percent of the financial and human capacity that the Kosovo mine action program had back in 1999.”^[90] In June 2005, SSRMAO and WFP also noted that mine action assets in Sudan were inadequate.^[91]

Other challenges faced by the mine action program in Sudan include restricted availability of travel permits, local bureaucracy, lack of air transport and usable roads, and limits on the import of goods from neighboring countries. Weather conditions (rainy season from June to September) are also limiting factors.^[92] Cross-line demining operations—agreed between the UN, GOS and SPLM/A in 2004—started only in May 2005, on the Juba cross-line.^[93]

Survey and Assessment

As of June 2005, there were 15 survey teams in Sudan, which is considered grossly insufficient by UNMAO.^[94] Forty survey teams are needed to assess the level of contamination and to determine the perimeters and characteristics of minefields.^[95]

NPA had two survey teams, Mechem had four road survey and clearance teams, and FSD had nine (five technical and emergency teams, and four road survey and clearance teams). As part of the risk reduction efforts for the road network, Mechem and FSD are conducting surveys to identify dangerous areas requiring further clearance.

NPA started operations at the end of 2004, deploying two teams for general survey in Bahr Al-Jabal county in southern Sudan. Since 2004, approximately 100 survey reports have been generated. NPA planned to increase its survey teams to three by October 2005.^[96]

Four of the FSD survey teams were tasked by UNMAO; as of June 2005, two teams were deployed in southern Sudan in the Rumbek area on emergency survey, and two in the north conducting technical survey in the Nuba Mountains, based on a previous impact survey by SLIRI. FSD reported that the latter teams would transfer to emergency survey in El Damazin and Malakal regions where no information is currently available.^[97] As part of its technical survey, FSD started marking minefields in the Nuba Mountains and by May 2005 had finalized two minefields (38,120 square meters) with four more in progress.^[98] FSD deployed a rapid response team in Darfur to conduct emergency survey and also, as necessary, limited explosive ordnance disposal (EOD), clearance and mine risk education.^[99]

The local NGO SLIRI/SLR conducted impact survey in the north and south in 2003-2004. On completion in 2004, results were not made available to other organizations due to SPLM/A restriction on information believed to be of military value. But on 29 July 2005, SPLA authorized SLIRI “to divulge any information about landmines (their locations, types, quantities...) they deem necessary to any person or organization they deem fit to process such information.”^[100] SLIRI also conducted a “mini Landmine Impact Survey” in the Nuba Mountains, identifying 90 dangerous areas contaminated with UXO and mines. To complete the survey, there remained 10 more villages to be visited which SLIRI was waiting for Central Region MAO to select in June 2005.^[101]

UNMAO reported that dangerous areas were recorded but not systematically marked as operators lacked marking material. Some operators painted rocks or trees to indicate dangerous areas. Operators argue that material such as barbed wire or wooden pickets would be removed by the population for other purposes. In June 2005, UNMAO made 50,000 mine warning signs available to demining operators.^[102]

Demining operators have observed occasional community marking, with branches on suspect objects or bark torn from trees in suspect areas. Barbed wire used during the war may indicate dangerous areas.^[103]

Mine and ERW Clearance

Sudan is required by the Article 5 of the Mine Ban Treaty to destroy all antipersonnel mines in mined areas under its jurisdiction or control as soon as possible, and no later than 1 April 2014.

During 2004, over 106,717 meters of road were verified, and 507,371 square meters of mined areas were cleared by demining organizations. A total of 336 antipersonnel mines, 400 antivehicle mines, 500 small arms ammunition rounds and 143,807 UXO were removed (some were stored pending destruction, due to shortage of explosives).^[104] Operators had difficulty acquiring explosives for the destruction of mines and ERW, as other countries were reluctant to export explosives. A Khartoum company manufactured explosives but production was insufficient and transport to the south remained problematic. From late 2005, peacekeeping operations were expected to provide explosives for humanitarian demining.^[105]

Organizations involved in mine/AXO/UXO clearance in Sudan in 2004 were Mechem, Swiss Foundation for Mine Action (working in two programs), RONCO, Norwegian People's Aid, Landmine Action UK (LA-UK) and DanChurchAid.

Area Cleared and Mines/AXO/UXO Destroyed or Removed by Organization
in 2004^[106]

Organizations	Mechem	FSD (UNOPS)	FSD (WFP)	RONCO	NPA	LA-UK	DanChurchAid	Total
Area cleared (square meters)	63,286	2,912	34,413	321,730	2,789	31,859	50,383	507,372
Devices destroyed:
Antipersonnel mines	3	9	6	0	0	113	149	280
Antivehicle mines	40	47	30	1	0	1	2	121
Small arms ammunition rounds	0	0	0	0	0	500	0	500
UXO	45	771	58,169	8	3	1,469	61	60,526
Devices removed:
Antipersonnel mines	0	23	33	0	0	0	0	56
Antivehicle mines	4	135	140	0	0	0	0	279
UXO	5	1,694	81,582	0	0	0	0	83,281

Clearance was carried out during 2004 in Bahr Al-Ghazal (111,649 square meters), Kordofan (295,199 square meters), Upper Nile (115 square meters) and Equatoria (100,408 square meters).

From 1 January to 30 June 2005, at least 169,761 meters of road were verified and 319,394 square meters of mined area were cleared in Bahr Al-Ghazal, Kordofan, Darfur and Equatoria.^[107]

Humanitarian demining operations started in January 2003. Since then, 105 of the 646 dangerous areas identified had been cleared by 30 June 2005.^[108] In the same period, over 1,342,910 square meters of mine areas have been cleared, removing and storing for later destruction 118 antipersonnel mines, 322 antivehicle mines and 98,111 UXO. During the same period, 358 antipersonnel mines, 143 antivehicle mines, 52,143 small arms ammunitions and 69,476 UXO were destroyed by demining organizations. Some 276,478 meters of road were verified by Mechem in Bahr Al-Ghazal (124,175 meters) and in the Equatoria region (152,303 meters). ^[109]

Mechem was tasked by UNMAS to verify and clear an eight meter-wide corridor in the center of roads, with the purpose of allowing safe deployment of peacekeeping forces. In 2004, Mechem cleared 106.7 kilometers of road. Mechem started operations in March 2004, working on the Narush-Kiyale section on the Narush-Kapoeta road in the south, as well as some clearance tasks assigned around the town of Kapoeta and on the Buna river. From November 2004 to March 2005, Mechem cleared the Mvolo-Mundri section of the Rumbek-Juba road. From March 2004 to March 2005, Mechem was tasked by UNMIS to verify and clear roads from Yei to the confrontation line before Juba.^[110] From July, Mechem also surveyed the Malakal-Melut road, to open the connection between Khartoum and Malakal.^[111] Mechanical clearance is followed by explosive detecting dogs and manual clearance.^[112]

Swiss Foundation for Mine Action: FSD is contracted to conduct road clearance as part of WFP’s emergency road repair and mine clearance program. From November 2003 to December 2004, FSD assessed the impact of landmines on roads with two mobile demining teams supported by a small operational base. It located 136 dangerous areas in which 107,939 UXO were encountered and destroyed. Another 95,517 UXO were removed from populated areas to be destroyed subsequently. Nine international staff and 64 national staff worked on the project which cost CHF3,267,054 (some $2.6 million).^[113] WFP repaired the worst sections on three trunk roads.^[114]

In December 2004, a main corridor clearance component was added in order to allow WFP to dispatch emergency food aid to southern Sudan by road from neighboring countries instead of expensive air delivery. FSD collaboration on this second phase, involving rehabilitation of an additional eight stretches of road (totaling 1,600 kilometers) connecting south Sudan to the north, and to Uganda, Ethiopia, Kenya and the Nile, started in January 2005 and is scheduled for completion by end of December 2005.  Some sections of these roads require verification and clearance; by 15 August 2005, FSD teams had cleared and destroyed 28 antipersonnel mines, 29 antivehicle mines, 1,993 UXO and 1,111kg of ammunition, and transferred 98.7 kilometers of road to road contractors.^[115]

RONCO cleared 381,414 square meters in 2004 and destroyed eight UXO. RONCO worked on the Lado-to-Salamat and Heiban-to-Kauda roads. It cleared the Rumbek airstrip in 2004, which allowed WFP to rebuild it. In 2005, RONCO worked on the Frandala and the Diling road network, and the Tolodi-to-Malakal road, clearing 537,736 square meters.^[116] RONCO started to work in the Nuba Mountains in 2003. RONCO was contracted by UNMAS in June 2005 to build the capacity of two Sudanese teams of 36 deminers to be tasked by UNMAS to support the peacekeeping mission. By 27 June, RONCO had cleared the New (South) Sudan Ministry of Interior building in Rumbek where 278 UXO were found, and had started battle area clearance in Cuei-Gak (250,000 square meters of affected area, but may be extended as more UXO are found). Demining was also conducted within the compound of an elementary school at Cuei-Gak around a well reported as mined by the GOS. In this area, an ammunition supply point will be removed and destroyed, as well as antivehicle mines emplaced by the road.^[117]

