+   *    +     +     
About Us 
The Issues 
Our Research Products 
Order Publications 
Multimedia 
Press Room 
Resources for Monitor Researchers 
ARCHIVES HOME PAGE 
    >
 
Table of Contents
Country Reports
Support For Mine Action, Landmine Monitor Report 2008

Support for Mine Action

Key Developments

For 2007 Landmine Monitor identified more than US$430 million (some €314 million) of international funding for mine action donated by 26 countries and the European Commission (EC). This is a decrease of around $45 million (9.5%) compared to 2006. Funding was channeled to 70 recipient states and other areas. The top five recipients of mine action funding in 2007 were, in order, Afghanistan, Iraq, Cambodia, Sudan, and Lebanon. Total international support for mine action for 1992–2007 was $3.75 billion.

Landmine Monitor also identified more than $117 million in national funding in 2007 by 28 mine/ERW-affected states (monetary or in-kind assistance contributed to their own mine action programs). The increase of some $33 million (39%) compared to 2006 is partially explained by more mine/ERW-affected states reporting on their support for mine action in 2007.

Introduction

Article 6 of the Mine Ban Treaty (international cooperation and assistance) recognizes the right of each State Party to seek and receive assistance from other States Parties in fulfilling its treaty obligations. Landmine Monitor reports annually on support for mine action based on monetary and in-kind assistance reported by mine- and explosive remnants of war (ERW)-affected states and on international mine action assistance reported by donor states. Landmine Monitor also reports on the estimated costs and resource mobilization strategies for fulfilling treaty obligations on the part of mine/ERW-affected states, and the priorities and strategies for mine action assistance on the part of donor states.

Landmine Monitor relies in most cases on direct requests for information from, or public reporting by, donor and mine/ERW-affected states. Thus, while Landmine Monitor seeks to provide the most complete and accurate possible account of global mine action support, its reporting is limited by the ability and willingness of states to track and report their own funding and other forms of support, and by the availability of cost estimates, budgets, strategic plans, and other financial reporting. Reporting of mine action support has been limited by the inability of some donor states to fully track their own mine action support, due to changes in their financial administration and reporting structures, as well as by a lack of information on funds contributed and funding strategies reported by many mine/ERW-affected states.

Global Mine Action Funding

Landmine Monitor distinguishes between international and national funding, which together make up global funding for mine action. For 2007 Landmine Monitor identified more than US$430 million (approximately €314 million) of international funding for mine action donated by 26 countries and the EC.[1] This is a decrease of some $45 million (approximately 9.5%) compared to 2006.

Landmine Monitor also identified approximately $117.4 million in monetary or in-kind assistance contributed in 2007 by 28 mine/ERW-affected states to their own mine action programs. This is an increase of approximately $33 million or 39% compared to 2006. Reporting and comparison of annual national funding levels remains imprecise, due to the continued absence of standard methods of tracking and reporting by mine/ERW-affected states, and because many do not make information available on their expenditures. However, more mine/ERW-affected states reported support for mine action in 2007 compared to earlier years.

International Mine Action Funding 1996–2007 (US$ million)

graph_mineactionfunding.gif

Funding to Lebanon—which totaled $68.8 million in 2006 in support of emergency clearance of cluster munitions in southern Lebanon, and accounted for much of the significant rise in global funds in 2006 to an unprecedented $475 million—declined to $28.3 million in 2007, as emergency mine action needs decreased. Elsewhere funding did not remain constant: for some mine/ERW-affected states it increased, and for others it declined notably. Many states reported mine action programs delayed, scaled back, or cancelled because of a lack of international assistance. Likewise, not all donor states maintained or increased their levels of funding in 2007. Some states increased their commitments by significant amounts—in both percentage and absolute terms—but the value of contributions by some other states declined just as significantly.

The biggest contributors to mine action in 2007 were the United States ($69.8 million), Norway ($50.2 million), Canada ($45.8 million), the EC ($45.6 million), Japan ($35.5 million), the United Kingdom ($25.2 million), Netherlands ($23.4 million), Germany ($18.4 million), Sweden ($17.5 million), and Australia ($16.7 million). The largest contribution came from the EC combined with national funding by European Union (EU) member states, a total of $196.8 million (€143.6 million), as reported below. The national currencies of many mine/ERW-affected and donor states rose against the average value of the US dollar in 2007—in some cases by more than 10%—which elevated the value of some contributions in US dollar terms compared to 2006.