Norwegian People's Aid, from September 2004 to 25 June 2005, cleared 149,280 square meters of land in the Yei area, consisting of one minefield surrounding a church, an area allocated for school construction and a path. Three antipersonnel, four antivehicle and 100 UXO were destroyed. NPA supported UNHCR by clearing an area allocated for a logistics compound, and some 16,500 square meters of land was released. NPA was also involved in EOD operations. As of June 2005, more than 30,000 items of AXO had been found, with 400 of them destroyed in situ. The remaining UXO were stored in the NPA ammunition store awaiting explosives for destruction.^[118]

Landmine Action UK started to work in Nuba Mountains in March 2002, and during 2004 was conducting battle area clearance and EOD in partnership with SLIRI. Two training schools for demining were built in Kauda and Kadugli; in Kauda, 24 deminers had passed their training in June 2005.^[119] SLIRI requested HALO Trust to become its new partner. Cooperation with SLR was due to start quickly, as SLR is an independent south-based organization, whereas collaboration with SLIRI north would have to wait for HALO to be registered as a demining organization in Sudan and for SLIRI to become an independent organization. LA-UK will remain engaged in clearance activities until the end of its demining contract in August 2006.^[120]

DanChurchAid had four clearance teams, one mine detection dog team, one EOD team and one mine risk education team in 2004-2005; two of the clearance teams were suspended at the end of May 2005, due to the end of UNOPS funding.^[121]

Mines Advisory Group: In June 2005, MAG initiated a small survey/clearance capacity to serve UNHCR in Yei region, primarily for road survey and smaller clearance operations where required. A MAG mine risk education project will support the demining teams. MAG also planned to develop a clearance capacity in the Blue Nile county if funding was secured.^[122]

One accident involving mine clearance personnel was reported in 2004. The accident occurred when a DanChurchAid counterpart (OSIL) deminer was investigating a mine in a suspected mined area that had been reported by two children.^[123]

Mine Risk Education

Sudan stated in June 2004 that a total of 15 organizations were active in mine risk education (MRE) and community liaison. However, not all organizations delivered MRE during the reporting period. MRE was delivered by Save the Children US (SC US), Sudanese Red Crescent Society, DanChurchAid, Roots Organization for Development, JASMAR, OSIL, MAG, Humanitarian Aid and Development Organization and Sub-Sahara International Organization. ^[124] The Sudanese consultancy firm Zulfa provided MRE training to organizations.

There is some discrepancy in the number of people reported having received basic exposure to MRE. In January 2004, NMAO stated that prior to 2004, 12,538 people had received MRE, while a further 53,058 had received MRE during 2004, for a total of 65,596. However in May 2005, UNMAO stated that prior to 2005, 173,884 people had received MRE, with a further 3,223 through March 2005.^[125] Furthermore, in 2004 Sudan had claimed that as of June of that year 82,758 people had received MRE.^[126]

Since the CPA was signed in January 2005, MRE has been coordinated through UNMAO with UNICEF technical and financial support.^[127] UNICEF provided support since 2002; the turnover in staff (three advisors since 2002, with the penultimate advisor arriving in April 2004 and departing in October 2004, and the current advisor arriving in April 2005) is said to have caused disruption to MRE programming.^[128] UNICEF believes MRE to be an important part of the preparation for return of Khartoum-based displaced persons, and essential to the safe reintegration of refugees in their communities. It plans to expand its support with the placement of additional MRE advisors, but operators have criticized managerial structures. UNICEF has established partnerships with SC US in Nuba, Friends of Peace and Development Organization and Sudanese Red Crescent Society. In particular, UNICEF seeks to ensure that a detailed MRE needs assessment takes place in and around the government-held garrison towns of Juba, Wau and Malakal to define the scale and scope of the problem in these areas.^[129] In June 2005, a request was made for MRE to be provided in north Darfur.^[130]

During 2004, SC US carried out a major MRE and community liaison program in the Nuba Mountains, training community leaders, influential individuals such as teachers and government staff, NGOs and partner agency staff, and newly arrived returnees. SC US undertook a training-of-trainers course in Kadugli for 25 staff and partners, and organized refresher training in Abu Gebeha town for 22 individuals. Three MRE training courses were held for 87 teachers in Rashad, Abu Gebeha and Talodi, and three training sessions were held in Abu Gebeha, Kadugli and Rashad towns, attended by 100 participants, 41 community leaders, 24 media personnel and 38 government staff. The teams developed and distributed a child-to-child MRE manual and a community manual; 250 copies were distributed on completion of training.^[131]

The SC US program also focused on developing community-based MRE committees to act as focal points for mine action, and developing community liaison to assist clearance teams in identifying and prioritizing mine and UXO clearance. During 2004, SC US formed and trained 10 community-based MRE committees in five villages, and three mine action support teams. A total of 117 direct MRE presentations were given to 29,823 people in 64 villages, with separate sessions for adults and children. MRE theatre performances were presented in a further seven villages to an estimated audience of 3,700. Six billboards with MRE messages were erected; 5,600 exercise books, 1,000 school bags, 1,000 posters, 1,000 picture story books and 500 games with MRE messages were distributed. SC US also made use of radio presentations, with 12 MRE radio drama sessions broadcast in the Nuba Mountains area, followed up with the distribution of 100 tape cassettes of these presentations. MRE teams provided information for IMSMA; 103 IMSMA forms were submitted to RMAO in Kadugli.

DanChurchAid, in partnership with JASMAR and OSIL, established and trained two MRE teams. The teams provided MRE to local communities, and undertook data gathering and needs assessments on mine-affected communities and mine victims throughout the Nuba Mountains area. They liaised closely with clearance organizations, to provide communities with details concerning clearance activities and serve a community liaison function.^[132]

The Sudanese Red Crescent Society signed two agreements in 2004, with NMAO and with Save the Children Sweden, to provide MRE in the north targeting children and displaced communities. They concentrated their activities in Kassala, Elgash, Citait and Hamashkoraib. Ten volunteers were trained in completing IMSMA forms, four volunteers were trained on data gathering, and 4,475 children, 2,885 males and 2,493 females received MRE training.^[133]

Roots Organization for Development and the Humanitarian Aid and Development Organization jointly implemented a workshop to inform national NGOs about mine action in Sudan, which was held in July 2004 in Khartoum; 30 staff from 14 different NGOs participated in the workshop.^[134]

In 2004, the Sudanese NGO Sub-Sahara International Organization (SIDO) started an MRE program among children in Upper Nile State schools.^[135]

From November 2004, MAG worked in the south in collaboration with OSIL. MAG ran seven community liaison teams, four based in Yei and three in Kapoeta.^[136] The teams collect information on the location, impact and type of mines and UXO, as well as delivering MRE, primarily focused on internally displaced persons, recent returnees and communities near dangerous areas. Information is entered into a database compatible with IMSMA. MAG also undertook an MRE campaign for drivers to south Sudan, in collaboration with UNICEF. MAG teams travel to Lokichoggio and Kapoeta towns, the departure points for drivers into Sudan, and undertake face-to-face MRE, informing drivers of strategies to minimize their exposure to mines.^[137]

Funding and Assistance

There is no single comprehensive record of mine action funding for Sudan.^[138] Twelve governments and the European Commission (EC) reported provided approximately US$14,973,429 for mine action in Sudan in 2004. This is almost a 70 percent increase from the $9.5 million in international contributions reported in 2003.^[139] Donors in 2004 were:

• Canada: C$1,083,278 ($832,202), consisting of $1 million ($768,226) to WFP for road repair and mine clearance, and C$83,278 (US$63,976) to UNMAS for mine clearance;^[140]
• Czech Republic: $15,944 to UNDDA for demining and victim assistance;^[141]
• Denmark: DKK5 million ($834,850) to DanChurchAid mine clearance;^[142]
• EC: €2.4 million ($2,985,120) to the Sudan mine action program;^[143]
• Germany: €450,000 ($559,710) to DanChurchAid demining in Nuba Mountains;^[144]
• Italy: €200,000 ($248,760) to UNMAS for clearance in the south;^[145]
• Japan: ¥136,800,000 ($1,264,909), consisting of ¥82,200,000 ($760,055) to Landmine Action UK for mine clearance, and ¥54,600,000 ($504,854) to UNMAS;^[146]
• Netherlands: €600,000 ($746,342), consisting of €200,000 ($248,760) to UNDP for capacity building, and €400,050 ($497,582) to UNMAS for road clearance;^[147]
• Norway: NOK24.6 million ($3,649,906) to NPA in 2004;^[148]
• Sweden: SEK3,800,000 ($517,148) in 2004 to SRSA for mine action;^[149]
• Switzerland: $430,000, consisting of $330,000 to FSD for mine clearance and equipment, and a $100,000 in-kind to FSD;^[150]
• UK: £16,660 ($30,538) to UNMAS for integrated demining;^[151]
• US: $2,858,000 through the Department of State to RONCO and WFP for road clearance, and to MAG for MRE.^[152]

FSD, World Food Programme’s implementing partner, reported that the road clearance project cost CHF3,267,054 (some $2.4 million) in 2004.^[153] For WFP’s Road Repair and Demining Activities Phase II project, the total contribution received as of May 2005 was $68,064,078, of which $6,289,313 was allocated to demining.^[154]

For 2005, the total funding requirement for mine action in Sudan was $82,633,630, including peacekeeping support to mine action operations (approximately $18 million).^[155]

Landmine/UXO Casualties

In 2004, the UNMAS/NMAO database recorded 62 new mine/UXO casualties, including 19 people killed, 40 injured and the status of three casualties not reported; 38 casualties were children and 10 were female. The majority of casualties were civilians; only two were military personnel. Antipersonnel mines caused 14 casualties, antivehicle mines five, UXO 24, and the cause of 16 casualties is unknown. This represents a significant decrease from 127 mine/UXO casualties (42 killed and 85 injured) reported in 2003. Casualties were recorded in South Kordofan region (20), Kassala (15), Upper Nile (nine), Blue Nile (four), Unity (three), West Bahr Al-Ghazal (two) and Red Sea (two), and one casualty each in North Darfur, East Equatoria, al-Buhairat and Bahr Al-Jabal; the location of three casualties was not reported to Landmine Monitor. However, the data should be considered incomplete as there is no systematic data collection mechanism to record landmine casualties in Sudan.^[156] The government acknowledges that mine and UXO casualties are “vastly underreported.”^[157] In addition, information from the NGO Sudan Landmine Response (previously SLIRI) in the south is not included in the UNMAS/NMAO database. In 2004, in the Nuba Mountains, SLR recorded 45 mine/UXO incidents: 17 antipersonnel mine incidents, 19 antivehicle mine and nine UXO incidents.^[158]

On 20 June 2004, one deminer was injured while investigating a report of a landmine in a suspected area.[159]

UNMAS reported four antivehicle mine incidents in Darfur in 2004, which killed two people and injured 14 others; these incidents are not recorded in the database. Two UXO incidents killed two people in Azimi Camp, north of Al-Geneina in West Darfur, and injured 18, mostly children, at Al-Fasher Secondary School in North Darfur.^[160]

Casualties continued to be reported in 2005, with 50 mine/UXO casualties recorded by UNMAS/NMAO in the first six months, including one person killed and 49 injured. At least three incidents were caused by antipersonnel mines, one by an antivehicle mine, five by UXO, and one by a cluster munition. The majority of casualties were reported in West Kordofan (34).^[161] On 22 August 2005, two FSD deminers were injured in an antipersonnel mine explosion in Moli, 45 kilometers north of Nimule on the Nimuli-Juba Road.^[162]

In eastern Sudan, it is believed that there are near-daily mine incidents in the states of Gadaref and Sennar along Sudan’s heavily mined borders with Eritrea and Ethiopia, but these casualties are not recorded due to the lack of a data collection mechanism. Casualties likely increased in 2005 due to increased tensions in the area. On 28 April 2005, one Eritrean child was killed and another severely injured while handling a landmine near a refugee camp in Gadaref state. According to the Sudan Red Crescent (SRC), there are approximately 1,000 mine survivors in Kassala.^[163]

The total number of mine/UXO casualties remains unknown, although the government has estimated there could be as many as 10,000.^[164] By July 2005, a total of 1,789 mine/UXO casualties had been recorded in the UNMAS/NMAO IMSMA database. The majority of incident reports were provided by SLIRI, with other reports provided by SRC, NMAO in Khartoum, Southern Sudan Mine Action Coordination Office, NGOs, and hospitals and health centers in affected areas.^[165] An additional 450 incident reports, collected by the National Authority for Prosthetics and Orthotics (NAPO) satellite centers, have not been entered into the database as the information is incomplete.^[166]

An analysis of 1,751 mine/UXO casualties recorded as of May 2005, indicates that the majority of reported casualties occurred in six states: South Kordofan (411 casualties), Kassala (352), Blue Nile (233), Upper Nile (224), Bahr Al-Jabal (188) and West Bahr Al-Ghazal (138).^[167] Of the recorded casualties, 448 (26 percent) were killed, 204 (12 percent) were female, at least 230 (13 percent) were children, with 20 under five-years-old; 25 children were involved in military activities at the time of the incident. Forty percent of recorded casualties were caused by antivehicle mines and 39 percent by antipersonnel mines. Activities at the time of the incident include traveling (more than 35 percent), and collecting water, food or wood or tending to livestock (17 percent).^[168]

SLIRI/SLR has recorded approximately 6,000 landmine/UXO incidents, including 3,500 in GOS-controlled areas from data collected around its operations centers.^[169] By the end of 2004, SLR had registered 1,003 landmine/UXO casualties in the Nuba Mountains, as well as 800 animals killed and 76 vehicles destroyed.^[170] As of January 2005, the SLR office in Yei had recorded 2,363 mine/UXO incident reports; about 30 percent were caused by landmines.^[171]

While SLIRI/SLR and NMAO maintained separate databases, in 2004 efforts were made to exchange information and coordinate data collection.^[172]

Survivor Assistance

At the First Review Conference, Sudan was identified as one of 24 States Parties with significant numbers of mine survivors and “the greatest responsibility to act, but also the greatest needs and expectations for assistance” in providing adequate services for the care, rehabilitation and reintegration of survivors.^[173] Sudan participated in the workshop on advancing landmine victim assistance in Africa, held in Nairobi from 31 May to 2 June 2005. The workshop was hosted by the co-chairs of the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration to assist States Parties in developing a plan of action to meet the aims of the Nairobi Action Plan in relation to mine victim assistance.

Sudan submitted the voluntary Form J attachment with its initial Article 7 Report with detailed information on victim assistance.^[174]

The Sudan National Mine Action Strategic Framework includes victim assistance. The objectives were to establish a mine/UXO casualty database by December 2005, and complete a mine/UXO survivor rehabilitation needs assessment by December 2006. NMAO was tasked with establishing a sustainable mine/UXO survivor rehabilitation capacity by December 2008. Under the strategic framework, all mine action stakeholders were also called on to advocate for the rights of mine survivors. Under the strategic framework, it was intended that NMAO would implement a survivor assistance strategy no more than six months after the comprehensive peace agreement was signed on 9 January 2005.^[175] However, although a strategy is being developed, it does not appear to have been implemented yet.

As part of its commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan, Sudan has presented detailed information on the current situation of mine victim assistance, their objectives for the period 2005 to 2009, and plans to achieve these objectives. Objectives include establishing a comprehensive national injury surveillance mechanism; improving access to emergency medical care and evacuation facilities; strengthening the capacity of physical rehabilitation services and improving accessibility; developing psychosocial support services; developing education, vocational training and socioeconomic reintegration programs in mine-affected areas.^[176] Sudan reportedly intends to develop a national victim assistance strategy by the Sixth Meeting of States Parties, and to convene a victim assistance workshop to identify and involve all the relevant actors in the process.^[177]

UNMAS remains the lead agency for victim assistance in Sudan. NMAO has a victim assistance associate who is working with the relevant government ministries, UN agencies and local and international NGOs to develop a plan of action for victim assistance, and programs to assist mine survivors. However, there is reportedly little coordination between the different stakeholders.^[178]

Emergency and continuing medical care

Years of conflict have seriously damaged the healthcare system in Sudan. In general, assistance available for landmine casualties from both the government and NGOs is irregular and insufficient to address the magnitude of the problem. In south Sudan and the Nuba Mountains, very basic healthcare facilities exist. Most facilities lack resources, medical equipment and trained staff. There are 19 district hospitals in the south with surgical capabilities; each serves a population of between 75,000 and 100,000 people. For many people living in remote areas, the nearest medical facility is located a long distance away. Some mine casualties are transported for hours and sometimes days on animals, bicycles, carts or homemade stretchers to the nearest public health facility. A sample of casualties recorded in the IMSMA database indicates that 80 percent of those killed died at the scene of the incident, while 10 percent died in a health facility; it took five hours or longer for more than 20 percent of casualties to reach the first medical facility.^[179] The World Health Organization (WHO), the UN’s designated focal point for medical care in Sudan, scaled back its support in mine-affected areas due to the Darfur crisis.^[180]

Medair provides emergency evacuation to Al-Obeid, Khartoum and Kenya, and operates a network of health centers and health units, a mobile health clinic to remote communities in the Nuba Mountains, and has a mobile response team in south Sudan.^[181] The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) and Operation Lifeline Sudan (OLS) operate a medical emergency air evacuation service.