In national currency terms, five donor states—Belgium, Canada, Ireland, Norway, and Spain—provided more mine action funding in 2007 than they had in any previous year.[2] Of the 20 largest donors in 2007, nine provided more funding in US dollars terms in 2007 than 2006, and 11 provided less. Those increasing their contribution were: New Zealand (107% increase), Canada (50%), Japan (42%), Belgium (40%), Ireland (35%), Norway (31%), Spain (25%), the UK (20%), and Sweden (7%). Donors with decreased contributions were: the EC (52% decrease), Slovakia (43%), the US (35%), France (33%), Italy (30%), Finland (28%), Denmark (24%), Switzerland (18%), the Netherlands (20%), Germany (10%), and Australia (9%).

National Contributions to Mine Action

The $117.4 million funding (including in-kind contributions) in 2007 by at least 28 mine/ERW-affected states to their own mine action programs compared to more than $84 million in 2006.[3] The significant increase is attributable mainly to the greater availability of data from sources such as mine action plans, Article 5 deadline extension requests, statements to meetings of States Parties and intersessional Standing Committee meetings, and information reported directly to Landmine Monitor.

Assessment of national contributions remains limited, however, by a lack of consistent and complete reporting on national assistance. Many mine/ERW-affected states have reported annual contributions as a whole without providing breakdowns or other details for verification and comparison. Also, the absence of a standard method of valuing and reporting in-kind contributions means that states may be reporting in-kind support according to different methods and values.

Five states or other areas reporting support for mine action in 2006 did not report support in 2007: Angola, Guatemala, Kosovo, Serbia, and Somaliland. Nine states or other areas reported support in 2007 but not in 2006: Afghanistan, Ecuador, Egypt, Iraq, Nicaragua, Senegal, South Korea, Uganda, and Zimbabwe.

Among the 19 states reporting national mine action support in both 2006 and 2007, 12 reported increases in levels of support in US dollar terms: Croatia ($3.4 million increase), Thailand ($2.3 million), Chad ($2.2 million), Sudan ($2 million), Lebanon ($1.5 million), Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH) ($1.2 million), Azerbaijan ($1 million), Zambia ($800,000), Colombia ($200,000), Mozambique ($200,000), Peru ($100,000) and Tajikistan ($21,000). Three states—Albania, Mauritania, and Yemen—reported no change in funding levels. Four states reported decreases in funding: Cambodia ($50,000 decrease), Chile ($195,960), Rwanda ($243,000), and Jordan ($800,000).[4]

Fourteen mine/ERW-affected states contributed, according to their own estimates, more than 0.01% of their gross national income (GNI) to mine action in 2007: Croatia, BiH, Chad, Mauritania, Lebanon, Jordan, Sudan, Cambodia, Mozambique, Tajikistan, Nicaragua, Yemen, Zambia, and Azerbaijan. Croatia and BiH each contributed approximately almost 0.1% of their GNI to mine action.

National Mine Action Funding for 2007: $117.4 million[5]

Donor

(US$ million)

(€ million)

Croatia

45.7

33.3

Iraq

18.2

13.3

BiH

13.7

10

Sudan

7.5

5.5

Lebanon

5.5

4

Yemen

3.5

2.6

Jordan

3.5

2.6

Thailand

2.7

2

Chad

2.5

1.8

Azerbaijan

2.2

1.6

Colombia

1.3

1

Mozambique

1.3

0.9

Chile

1.2

0.9

Cambodia

1.2

0.8

Nicaragua

1.0

0.7

Zambia

1.0

0.7

Senegal

1.0

0.7

Peru

0.9

0.7

Mauritania

0.8

0.5

Tajikistan

0.6

0.4

South Korea

0.6

0.4

Ecuador

0.5

0.4

Uganda

0.3

0.2

Afghanistan

0.3

0.2

Egypt

0.3

0.2

Albania

0.2

0.2

Rwanda

0.06

0.04

Zimbabwe

0.01

0.007

There was no recognizable pattern or trend in the types of support reported by mine/ERW-affected states. Many states reported contributions to their own mine action programs without specifying how in-kind support or funds were allocated, and often without specifying whether contributions were monetary or in-kind. There is a lack of data on national support for victim assistance (VA) which may be attributed in part to the difficulty of identifying specific VA programs within broader health and disability services. States reporting allocations to specific areas of mine action or specific types of in-kind support included: Albania, Azerbaijan, BiH, Cambodia, Ecuador, Lebanon, Nicaragua, Peru, Rwanda, Serbia, Sudan (in both the north and the south), and Yemen.

International Contributions to Mine Action

Landmine Monitor identified approximately $430.6 million of international funding for mine action in 2007, donated by 26 countries and the EC. Total reported support for mine action during the period 1992–2007 is $3.75 billion.

International Mine Action Funding by Year[6]

Period

Amount (US$ million)

1992–2007

3,750

2007

430

2006

475

2005

375

2004

392

2003

339

2002

324

2001

237

2000

243

1999

219

1998

187

1992–1997

529

EC funding together with national funding by EU member states totaled $196.8 million (€143.6 million) in 2007.[7] Combined EC/EU member funding remained the largest source of mine action funding in 2007, as it was in 2006. Reported funding in 2007 was approximately 25% less in Euro terms than in 2006. Fourteen states provided funding in 2007 equivalent to more than 0.001% of GNI, in descending order: Slovakia, Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Canada, Ireland, Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Australia, Finland, New Zealand, and Slovenia. Among Permanent Members of the UN Security Council, the UK was 15th according to this ranking; the US 20th; France 25th; and China 26th.[8] No international funding for mine action was reported by Russia in 2007. More than 0.01% of GNI was donated for mine action in 2007 by only Slovakia and Norway, as was the case the previous year.



International Mine Action Funding for 2007[9]

Donor

(US$ million)

(€ million)

US

69.8

50.9

Norway

50.2

36.6

Canada

45.8

33.4

EC

45.6

33.3

Japan

35.5

25.9

UK

25.2

18.4

Netherlands

23.4

17.1

Germany

18.4

13.4

Sweden

17.5

12.8

Australia

16.7

12.2

Denmark

12.1

8.8

Switzerland

12

8.8

Spain

11.7

8.6

Belgium

10.8

7.9

Slovakia

9.6

7

Ireland

7

5.1

Finland

5

3.6

Italy

4.1

3

France

2.4

1.7

New Zealand

2

1.5

Czech Republic

1.2

0.9

Austria

1.2

0.8

South Korea

1

0.7

Luxembourg

0.9

0.6

China

0.8

0.6

Slovenia

0.7

0.5

Lithuania

0.07

0.05

Funding by donor states

The US provided $69.8 million to mine action in 30 countries and other areas in 2007, a 35% decline compared to $94.5 million to 28 recipients in 2006. Starting in fiscal year 2009, the US will integrate three separate accounts—Humanitarian Demining, International Trust Fund, and Small Arms/Light Weapons—into a single account for Conventional Weapons Destruction (NADR-CWD).

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA[10]

Period

($ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

69.8

2007

14.4

2006

94.5

2006

13.8

2005

81.9

2005

13.2

Prior to 2005

626.4

Prior to 2005

132.8

Total

872.6

Total

174.2

The impact of this mainstreaming of funds on prioritizing and reporting of US mine action funding beyond 2009 is not yet clear. Department of Defense mine action funds, however, are projected to be approximately stable through fiscal year 2009.[11]

NORWAY[12]

Period

($ million)

(NOK million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

50.2

293.7

2007

$649,040

3.8

2006

34.9

223.9

2005

$618,421

4

2005

36.5

235

Prior to 2005

$333,833

2.3

Prior to 2005

219.1

1,649.9

Total

1.6

10.1

Total

340.7

2,447.5

Norway contributed NOK293,650,490 ($50,155,504) to mine action in 2007, a 31% increase from 2006 (NOK223,875,323 or $34,924,551). Funds were allocated to 18 countries and other areas. Norway attributed the rise in its funding in part to increased support for cluster munition-related programming. Norway also increased its funding to Lebanon in 2007, against the general decline in funds to the country. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs stated that the pattern of increased funding may end in the near future, as some programs are reduced (such as clearance in Jordan) and as Norwegian embassies give priority to other humanitarian aid sectors. Norway indicated that funding earmarked for mine clearance is likely to decline in line with the country’s general trend of falling contributions to mine action.[13]

At the June 2008 intersessional Standing Committee meetings, Norway outlined its priorities in funding for VA. It called for the integration of rehabilitation and reintegration programs within national health, social services, and vocational training services, and within bilateral development agreements such as for health, education, and micro-finance. Norway cited capacity building at the national level as an explicit priority for assistance.[14]

CANADA[15]

Period

($ million)

(C$ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

45.8

49.2

2007

0.3

0.4

2006

28.9

32.8

2006

1.1

1.2

2005

20.5

24.8

2005

2.8

3.4

Prior to 2005

127.6

185

Prior to 2005

13.5

17.6

Total

222.8

291.8

Total

17.7

22.6

Canada contributed C$49,195,671 ($45,830,687) to mine action in fiscal year 2007–2008, an increase of 50.1% compared to 2006–2007 and the highest reported annual total for Canada to date. Canada provided funding to 16 countries, including contributions to Afghanistan totaling approximately C$25.4 million ($23.7 million).