Sudanese Red Crescent has branches in eight states and provides primary healthcare and emergency transportation.^[182] In Kassala state, 5,000 SRC volunteers are trained in first aid and emergency evacuation. SRC Kassala runs an ambulance and has its own surgical clinic with an emergency room in Kassala city. The most complex cases are referred to Khartoum, while women and children are referred to a Saudi-run hospital in Kassala; GOAL also runs health centers in three refugee camps.^[183]

ICRC’s medical assistance in Sudan includes support to two referral hospitals, the ICRC Lopiding surgical hospital in Lokichokio in northern Kenya, and the government-run Juba Teaching Hospital in southern Sudan, and to other primary healthcare facilities. Assistance consists of in-hospital training programs for medical personnel, technical and material support, and referrals for medical emergencies, including landmine casualties. The ICRC-supported hospitals provided surgical assistance to 824 war-injured, including at least five mine casualties treated in Lopiding in 2004; one other mine casualty was treated in February 2005. In south Sudan, 12 of the 16 ICRC-supported primary healthcare facilities were handed over to Danish, German and Netherlands Red Cross Societies in 2004, while the remaining four were taken over by National Red Cross Societies and community health authorities in June 2005.^[184]

The Italian NGO Comitato Collaborazione Medica (CCM) provides healthcare in south Sudan, running the Rumbek Regional Hospital, rural hospitals in Adior and Billing, and a program of primary surgery in remote areas (Adior, Billing, Gordhimn, Pochalla and Turalei). CCM estimates that its health programs have assisted 60,000 people in 2004, including two mine casualties. War-wounded are referred to Lopiding Hospital. CCM is funded by Italy (DGCS), the UK (DfID), WHO, Conferenza Episcopale Italiana, Fondazione San Paolo Torino and private donors.^[185]

Other international organizations providing medical care in the south include Norwegian People’s Aid, German Emergency Doctors, Medécins Sans Frontières, Save the Children, Merlin and UNICEF. The national NGO Sudan Medical Care (SMC) operates about 50 primary health units and 11 primary health centers in five districts in the south.^[186]

Physical rehabilitation

Rehabilitation services are available in Sudan, but access can be restricted due to long distances from services, poor roads, security concerns and poverty.

The National Authority for Prosthetics and Orthotics (NAPO), a state body affiliated to the Ministry of Welfare and Social Development, is the main provider of physical rehabilitation services in Khartoum and at six satellite centers: Damazin, Dongola, Juba, Kadugli, Kassala and Nyala. In 2004, NAPO increased staffing levels from 78 to 170, but only 16 rehabilitation workers are available in mine-affected areas. As of July 2005, 8,418 people were registered at NAPO, including 796 landmine/UXO survivors. NAPO has limited capacity to deal with upper limb amputees. The Khartoum center is reportedly operating at capacity and survivors must wait about four months for services.^[187] In 2004, NAPO provided rehabilitation services for 3,104 people: the Khartoum center fitted 971 prostheses and 1,246 orthoses, and distributed 1,975 crutches; the Kadugli center assisted 105 people, including about 40 landmine/UXO survivors, and fitted 42 prostheses and 18 orthoses; the Juba center provided 93 prostheses, 56 orthoses, 36 wheelchairs and 211 crutches; the Dongola center provided 68 prostheses and six orthoses; and the Kassala center assisted 408 people. NAPO’s services are free of charge; however, the cost of transportation and accommodation is not covered, leaving proper rehabilitative care beyond the reach of many in need.^[188] In 2004, NAPO conducted a survey in Darfur and identified 79 amputees in Al-Fasher. ICRC provided transport by plane to the Nyala center for treatment.^[189]

ICRC supports NAPO’s Khartoum Center and five of the six satellite centers with assistance including raw materials and components, training of technicians and physiotherapists, and funds to cover the cost of treatment for mine survivors and other war amputees. With ICRC support, 83 mine survivors were fitted with prostheses and one with an orthosis in 2004. To facilitate the physical rehabilitation of mine survivors and other persons with disabilities in southern Sudan, ICRC provides transport to its prosthetic/orthotic center at the Lopiding Hospital in northern Kenya. All treatment is provided free of charge. In 2004, the orthopedic center fitted 392 prostheses (79 for mine survivors), and produced 116 orthoses (two for mine survivors) and 1,318 crutches, and distributed 33 wheelchairs. ICRC also provides on-the-job training for technicians.^[190]

In 2004, the Nile Assistance for the Disabled (NAD) rehabilitation center in Juba assisted 723 people; it produced 93 prostheses, 56 orthoses and six kneecaps, and distributed seven wheelchairs, 52 tricycles, five walking frames, 302 crutches, 98 elbow crutches and 11 walking sticks. NAD also repaired 157 prostheses, 34 orthoses, 13 tricycles, 30 crutches, 130 elbow crutches and four walking sticks. The government pays the salaries of technicians and ICRC provides technical training, operating costs and materials, but NAD suffered a funding shortfall in December 2004, when the center’s main donor, the Norwegian Association of the Disabled, withdrew its support.^[191]

In October 2004, the US NGO Medical Care Development International (MCDI) started providing physical rehabilitation services at an orthopedic workshop and rehabilitation center in Rumbek in partnership with Africa Expeditions, and in collaboration with ICRC and CCM. By the end of June 2005, the rehabilitation center had assisted 267 people (including seven mine survivors) and undertaken community-based assessments for another 700. The center also produced 53 prostheses, 32 orthoses, 77 pairs of leprosy sandals and 113 mobility aids. As well as providing physical rehabilitation, the Rumbek Rehabilitation Project is establishing a database of persons with disabilities. Clinical teams refer people to a socioeconomic integration program, providing training in various income generating skills, and facilitate employment of the disabled, either at the workshop or with local NGOs. In 2004, nine war widows and one disabled woman were employed in the Africa Expeditions gardens in collaboration with the Rumbek Women’s Agricultural Group. Apprenticeships in horticulture are available with a Food for Work program for people with disabilities run by the World Food Programme. The project is funded mainly by PACT Kenya through the USAID / Patrick Leahy War Victims Fund / OMEGA Initiative.^[192] ICRC provides crutches and technician training for the project.^[193]

Help Handicapped International operates the Jaipur Foot Center in Khartoum, and assists amputees in the south through mobile teams that take measurements for prosthetic devices that are then manufactured in Khartoum. In 2004, the program assisted 1,200 people with support from ONGC Videsh Ltd, an oil exploration company.^[194]

The Khartoum-based Roots Organization for Development (ROD) distributes mobility devices to landmine survivors and other people with disabilities through the Organization for Care of War Disabled and Protection from Landmines (ABRAR). Since its establishment in 2003, more than 100 survivors have been assisted; another 400 people remain on a waiting list.^[195]

The military’s new Amal rehabilitation center and hospital, located 40 kilometers outside of Khartoum, is reportedly also open to civilians, and its services are free of charge for landmine/UXO survivors.^[196]

In January 2005, ICRC started Sudan’s first internationally recognized diploma course in prosthetics and orthotics. Twelve students from the six satellite center areas were selected to participate in the three-year program. After graduating the technicians are expected to work in the centers for six years.^[197] In 2004, the ICRC was also sponsoring three technicians to attend a three-year course in prosthetics and orthotics at the Tanzanian Training Center for Orthopedic Technologists. ICRC is providing ongoing training to 35 orthopedic technicians in lower-limb prosthetics and orthotics.^[198]

Psychosocial support and socioeconomic reintegration

Hospitals and health centers have few staff trained in psychosocial support and discrimination issues. Landmine survivors and other people with disabilities are seldom included in decision-making processes, and teachers are not trained to respond to children with disabilities. There are limited opportunities for socioeconomic reintegration and virtually no vocational training facilities in the mine-affected areas.^[199] According to the NMAO database, more than 75 percent of survivors either lost or changed their job after the incident.^[200]

The Organization for Care of War Disabled and Protection from Landmines (ABRAR) assists war victims, including landmine survivors, through medical care, physiotherapy, psychosocial support, vocational training, a sports program, legal aid, advocacy and awareness raising. ABRAR also provides financial or in-kind support for housing, weddings and religious feasts. In 2004, ABRAR provided referral services to an average of 10-12 people per day; 80 people benefited from computer training, and several others received vocational training. ABRAR also conducted a project where university art students visited mine survivors in their villages to paint their experiences. The artwork was then sold to fund ABRAR’s micro-credit schemes. In 2004-2005, six mine survivors received micro-credit loans, and 19 survivors and other disabled people received medical care through the project. The Arab Gulf Fund also provided funding for small loans distributed by ABRAR to 790 women and children — including the families of mine survivors or people killed in a mine incident — in camps for displaced persons. In Al-Daleng, ABRAR conducted a socioeconomic study, and registered 220 war and landmine survivors. In early 2005, ABRAR developed a psychological support curriculum and manual for use by social workers and staff at NAPO and in hospitals. ABRAR is supported by the governments of Canada, Germany and Japan, the Arab Gulf Fund, People in Motion, International Labour Organization, and private donors; however, activities are limited by a lack of funding.^[201]