The Canadian Landmine Fund, established in 1997 as Canada’s instrument for mine action assistance, was discontinued in March 2008. Canadian mine action assistance has since been mainstreamed into development and humanitarian programs within the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and the Global Peace and Security Fund at Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada (DFAIT). The Department of National Defence (DND) continues to support the International Testing and Evaluation Programme (ITEP) for Humanitarian Demining.[16] The mainstreaming process began in fiscal year 2006–2007, when 32% of funds were dedicated through the Canadian Landmine Fund and 68% were committed through the new funding channels.[17] In fiscal year 2007–2008, prior to its closure, less than 7% of mine action funds were allocated through the Canadian Landmine Fund.[18]

Within the new funding structure, DFAIT leads initiatives in universalization, advocacy, coordination, and compliance, and works with DND to assist other states in stockpile destruction. CIDA leads in mine clearance, risk education (RE), and VA, including assistance through existing development programs.[19] The mainstreaming of funds does not appear in its early stages to have had a negative impact on either funding levels or on the tracking and reporting of Canadian funds. No funding targets have been set for 2008 and beyond, but Canada reported that DFAIT and CIDA were coordinating “to sustain traditional levels of funding.”[20]

EUROPEAN COMMISSION [21]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

Additionial R&D Funding

2007

45.6

33.3

2005

1.4

1.1

2006

87.3

69.5

Prior to 2005

35.7

50

2005

47.7

38.3

Total

37.1

51.1

Prior to 2005

363.8

369.5

Total

544.4

510.6

In 2007, EC and EU member states together provided $196.8 million (€143.6 million) in mine action funding, compared to $240.3 million (€191.2 million) in 2006.[22] This represents an overall decline of approximately $43.5 million compared to 2006. Among the 27 member states of the EU, funding by 11 states declined in terms of original currency in 2007 compared to 2006, while funding by five member states increased.[23] One state, Lithuania, reported contributing funds in 2007 but not in 2006. The remaining 10 member states either did not report funding or did not provide valuations of in-kind contributions for comparison.

The EC contributed $45,631,112 (€33,280,659) in 2007, a decrease of 52% from $87.3 million (€69.5 million) in 2006. The number of countries receiving EC assistance fell to 11 in 2007, compared to 25 countries and other areas in 2006. A single commitment by the EC in late 2006 of €20 million to Afghanistan contributed to the unprecedented levels of overall funding by the EC in that year.

Funding in 2007, as in 2006, includes some multiyear commitments, as well as funds allocated but not disbursed during the year: it has not been possible to fully identify and separate actual disbursements during 2007. However, the mainstreaming and decentralization of EC mine action funding appears to have had a significant impact on EC funding levels in 2007. With the transfer of funding from dedicated mine action to geographic budget lines, the EC focused on development priorities as defined by recipient countries and EC delegations. The EC has encouraged recipient countries to select two or three main development priorities for funding, of which mine action is one option. This has resulted in a more outright competition for EC funds between mine action and other areas of development. Also, 2007 was the first year that countries developed Country Strategy Papers to guide funding priorities. In some cases, mine action was not defined as a priority for mine/ERW-affected states in 2007, which resulted in an absence of funding. Mine action is expected to become a higher priority in the future.[24]

In December 2007, members of the European Parliament proposed a resolution marking the tenth anniversary of the Mine Ban Treaty, which included a call for a dedicated mine action budget line to be re-established within the EC budget. The resolution called on the EC to clarify in 2008 its intentions for future mine action funding, and to “ensure that sufficient resources are made available after 2007.” The resolution further called on the EC to maintain sufficient staff to ensure that Country Strategy Papers and National Indicative Programmes include mine action assistance needs where relevant, and to adequately track mine action funding.[25]

In August 2008, the EC reported that because funds were still being implemented under the EC Mine Action Strategy 2005–2007, a complete evaluation of the strategy would not be possible until 2009. Guidelines on European Community Mine Action for 2008–2013 were reportedly under development and due to be published in 2008. Based on the evaluation and the guidelines, a new approach to mine action funding will be established, with mine action fully integrated into development policies.[26]

JAPAN[27]

Period

($ million)

(¥ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

35.5

4,176

2007

4.2

489

2006

25.3

2,944

2006

9.1

1,058

2005

39.3

4,323

2005

7.4

811

Prior to 2005

178.0

20,612

Prior to 2005

13.6

1,555

Total

278.1

32,055

Total

34.3

3,913

In 2007, Japan contributed ¥4,175,698,717 ($35,493,439) compared to ¥2,944 million ($25.3 million) in 2006, an increase of approximately 42% and a return to roughly the levels of their funding in 2004 and 2005. Japan gave funds in 2007 to 17 countries, compared to 14 in 2006.

UNITED KINGDOM[28]

Period

($ million)

(£ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007–2008

25.2

12.6

2006–2007

0.4

0.2

2006–2007

19.3

10.5

2005–2006

3.2

1.8

2005–2006

21.4

11.8

Prior to 2005

11.4

7.1

Prior to 2005

153.9

98.9

Total

15

9.1

Total

219.8

133.8

UK funding of £12,586,513 ($25,198,199) in fiscal year 2007–2008 represented an increase of 20% compared to fiscal year 2006–2007 (£10,491,251 or $19,339,572). In 2007–2008, the UK Department for International Development (DfID) reported mine action funding for 22 states and other areas, compared to 14 in 2006. The UK did not report on the rationale behind the increase in funding in 2007.

THE NETHERLANDS[29]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

23.4

17.1

2006

26.9

21.4

2005

19.3

15.5

Prior to 2005

114.6

102.9

Total

184.2

156.9

The Netherlands contributed €17,056,776 ($23,386,546) in funds in 2007, a 20% decline compared to 2006 (€21,433,318/$26,926,677). The Netherlands contributed funds to 10 states and other areas in 2007, compared to 15 in 2006. The Netherlands did not report on the rationale behind the decrease in funds in 2007.

GERMANY[30]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

18.4

13.4

Prior to 2005

5.2

4.2

2006

18.6

14.8

2005

21.1

17

Prior to 2005

122.9

115.6

Total

181

160.8

Germany’s funding of €13,400,957 ($18,374,052) in 2007 was a decrease of 9.7% compared to 2006 (€14,838,320/$18,641,381), and is the lowest level of reported funding since 2001. Germany contributed to 17 states in 2007, compared to 20 states and other areas in 2006. Germany reported projected funding in 2008 of approximately €17.6 million.[31]

SWEDEN[32]

Period

($ million)

(SEK million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

17.5

118.3

Prior to 2005

25.7

188.8

2006

14.9

110.1

2005

11.7

87.6

Prior to 2005

114.9

950.4

Total

159

1,266.4

In 2007, Sweden contributed SEK118,287,250 ($17,506,513), a 7% increase compared to 2006 (SEK110,063,937 or $14,935,677). Sweden reported contributions to nine countries and other areas in 2007, the same number as in 2006. Sweden reported allocating funds to Burundi, the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), Somalia and Sudan as four of 12 “focus countries” for Swedish support to peace and security.[33]

AUSTRALIA[34]

Period

($ million)

(A$ million)

2007–2008

16.7

19.9

2006–2007

16.5

21.9

2005–2006

8.9

11.7

Prior to 2005

66.2

104.4

Total

108.3

157.9

Australia’s funding of A$19,906,343 ($16,703,412) in fiscal year July 2007–June 2008 represented a 9.2% decrease in Australian dollar terms on fiscal year 2006 (A$21,928,363/$16,523,022). In 2005, Australia made a five-year, A$75 million commitment to mine action. Spending to date of A$53.5 million over three years means Australia is on track to meet the commitment.[35] Australia reported a continued focus in 2007 on VA within its overall mine action funding strategy, as well as on “integrated mine action.”[36] Some 22% of funds contributed by Australia in 2007 were for VA, while 17% were for integrated mine action.[37] Australia’s support was provided to seven countries in 2007, compared to 11 in 2006.[38]

DENMARK[39]

Period

($ million)

(DKK million)

2007

12.1

65.7

2006

14.5

86.1

2005

11.3

67.7

Prior to 2005

98.5

705.5

Total

136.4

925.0

Denmark contributed DKK65,702,278 ($12,076,079) in 2007, compared to DKK86,092,534 ($14,489,373) in 2006, a decrease of 24%. Denmark contributed to 12 countries and other areas in 2007, compared to eight countries in 2006. Denmark’s revised mine action strategy, published in 2006, calls for integration of mine action funding as part of overall development assistance.[40] Denmark reported that mine action should, where possible, be integrated in sector programs; Nicaragua and Mozambique were examples of where this has been accomplished.[41]

SWITZERLAND[42]

Period

($ million)

(CHF million)

2007

12

14.4

2006

14.1

17.6

2005

12.1

15.1

Prior to 2005

67.8

91.3

Total

106

138.4

Switzerland’s 2007 mine action funding of CHF14,407,760 ($12,007,427) was an 18% decrease compared to 2006 (CHF17,633,800/$14,071,772). Switzerland funded 14 countries and areas in 2007, compared to 13 countries and areas in 2006. The 2007 total includes CHF8.2 million ($6,833,880) in support to the Geneva International Centre for Humanitarian Demining (GICHD). Swiss funding for GICHD totaled $6.4 million in 2006, $6 million in 2005, $6.1 million in 2004, $5.23 million in 2003, $4.35 million in 2002, $3.3 million in 2001, and $2.3 million in 2000, totaling some $40.5 million from 2000–2007.