Action on Disability and Development (ADD) supports associations of disabled people in seven states (Kassala, Khartoum, North and South Darfur, Bahr Al-Jabal, Gazira and Gadaref), providing technical, capacity-building, and financial support. Several landmine survivors participate in ADD-supported organizations. In 2004, ADD assisted about 300 people, including some mine survivors, through a micro-credit program, revolving fund and vocational training.^[202]

The Mine Combat Organization (MCO) provides information on available victim assistance in the states of Kassala and Red Sea, and undertakes limited data collection in Tokar. MCO provides limited financial support to landmine survivors, assists survivors in seeking employment, and sometimes sends survivors to Jordan for further treatment if necessary. MCO operates on its own financial resources and does not receive funding from NMAO.^[203]

The Rufaida Health Foundation provides psychosocial support in hospitals and its staff has been trained to complete IMSMA casualty forms. It is also active in advocacy for disability rights.^[204]

The Rehabilitation Program for Disabled Persons South Sudan (RPDP) in Bahr al-Ghazal provides assistance to persons with disabilities through income generation, awareness raising, psychosocial support and referrals. In 2004, RPDP assisted about 20 landmine survivors. RPDP was supported by UNICEF ($10,000) and Norwegian Church Aid ($8,621).^[205]

Save the Children US operates an income generation project in the Nuba Mountains, with special attention on women-headed households. In 2004, the program benefited about 75 families, including some mine survivors and families of those killed in a mine incident.^[206]

The NGO Widows, Orphans, Disabled Rehabilitation Association for New Sudan operates small-scale income generation and vocational training projects for victims of war, including mine/UXO survivors, and provides limited counseling and rehabilitation services.^[207]

The Darfur Organization for the Disabled (DOD) in Al-Fasher provides wheelchairs, tricycles and walking aids, referrals to services including the ICRC-supported physical rehabilitation center in Nyalla, and organizes home visits, vocational training, micro-credit, cultural and sports events, literacy training and other courses. For a nominal membership fee, a total of 1,100 people with disabilities benefit from its services. It is funded by Canada, the Leprosy campaign and private donors. Saudi Arabia donated 200 walking sticks, and ADD provides technical support.^[208]

The Kassala Society for the Disabled (KSD), supported by ADD, manufactures tricycles, provides vocational training (especially for women), refers disabled students to schools and vocational training centers in Kassala, advocates for disability rights, conducts home visits as well as sporting and weekly cultural gatherings, and disseminates information and materials provided by the IMLAK Center for the Disabled in Khartoum. In 2004, together with ACCORD, KSD assisted 40 disabled people with job placements and micro-credit support. About 150 of KSD’s 1,322 members are mine survivors.^[209]

Other organizations assisting people with disabilities include: in the south, the Diocese of Rumbek, Malteser, Sudan Association of the Disabled, Sudanese Relief and Rehabilitation Association, Sudanese Disabled Rehabilitation and Development Association, South Sudan Disabled Persons Association and Sudan Evangelical Mission; in the north, Peace and Tolerance International Organization and Sudan People Support Association.^[210] Other facilities identified that provide socioeconomic opportunities for mine survivors include the Elaman Elmahadi University, University of Sudan and National Vocational Training Institute.^[211]

Disability Policy and Practice

The 2002 Act of The Authority of Prosthetic and Orthotics for the Handicapped Persons and the 1984 Sudan Law for Disability are intended to protect the rights of people with disabilities, including an acceptable level of care, access to services, education and employment; however, the laws are reportedly not consistently implemented or monitored, particularly in the south. In the north, the Ministry of Welfare and Social Development is the focal point for disability issues. Education and road transportation is free for people with disabilities and landmine survivors reportedly have access to free medical treatment in the public and NGO hospitals in Sudan. A presidential decision protects the jobs of government employees who are mine survivors.^[212]

As part of its commitment to the Nairobi Action Plan, Sudan stated that it would “develop and enact comprehensive national legislation for the rights of mine/ERW survivors and persons with disabilities by 2007,” and “strengthen the Ministry of Welfare and Social Development’s capacity to monitor and enforce the nation-wide implementation of public policies that guarantee the rights of landmine survivors and other persons with disabilities by 2009.”^[213]

NMAO is a member of the High Council for Disability.^[214] At least 50 percent of the members of the High Council are meant to be people with a disability; however, the composition of the High Council has reportedly not been approved.^[215]

The NMAO Victim Assistance Associate reached an agreement with the Ministry of Health to incorporate IMSMA casualty report forms into standard questionnaires in hospitals, to enable the creation of a database of landmine casualties and other people with disabilities. NMAO was scheduled to start training hospital staff from 1 July 2005.^[216]

NMAO, together with Rufaida Health Foundation, also reached an agreement with the Ministry of Health to include landmine survivors and their families under the national health insurance scheme, which normally covers only people working and contributing in the formal sector. As of 2005, all registered landmine survivors and their families are entitled to free basic medical care. With International Labour Organization funding, NMAO organized several health insurance workshops in Kadugli, ad-Daleng and Khartoum to raise awareness on the new entitlement.^[217]

---

^[1] UN Security Council, Resolution 1590, S/RES 1590 (2005), paragraph 4c, 24 March 2005.

^[2] “Agreement between the Government of Sudan and the National Democratic Alliance,” Cairo, 16 June 2005.

^[3] In its initial Article 7 report, Sudan did not report any national implementation measures, though it lists various mine action structures and other steps taken to address Sudan’s mine problem. Article 7 Report, Form A, 1 October 2004.

^[4] The delegation said that following a full peace agreement in the Sudan, a new constitution would be formulated and new laws would be in force, including the incorporation of the Mine Ban Treaty. Interview with Sudanese delegation to intersessional Standing Committee meetings: Elsadig Almagly, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brig. Isam Mahran, Ministry of Defense, and Hasabu Mohamed Abdul-Rahman, Deputy Director, Humanitarian Aid Commission, Geneva, 23 June 2004.

^[5] The report, which was due 28 September 2004, does not indicate the time period covered. Sudan has not submitted an annual updated report for all of calendar year 2004, which was due 30 April 2005. The UN website is http://disarmament.un.org/MineBan.nsf.

^[6] “Agreement on Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army during the Pre-Interim and Interim Periods,” Section 8.6.1, 31 December 2004.

^[7] “Memorandum of Understanding on Cessation of Hostilities between the Government of Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army,” Point 3, 17 October 2002. This memorandum followed the Machakos Protocol, signed on 20 July 2002, calling for preparations to implement a comprehensive cease-fire as soon as possible.

^[8] “Nuba Mountains Cease Fire Agreement,” Article II, Section 3.b. and Article III, Section 4. The latter states, “The laying of mines of whatever type shall be prohibited.”

^[9] “Agreement on Humanitarian Ceasefire on the Conflict in Darfur,” Articles 2, 4 and 6, N’djamena, Chad, 8 April 2004. The African Union Ceasefire Commission is to assist with demining operations.

^[10] The delegation included Minister of Humanitarian Affairs Ibrahim Mahmoud Hamid, Minister of Defence Ahmed Mohammed Ali Hassan, and Minister of Foreign Affairs Najeeb Elkheir Abdelwahab.

^[11] Statement by the Delegation of Sudan on the Implementation of Ottawa Treaty, Nairobi Summit on a Mine-Free World (First Review Conference), Nairobi, 30 November 2004.

^[12] Statement by Ibrahim Mahmoud Hamid, Minister of Humanitarian Affairs, First Review Conference, Nairobi, 27 November 2004.

^[13] The delegation included Sudan’s UN Ambassador in Geneva, two representatives of the Humanitarian Aid Commission, the director of the New Sudan Mine Action Directorate, a representative of the National Mine Action Office and a deputy director in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

^[14] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16-17 June 2004.

^[15] “Recommendations of Workshop Discussions,” Mine Ban Education Workshop in Southern Sudan, New Site, Kapoeta County, Southern Sudan, 29 September–1 October 2003, www.genevacall.org. The workshop was jointly organized by Geneva Call and SPLM/A. The workshop also developed recommendations for practical implementation of the ban policy by the military, including that direct orders should be given to commanders and soldiers that under no circumstances are mines to be used, that a mine ban curriculum should be introduced in training courses at the SPLM/A Institute of Strategic Studies, and that a training manual for the military should be developed to include guidelines for implementing SPLM/A obligations to ban antipersonnel mines, as well as abstracts on international humanitarian law. At the civilian level it was recommended that ban laws, including penal sanctions for both civilian and military violations, be introduced by the National Liberation Council. These institutions are being replaced by the GOSS, although under the CPA the SPLA will remain the army of the south.