Switzerland reported that the decrease in funding in 2007 resulted from funds for 2007 programs being allocated and reported in 2006, because of an availability of extra funds during that year. Funds allocated in 2006 for Sudan and Lebanon were implemented in 2007.

Switzerland reported the following areas of focus in mine action assistance: States Parties able to meet their Article 5 clearance deadlines, and mine action projects in line with Swiss policies for promotion of human security, development cooperation, and humanitarian aid. Switzerland stated that the Swiss Development and Cooperation Agency is working towards funding its own mine action projects in line with other development programs.[43]

SPAIN[44]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

11.7

8.6

2006

8.6

6.8

2005

1.9

1.5

Prior to 2005

8.2

6.6

Total

30.4

23.5

Spain provided €8,558,008 ($11,733,885) in 2007, a 25% increase compared to €6,847,734 ($8,602,808) in 2006. Funds were contributed to 11 countries and other areas, including in-kind contributions through training at its International Demining Center. Spain reported that it planned to maintain its current funding levels in 2008 and, if possible, in subsequent years. Spain reported that a new mine action assistance plan, linking mine action and development goals, was in development as of August 2008.[45]

BELGIUM[46]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

Additional R&D Funding

2007

10.8

7.9

2007

0.4

0.3

2006

7.1

5.6

2006

0.9

0.7

2005

6.5

5.2

2005

0.6

0.5

Prior to 2005

27.5

25.7

Prior to 2005

9.2

7.4

Total

51.9

44.4

Total

11.1

8.9

Belgium’s mine action funding of €7,881,710 ($10,806,613) in 2007 was an increase of 40% compared to 2006 (€5,622,230/$7,063,208), and is the highest level of funding it has reported to date. Belgium provided mine action funding and assistance to seven countries in 2007, compared to 10 countries in 2006.

SLOVAKIA[47]

Period

($ million)

(SKK million)

2007

9.6

236.3

2006

14

415.7

2005

7.2

218.5

Prior to 2005

3.7

112.3

Total

34.5

982.8

Slovakia reported contributing SKK236,348,798 ($9,619,396) as the value of in-kind contributions of the Slovak Armed Forces to demining operations in Afghanistan and Iraq in 2007, a decrease of 43% compared to 2006 (SKK415,660,309/$14,007,752 for the same in-kind assistance).

IRELAND[48]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

7

5.1

2006

4.8

3.8

2005

2.2

1.7

Prior to 2005

14.1

13.9

Total

28.1

24.5

Ireland’s mine action funding of €5,115,103 ($7,013,318) is a 35% increase compared to 2006 (€3,790,000/$4,761,377), and its largest annual contribution reported. Ireland contributed to eight countries in 2007, compared to six countries and Somaliland in 2006. Ireland attributed increased funding to an increased availability of discretionary funds to the Political Division of the Department of Foreign Affairs, and to increased demand for support within geographic and thematic budget areas associated with mine action. Ireland reported an increased commitment to cluster munitions action, and stated that separate financial support by Irish Aid to the Dublin Diplomatic Conference on Cluster Munitions in March 2008 freed up other funds for allocation to mine action programs. Ireland reported concentrating its funds on geographic areas and organizations in line with its national development assistance strategies, which in some cases support mine action spending.[49]

FINLAND[50]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

5

3.6

2006

6.3

5

2005

5.9

4.7

Prior to 2005

46.2

47.2

Total

63.4

60.5

Finland contributed €3,636,279 ($4,985,702) in 2007, a 28% decrease compared to 2006 (€5,046,691/$6,340,158). Funding was allocated to five countries and other areas in 2007, compared to nine countries in 2006.