^[16] Past editions of Landmine Monitor have noted no evidence of production of antipersonnel mines by Sudan, but have cited allegations of transfer to militant groups in neighboring countries. See, for example, Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 223.

^[17] These mines are identified in Article 7 Report, Form H, 1 October 2004.

^[18] See Landmine Monitor Report 2001, p. 223; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 575; Landmine Monitor Report 2003, p. 535.

^[19] Interview with Sudan delegation, Mine Ban Treaty intersessional meetings, Geneva, 23 June 2004.

^[20] Article 7 Report, Form B, 1 October 2004.

^[21] The requirement is found in “Agreement on Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army during the Pre-Interim and Interim Periods,” Section 8.6.3, 31 December 2004.

^[22] Interview with Felix Yuggu Lo-Kakku, Deputy Director, New Sudan Mine Action Directorate, Nairobi, 5 July 2005.

^[23] Article 7 Report, Form F, 1 October 2004.

^[24] Interview with Hamid Ahmed Abdelaleem, Director, NMAO, Khartoum, 28 May 2005.

^[25] Article 7 Report, Form D, 1 October 2004.

^[26] “Recommendations of Workshop Discussions,” Mine Ban Education Workshop in Southern Sudan, New Site, Kapoeta County, Southern Sudan, 29 September-1 October 2003.

^[27] US Department of State, “Sudan: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices 2004,” 28 February 2005.

^[28] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, Program Manager, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[29] Landmine Monitor received allegations of use of antipersonnel mines by government-supported militias in Upper Nile as late as April 2004. An SLA commander in North Darfur said the SLA had captured a Sudanese government cache of landmines when it overran a government army position in early 2004. Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 753-755. For descriptions of past use and denials of use, see: Landmine Monitor Report 2003, pp. 535-537; Landmine Monitor Report 2002, p. 576; Landmine Monitor Report 2001, pp. 224-227; Landmine Monitor Report 2000, pp. 183-186; Landmine Monitor Report 1999, pp. 172-173.

^[30] In June 2004, a Sudanese delegate strongly denied any new mine use either by the government or the SPLA, and insisted the SPLA had not used mines since signing the Geneva Call Deed of Commitment in October 2001. Interview with Sudan Delegation, Geneva, 23 June 2004.

^[31] Human Rights Watch interview, Kober Prison, North Khartoum, 21 October 2004. He also said that the government purchased antipersonnel mines from Russia in 2002, antitank mines from Syria in 2000 and 2003, and antipersonnel mines from Syria in 2003.

^[32] Email to Landmine Monitor (Katleen Maes) from John Raddatz, Sudan Mine Action Programme, 14 July 2005.

^[33] “UN hopes to resume suspended food aid in N. Darfur,” Reuters (Rome), 14 October 2004.

^[34] “Army raids LRA headquarters in southern Sudan,” IRIN (Kampala), 29 July 2004.

^[35] Interview with Paul Heslop, Chief of Operations/Deputy Program Manager, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[36] Email from Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNMAO, 14 August and 20 September 2005.

^[37] UN, “Country profile: Sudan,” www.mineaction.org, accessed 18 August 2005.

^[38] Interview with Peter Alm, Plans Officer, South Sudan Regional Mine Action Office (SSRMAO), Rumbek, 25 June 2005.

^[39] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2004,” pp. 30-31.

^[40] Interview with Arnt Breivik, Coordinator South Sudan, WFP, Rumbek, 26 June 2005.

^[41] UNMAS, “Mine Action Program in Sudan,” June 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Abdul Latif Matin, Operation Analyst, UNOPS for UNMAS, Kassala, 28 May 2005.

^[42] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[43] Interview with Anna Zhar, IMSMA Officer, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 27 June 2005.

^[44] Interview with Peter Alm, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 25 June 2005.

^[45] Interview with Kevin Williams, Operations Officer, Mine Action Program, NPA, Yei, Sudan, 24 June 2005.

^[46] Interview with Kevin Williams, NPA, Yei, Sudan, 24 June 2005.

^[47] Interview with Kevin Williams, NPA, Yei, 24 June 2005.

^[48] Interview with Steve Robinson, Regional Technical Advisor, SSRMAO, Nairobi, 5 July 2005; UNMAO, “Updates on the Juba explosion on 23 February 2005,” Mine Action in Sudan, Newsletter, Issue 3, March 2005, p. 3.

^[49] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[50] Interview with Simon Porter, Regional Technical Advisor, Central Region MAO, Kadugli, 29 June 2005.

^[51] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, Program Manager, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[52] “Agreement on Permanent Ceasefire and Security Arrangements Implementation Modalities between the Government of the Sudan and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Sudan People’s Liberation Army during the Pre-Interim and Interim Periods,” Section 8.6.1, 31 December 2004. Under Section 8.5, both parties must “provide maps and sketches...including all necessary information about roads, tracks, passages, minefields, and command posts.”

^[53] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[54] Interview with Alex van Roy, Program Manager, FSD (UNOPS) Survey Project Sudan, Khartoum, 3 July 2005.

^[55] Interview with Marie-Claire Ekutshu, Program Officer, UNHCR, Yei, 23 June 2005.

^[56] Interview with Davide Torzilli, Protection Officer, UNHCR, Rumbek, 27 June 2005.

^[57] “Agreement on permanent cease-fire and security arrangements implementation modalities between the GOS and the SPLM/A during the pre-interim and interim period,’ Naivasha, 31 December 2004, para. 8.6.5.

^[58] See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 757-758.

^[59] Decree N.5, “Formation of the National Mine Action Technical Committee,” Government of Sudan, Ministry of Humanitarian Affairs, Khartoum, 8 May 2004.

^[60] “Formation of new Sudan Authority on Landmines,” SPLA/SPLM General Headquarters, Ref. SPLM/NSLMA-A-1, 9 May 2004.

^[61] Interviews with Felix Yuggu Lo-Kakku, Deputy Director, NSMAD, Nairobi, 5 July 2005; Luai Galal Eldin Mohamed, Officer, National Mine Action Center, Khartoum, Sudan, 3 July 2005.

^[62] Mine Action Support Group, “Report on the Mine Action Support Group Fieldtrip to Sudan,” Newsletter, 6 May 2005.

^[63] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[64] Interviews with Marianne Dons Tychsen, Program Officer, UNDP, Nairobi, 5 July 2005, and with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[65] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[66] Interview with Felix Yuggu Lo-Kakku, NSMAD, Nairobi, 5 July 2005.

^[67] Security Council Resolution 1590 (2005), para. 4.c, New York, 24 March 2005.

^[68] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2004,” p. 30.

^[69] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[70] Interview with Peter Alm, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 25 June 2005.

^[71] Email from Sharif Baaser, UNICEF MRE Project Officer/Coordinator, UNMAO, Khartoum, 29 September 2005.

^[72] Interview with Doug Ware, Quality Assurance Officer, UNMAO, Khartoum, 1 June 2005, and email, 6 August 2005.

^[73] Interview Arnt Breivik, WFP, Rumbek, 26 June 2005.

^[74] Interview with Davide Torzilli, UNHCR, Rumbek, 27 June 2005.

^[75] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[76] Interview with Marianne Dons Tychsen, Program Officer, UNDP, Nairobi, 5 July 2005.

^[77] UN Security Council Resolution 1590, 24 March 2005; interview with Paul Heslop, Chief of Operations/Deputy Program Manager, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005; UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” April/May 2005, Issue 4, p. 4.

^[78] Interview with Doug Ware, UNMAO, Khartoum, 1 June 2005, and email 6 August 2005.

^[79] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2004,” p. 30; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 757.

^[80] Interview with Anna Zhar, IMSMA Officer, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 27 June 2005; see also www.gichd.ch/
imsma.

^[81] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 14 June 2005; interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005. See also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 758.

^[82] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 14 June 2005.

^[83] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 14 June 2005.

^[84] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[85] Interview with Kevin Williams, NPA, Yei, 24 June 2005.

^[86] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” April/May 2005, Issue 4, pp. 3-4.

^[87] Interview with Peter Alm, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 25 June 2005.

^[88] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[89] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” April/May 2005, Issue 4, p. 1.

^[90] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[91] Interview with Peter Alm, SSRMAO, Rumbek, 25 June 2005; interview with Arnt Breivik, WFP, Rumbek, 26 June 2005.

^[92] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” April/May 2005, Issue 4, p. 1.

^[93] WFP, “Sudan Progress Report - Road Repair and Demining activities,” 10 May 2005; interview with Jacob Johannes Kotze, Program Manager, Mechem, in Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005. This does not apply to the Nuba Mountains, which began operations before, having experienced an earlier cease-fire and agreement.

^[94] Interview with Paul Heslop, UNMAO, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005

^[95] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005

^[96] Interview with Kevin Williams, NPA, Yei, 24 June 2005.

^[97] Interview with Alex van Roy, Program Manager, FSD (UNOPS) Survey Project Sudan, Khartoum, 3 July 2005.

^[98] UNMAO, “IMSMA monthly report,” May 2005.

^[99] Alex van Roy, FSD (UNOPS) Survey Project Sudan, Khartoum, 3 July 2005.

^[100] Letter by the Government of Southern Sudan, SPLA, General HQ, Office of the Chief of Staff to Sudan Landmine Response (SLIRI), Sudan, 29 July 2005.

^[101] Interviews with Mohamed Fawz Mohamed, Program Coordinator, SLIRI, and with Patrick McLeish, Country Director, Landmine Action UK, Khartoum, 3 July 2005.

^[102] Interview with Alex van Roy, FSD(UNOPS) Survey Project Sudan, Khartoum, 3 July 2005; interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[103] Interview with Steve Robinson, SSRMAO, Nairobi, 5 July 2005

^[104] Email from Mohammad Kabir, UNMAO, 14 August 2005. Meters of road verified concerned only Mechem work in Eastern Equatoria region.

^[105] Interview with Jim Pansegrouw, UNMAO, Khartoum, 2 July 2005.

^[106] Email from Mohammad Kabir, UNMAO, 14 August 2005. These numbers differ from the clearance operators’ data. UNOPS – UN Office for Project Services; WFP – World Food Programme.

^[107] Email from Mohammad Kabir, UNMAO, 14 August 2005. Data is incomplete as not all organizations had reported to regional or national mine action offices for IMSMA entry.

^[108] Email from Mohammad Kabir, UNMAO, 14 August 2005. Additional dangerous areas were identified later.

^[109] Email from Mohammad Kabir, UNMAO, 14 August 2005.

^[110] Interview with Jacob Johannes Kotze, Mechem, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[111] Interview with Simon Porter, CRMAO, Kadugli, 29 June 2005.

^[112] Interview with Jacob Johannes Kotze, Mechem, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[113] FSD, “Annual Report 2004,” p. 14.

^[114] WFP, “Sudan Progress Report - Road Repair and Demining Activities,” 10 May 2005.

^[115] FSD “Annual Report 2004,” p. 14; WFP, “Sudan Progress Report Road Repair and Demining Activities,” 10 May 2005; email from Stephen Pantling, Mine Action Officer, WFP, 16 August 2005.

^[116] Telephone interview with William Reid, Assistant Vice President of Management, RONCO Washington, 10 August 2005; email from Stacy Smith, Communications Manager, RONCO, 11 August 2005. RONCO clearance data reportedly differs from the table, as RONCO includes quality assurance work carried out for UNMAS.

^[117] Interview with Mike Walsh, Field Supervisor, RONCO, Rumbek, Sudan, 27 June 2005.

^[118] Interview with Kevin Williams, NPA, Yei, 24 June 2005.

^[119] Interview with Patrick McLeish, Country Director, Landmine Action UK, Khartoum, 3 July 2005. See Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 760.

^[120] Interviews with Mohamed Fawz Mohamed, SLIRI, and with Patrick McLeish, Landmine Action UK, Khartoum, 3 July 2005.

^[121] Email from Mark Argent, Acting Program Manager, DanChurchAid, 1 September 2005.

^[122] Interview with Don Macdonald, Technical Operations Manager, MAG, Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[123] UNMAO, “Quarterly report, Jan-March 2005,” Emergency Mine Action Program in Sudan, 26 April 2005.

^[124] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 22 June 2004.

^[125] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter," Issue 4, April-May 2005, pp. 2, 4.

^[126] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 22 June 2004.

^[127] UNMAS, “Portfolio of Mine Action Projects 2005,” p. 313.

^[128] Several MRE operators told Landmine Monitor that the limited MRE activities during 2004 result from the lack of continuity, poor handover and gaps between advisors.

^[129] Interview with Adel Khudr, Chief of Rights, Protection and Peace Building, UNICEF Khartoum, 5 July 2005.

^[130] UNMAS/UNMAO, “Monthly Activities Report July 2005.” It is not clear who made this request.

^[131] All information concerning SC US activities has been provided from a synopsis of MRE reports for the period April 2004-April 2005 provided by the Save the Children US, Sudan Field Office.

^[132] DanChurchAid, “Report Submitted to the Humanitarian Aid Commission,” March 2005, and interview with Mubarak Zaroug, Executive Director, DanChurchAid, Khartoum, 15 April 2005.

^[133] SRC, Kassala office report, January 2005.

^[134] Interview with Mohammed Shongor, Director, Roots Organization for Development, Khartoum, 11 April 2005.

^[135] Interview with Siraj Abdul Barry, Director, SIDO, Khartoum, 11 April 2005.

^[136] Email from Alison Chandler, Community Liaison Advisor, MAG, South Sudan, 12 August 2005.

^[137] Interview with Alison Chandler, MAG, South Sudan, in Lokichoggio, Kenya, 21 June 2005.

^[138] Email from Takuto Kubo, External Relations, UNMAO, 20 August 2005.

^[139] Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 762.

^[140] Mine Action Investments database ; emails from Elvan Isikozlu, Mine Action Team, Foreign Affairs Canada, June-August 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: US$1 = C$1.3017. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. The amount to UNMAS was not transferred until February 2005. Email from Takuto Kubo, External Relations, UNMAO, 20 August 2005.

^[141] Email from Jan Kara, Director, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 July 2005.

^[142] Mine Action Investments database; email from Hanne Elmelund Gam, the Department of Humanitarian & NGO Cooperation, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 18 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: 1 US$1 = DKK5.989. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.

^[143] Email to Landmine Monitor from Nicola Marcel, RELEX Unit 3a Security Policy, EC, 19 July 2005.

^[144] Article 7 Report, Form J, 15 April 2005; email from Dirk Roland Haupt, Federal Foreign Office, Division 241, 25 July 2005.

^[145] Mine Action Investments database; email from Manfredo Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, June-July 2005.

^[146] Email from Kitagawa Yasu, Japanese International Campaign to Ban Landmines (JCBL), 10 August 2005, with translation of Ministry of Foreign Affairs information sent to JCBL on 11 May 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: ¥108.15 = US$1 used throughout this report. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.

^[147] Email to Landmine Monitor from Freek Keppels, Arms Control and Arms Export Policy Division, The Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 4 August 2005.

^[148] Article 7 Report, Form J, 28 April 2005; emails from May-Elin Stener, Department for Global Affairs, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, April-May 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = NOK6.7399. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005. Of the Norwegian total, some NOK17.64 million ($2,617,256) was spent in 2004; the remaining NOK6.96 million ($1,032,650) was transferred to the 2005 budget. Interview with Johannes Zachrisson, Program Manager MAP, NPA, Nairobi, 5 July 2005.

^[149] Email from Johan Nordenfelt, Ambassador for Small Arms and Light Weapons, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 20 April 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: $1 = SEK7.438. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.

^[150] Mine Action Investments database; email from Janine Voigt, Diplomatic Collaborator, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 July 2005. Rate of exchange for 2004 according to fixed rate specified by donor of $1 = CH1.35, used throughout this report.

^[151] Email from Andrew Willson, Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department, DfID, 1 July 2005. Average exchange rate for 2004: £1 = $1.833. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2005.

^[152] USG Historical Chart containing data for FY 2004, by email from Angela L. Jeffries, Financial Management Specialist, Bureau of Political-Military Affairs, US Department of State, 20 July 2005; email from H. Murphey McCloy to Landmine Monitor (MAC), 29 September 2005.

^[153] FSD, “Annual Report 2004,” p. 14.

^[154] WFP Sudan Progress Report Road Repair and Demining Activities, 10 May 2005; email from Stephen Pantling, Mine Action Officer, WFP, 16 August 2004.

^[155] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” Issue 6, July 2005, p. 3.

^[156] Emails to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 6 July and 30 August 2005.

^[157] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 June 2004.

^[158] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Simon Jundi Bakit, Impact Survey Team Leader, SLIRI, Kadugli, 22 May 2005; Kadugli SOC Briefing Note 2004, received at the time of the interview. SLR was previously known as SLIRI South.

^[159] Sudan Emergency Mine Action Program, “IMSMA Quarterly Reports – (April – June 2005),” 17 July 2005, p. 8, www.mineaction.org, accessed 27 August 2005.

^[160] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from John Raddatz, Sudan Mine Action Programme, 14 July 2005.

^[161] Emails to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 6 July and 25 July 2005.

^[162] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Philippe Chabasse, team leader – Sudan exploratory mission, HI, 26 August 2005.

^[163] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Abdul Latif Matin, Operation Analyst, UNOPS for UNMAS, Kassala, 28 May 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Sadiq Abdallah, Landmine Coordinator, and Osman Jaffer Al-Alwi, Director, Sudanese Red Crescent Kassala branch, Kassala, 28 May 2005.