ITALY[51]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

4.1

3

2006

5.4

4.3

2005

4.5

3.6

Prior to 2005

52

48.6

Total

66

59.5

Italy’s mine action funding of €3,012,488 ($4,130,422) was a 30% decrease compared to 2006 (€4,322,741/$5,430,660). Italy contributed funds to eight countries in 2007, compared to 11 countries in 2006. Italy reported that current mine action funding occurs under three national laws: Law 58/01 (dedicated to mine action assistance); Law 189/92 (from which some mine action assistance can be allocated, such as VA); and Law 270/06 (established in response to the south Lebanon emergency). Funds earmarked for mine action under Law 58/01 remained consistent at roughly €2 million per year in 2006 and 2007, with the remaining pledges resulting from inputs from national bodies such as Italy’s Permanent Mission to the UN or Italian embassies abroad. Increased funding in 2006 compared to other years was attributed to extraordinary funding to Lebanon; Italy contributed $2,512,900 to Lebanon in 2006 and $1,371,100 in 2007. Competition with other development priorities and humanitarian emergencies was reported to strain funds available for mine action.[52]

FRANCE[53]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

2.4

1.7

2006

3.3

2.6

2005

3.8

3.1

Prior to 2005

24.8

25.8

Total

34.3

33.2

France reported contributing €1,744,055 ($2,391,274) for mine action in 2007, a 33% decrease compared to 2006 (€2,601,263/ $3,267,967). This included in-kind contributions and training for 26 recipient countries and areas, compared to 25 countries and other areas in 2006. The 2007 figure was the lowest level of reported funding by France since 2004. France reported to Landmine Monitor that, because of a lack of time to collect data from embassies, some funding items may have gone unreported, and actual 2007 funding may have been greater than reported.[54]

NEW ZEALAND[55]

Period

($ million)

(NZ$ million)

2007–2008

2

2.7

2006–2007

0.9

1.3

2005–2006

0.9

1.3

Prior to 2005

11.5

20.1

Total

15.3

25.4

New Zealand reported contributions totaling NZ$2,740,981 ($2,018,733) during fiscal year July 2007–June 2008, more than doubling funding compared to 2006–2007 (NZ$1,321,660 /$858,022). Three countries received support in 2007–2008, the same as in 2006–2007.

AUSTRIA[56]

Period

($ million)

(€ million)

2007

1.2

0.8

2006

2.2

1.8

2005

2.2

1.8

Prior to 2005

14

13.3

Total

19.6

17.7

Austria provided €845,723 ($1,159,571) in mine action funding in 2007, a 52% decrease compared to 2006 (€1,763,506/$2,215,493). Austria contributed to three countries in 2007, compared to four countries in 2006. Despite the decrease in annual funding, there was no change in Austrian Mine Action Program policy. Reductions to certain recipient states were attributed to fluctuations in spending during program implementation and not reductions in overall commitments. Funding to Lebanon in 2006 ($502,520), however, was reported to be an extraordinary contribution.[57]

UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Period

($ million)

2007

None reported

2006

19.9

Prior to 2005

50

Total

69.9

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) did not report new international funding in 2007. The UN Mine Action Service (UNMAS) reported receiving $600,000 (€437,605) from the UAE during the year for mine and cluster munitions clearance in southern Lebanon.[58] In 2006, the UAE contributed $19.9 million to Lebanon through the Operation Emirates Solidarity II program.[59] Although OES II-funded programs continued in 2007, costs were covered by funds provided in previous years.[60] The UAE previously reported that it provided $50 million to mine action in Lebanon from 2002–2004 (annual breakdown not available). The UAE contributed $3,332,751 for Lebanon through the UN Voluntary Trust Fund in 2002–2005, including $310,000 for follow-up activities to Operation Emirates Solidarity in 2005.

Other mine action donors

China reported contributing a total of RMB6 million ($789,000) in support of mine action in 2007.[61] China reported in-kind contributions in 2006 but did not provide valuations. Estimated total mine action funding to September 2008 was $7 million.

The Czech Republic contributed CZK23,867,286 ($1.2 million) to mine action in 2007.[62] The Czech Republic provided CZK26,955,311 ($1,194,120) for mine action in 2006. Estimated total mine action funding to September 2008 was $4.5 million.

Landmine Monitor is not aware of funding by Greece in 2007. Greece contributed €1.9 million ($2.4 million) in February 2006 for mine action in Iraq; the funds were pledged in July 2005. Mine action funding by Greece has totaled $12 million for 2001–2007.

Landmine Monitor is not aware of funding by Iceland in 2007. Iceland provided $1.5 million for VA in 2005. Total mine action funding was $2.8 million from 1997–2007.

South Korea contributed $1 million to the UN Development Group (UNDG) Iraq Trust Fund in 2007.[63] South Korea did not report contributions in 2006, but provided $1,050,000 in 2005. Total mine action funding as of August 2008 was $6.2 million.