^[164] Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 October 2004.

^[165] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 26 May 2005; Shaza Nagm Eldin and Khaled Salih, “Victim Assistance in Sudan: a new integrated approach to mine action,” UNMAS Landmine Survivors and Victim Assistance Newsletter, March 2004, p. 5; for more information see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 764-765.

^[166] UNMAO, “Mine Action in Sudan Newsletter,” Issue 6, July 2005, p. 2.

^[167] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005. Other casualties were reported in Red Sea (41), Jongley (38), East Equatoria (37), West Kordofan (30), Warab (19), Al-Buhairat (16), West Equatoria (13), Unity and North Bahr Al-Ghazal (four each), and one each in North and South Darfur. The database does not include all reported incidents in Darfur and West Kordofan.

^[168] Data analysis provided to Landmine Monitor (HI) by Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 26 May 2005; presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005.

^[169] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Mohamed Fawz Mohamed, SLIRI, Khartoum, 21 May 2005; see also www.landmineaction.org/sliri/activities.htm, accessed 28 July 2005. SLIRI was not authorized to release its data for the south until 29 July 2005. In August, the data was being compiled in preparation for the main IMSMA. Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Patrick McLeish, Landmine Action UK, Khartoum, 2 August 2005.

^[170] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Simon Jundi Bakit, Impact Survey Team Leader, SLIRI, Kadugli, 22 May 2005; Kadugli SOC Briefing Note 2004, undated, received at the time of the interview.

^[171] Incidents were recorded in Yambio (1,036), Yei (406), Kauda (244), Mabior (224), Tambura (181), Kurmuk (177) and Rumbek (115). Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Diana Surur, APO Protection/MRE, UNICEF, Rumbek, 24 July 2005.

^[172] To July 2005, UNMAS/NMAO had received data from eight SLIRI centers in the north. Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Mohammad Kabir, Information Management Officer, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 6 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Kenneth Dilla, Communication Officer, SLR, Yei, 22 July 2005.

^[173] United Nations, “Final Report, First Review Conference of the States Parties to the Convention on the Prohibition of the Use, Stockpiling, Production and Transfer of Anti-Personnel Mines and on Their Destruction,” Nairobi, 29 November-3 December 2004, APLC/CONF/2004/5, 9 February 2005, p. 33.

^[174] Article 7 Report, Form J, 1 October 2004.

^[175] Sudan National Mine Action Strategic Framework, Khartoum, 27 August 2004, pp. 6-7.

^[176] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005; presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.

^[177] Interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, Victim Assistance Coordinator, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 25 May 2005

^[178] Presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 765.

^[179] Data analysis provided to Landmine Monitor (HI) by Mohammad Kabir, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 26 May 2005, at the time of the interview; presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview Abdul Latif Matin, Operation Analyst, UNOPS for UNMAS, Kassala, 28 May 2005; see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, pp. 765-766.

^[180] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 25 May 2005.

^[181] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Robert Schofield, Emergency Desk Officer, Medair Switzerland, 2 September 2005; Medair, “Annual Report 2004,” pp. 18-21, www.medair.org.

^[182] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Abbas Ahmed Mohamed, Acting Secretary General, SRC, Khartoum, 17 May 2005.

^[183] Interview with Sadiq Abdallah, Landmine Coordinator and Osman Jaffer Al-Alwi, Director Sudanese Red Crescent Kassala branch, Kassala, 28 May 2005.

^[184] ICRC, “Annual Report 2004,” Geneva, June 2005, pp. 104-105; ICRC, “Sudan: ICRC steps up its response, Update on activities from January to May 2005,” pp. 4, 7-9; www.icrc.org. Sudanese mine casualties were admitted to Lopiding Hospital in January, February and June 2004. Landmine Monitor (Kenya) interviews with Margaret Staff, Head Nurse, ICRC Lopiding Hospital, 9 April 2004, and Herman Marenye, Head of Orthopedic Workshop, Lopiding Hospital, 15 July 2005.

^[185] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Guiseppe Meo, Consultant Surgeon, CCM, Turin, 13 July 2005.

^[186] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Marianne Dons Tychsen, UN Mine Action Liaison Office South Sudan, Nairobi, 24 July 2005, draft 2005 Form J for South Sudan (not submitted); see also Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 766.

^[187] Email sent to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Yousif Mohamed Osman, Planning and Training Director, NAPO, Khartoum, 27 July 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Yousif Mohamed Osman, NAPO, Khartoum, 21 May 2005; Presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Landmine Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May–2 June 2005.

^[188] Landmine Monitor (HI) visit to Kadugli satellite center on 23 May 2005, information provided by orthopedic technician; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Yousif Mohamed Osman, NAPO, Khartoum, 21 May 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Hafiz Mohammad Ibrahim, orthopedic technician, Kassala, 28 May 2005.

^[189] Interview with Abderahman Banoune, ‘Flying’ Outreach Officer, ICRC, Khartoum, 21 May 2005.

^[190] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Didier Reck, Head of Program, ICRC, Khartoum, 13 July 2005; ICRC Special Report, “Mine Action 2004,” Geneva, June 2004, p. 21; ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2004,” Geneva, July 2005, pp. 21, 44.

^[191] Telephone interview with Cosmas A. Abolou, Manager, Nile Assistance to the Disabled, Juba, 10 July 2005.

^[192] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Goldy Mazia, MDCI, 18 July 2005; see also Standing Tall Australia and Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 77.

^[193] ICRC, “Sudan: ICRC steps up its response, Update on activities from January to May 2005,” pp. 9-10.

^[194] Response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Mahendre G. Mehta, Trustee, Help Handicapped International, Mumbai, 7 July 2005.

^[195] Interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, Victim Assistance Coordinator, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 25 May 2005; see also Standing Tall Australia & Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 78.

^[196] Interview with Yousif Mohamed Osman, Planning and Training Director, NAPO, Khartoum, 21 May 2005; Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Shaza Nagm Eldin, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum 10 July 2005.

^[197] Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Franck Eden, Training Coordinator, ICRC, Khartoum, 21 May 2005.

^[198] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Program, “Annual Report 2004,” Geneva, July 2005, pp. 11-12.

^[199] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005; presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.

^[200] Data analysis provided to Landmine Monitor (HI) by Mohammad Kabir, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 26 May 2005.

^[201] Interviews with ABRAR staff Iman Hassan and Hiba El-Hassan, and Najat Salih, Managing Director, ABRAR, Sudan, 18 May-28 May 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) by Hiba al-Hassan, Liaison Officer, ABRAR, Khartoum, 9 August 2005; see also “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 75.

^[202] Interview with Ahmed Elhusein Ahmed Awadalla, Country Representative, ADD, Khartoum, 26 May 2005; see also Standing Tall Australia & Mines Action Canada, “101 Great Ideas for the Socio-Economic Reintegration of Mine Survivors,” June 2005, p. 76.

^[203] Interview with Abdel Illah Kunna, General Manager and Yousif Sikenjo Abu Ali, Victim Assistance Associate, MCO, Khartoum 26 May 2005.

^[204] Interview with Rufaida Health Foundation, Khartoum, 21 May 2005; Landmine Monitor (HI) interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, UNOPS for UNMAS, 25 May 2005.

^[205] Email sent to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Antony N. Muverethi, Program Officer, RPDP, 13 July 2005; response to Landmine Monitor Questionnaire by Anthony N. Muverethi, RPDP, Nairobi, 15 July 2005.

^[206] Interview with Mohammed Abu Zain, Save the Children US, Kadugli 23 May 2005.

^[207] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Marianne Dons Tychsen, UN Mine Action Liaison Office South Sudan, Nairobi, 24 July 2005, draft 2005 Form J for South Sudan (not submitted).

^[208] Interview with Ikhlas Ibrahimn, Director, Darfur Organization for the Disabled, Al-Fasher, 18 May 2005.

^[209] Interview with Faiza Mahad Ali, Director, KSD, Kassala, 28 May 2005.

^[210] Email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Marianne Dons Tychsen, UN Mine Action Liaison Office South Sudan, Nairobi, 24 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Antony N. Muverethi, Program Officer, RPDP, 13 July 2005; email to Landmine Monitor (HI) from Goldy Mazia, MDCI, 18 July 2005.

^[211] For more information see Landmine Monitor Report 2004, p. 767.

^[212] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005; presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.

^[213] Presentation by Sudan, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 16 June 2005; presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.

^[214] Presentation by Sudan, Workshop on Advancing Victim Assistance in Africa, Nairobi, 31 May-2 June 2005.

^[215] Interview with Ahmed Elhusaein Ahmed Awadalla, Country Representative, ADD, Khartoum, 26 May 2005.

^[216] Interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 25 May 2005.

^[217] Interview with Shaza Nagm Eldin, , UNOPS for UNMAS, Khartoum, 25 May 2005.