Luxembourg contributed €637,943 ($874,684) to three countries as well as to global or other funding channels in 2007.[64] Luxembourg provided €1,032,375 ($1,296,973) in 2006. Total mine action funding to date was $8.1 million.

Slovenia reported contributing €506,093 ($693,904) in 2007.[65] It provided SIT150,099,998 ($780,520) in 2006. Total mine action funding as of August 2008 was $5.3 million.

Poland reported in-kind contributions to mine action in 2007–2008 in the form of mine clearance personnel in support of UN peacekeeping operations, but did not report a value for these contributions.[66] Poland contributed a reported $1,332,815 to mine action in 2006, as well as in-kind contributions without valuations. Total mine action funding for the period 2005–2007 (excluding contributions without valuation) was $3.3 million.

Major Recipients

Landmine Monitor has identified international funding to 70 recipient states and other areas in 2007. This is in addition to $64.8 million in funds for regional/global mine action with no recipient state specified (or with multiple and undifferentiated recipients), and $20 million contributed to research and development. The top recipients of mine action funding in 2007 were Afghanistan ($86.3 million), Iraq ($37.3 million), Cambodia ($30.8 million), Sudan ($29.2 million), Lebanon ($28.3 million), Angola ($19.8 million), BiH ($17.1 million), Lao PDR ($12.2 million), Jordan ($11.9 million), and Colombia ($8.8 million).


Mine Action Recipients in 2007 (% of total international funding)

pie_mineactionrecipients_2007.gif

Major Mine Action Recipients in 2007

State

(US$ million)

(€ million)

Afghanistan

86.3

62.9

Iraq

37.3

27.2

Cambodia

30.8

22.5

Sudan

29.2

21.3

Lebanon

28.3

20.7

Angola

19.8

14.4

BiH

17.1

12.5

Lao PDR

12.2

8.9

Jordan

11.9

8.6

Colombia

8.8

6.4

Sri Lanka

7.6

5.5

Senegal

7.3

5.3

Somalia

6.3

4.6

Croatia

5.9

4.3

DRC

5.9

4.3

Ethiopia

5.8

4.3

Belarus

5.5

4.0

State

(US$ million)

(€ million)

Cyprus

5.5

4.0

Guinea-Bissau

4.7

3.4

Nicaragua

4.5

3.3

Vietnam

3.9

2.9

Azerbaijan

3.7

2.7

Mozambique

3.5

2.5

Serbia

2.7

2.0

Somaliland

1.9

1.4

Uganda

1.8

1.3

Abkhazia

1.8

1.3

Nepal

1.8

1.3

Thailand

1.6

1.2

Nagorno-Karabakh

1.4

0.99

Tajikistan

1.3

0.91

Albania

1.2

0.91

Yemen

1.1

0.8

Burundi

1.1

0.79

Increases of at least $5 million were seen in 2007 in Senegal (up $6.4 million), Belarus ($5.5 million), and Jordan ($5.4 million). Significant reductions in mine action funding—of at least $2 million—occurred in Ethiopia (down $2 million), Sri Lanka ($2.3 million), Mozambique ($2.7 million), Yemen ($3 million), Vietnam ($4.3 million), Angola ($28.3 million), and Lebanon ($40.5 million).

In regional terms, where recipient states or regional implementing organizations were identified, annual funding was stable in 2007 in the Asia-Pacific region ($144.4 million in 2007 compared to $150.1 million in 2006), the Americas ($15.8 million compared to $15.2 million) and Europe and Central Asia ($44.3 million compared to $46.4 million). Funding declined notably in Africa ($81.2 compared to $107 million) and the Middle East and North Africa ($94.7 million compared to $119.6 million).


2007 International Mine Action Funding by Region (US$ million)[67]

pie_fundingbyregion_2007.gif

In 2007, 34 countries and other areas received at least $1 million in funding, compared to 31 countries and other areas in 2006.

Trust funds

In 2007, trust funds reported receiving at least $136.6 million in mine action funding, equivalent to 32% of total donor-reported contributions.

The UN Voluntary Trust Fund for Assistance in Mine Action, operated by UNMAS, received contributions of $93 million in 2007, compared to about $51 million in 2006, including core and multiyear funding.[68]

The International Trust Fund for Demining and Mine Victims Assistance (ITF), based in Slovenia, received $25.7 million in donations from 12 countries in 2007, as well as from the EC, UN Development Programme (UNDP), local authorities, government agencies, and private donors.[69] The ITF received $30.8 million in donations in 2006.[70]

A total of $16.1 million was directed by the UNDP Thematic Trust Fund for Crisis Prevention and Recovery to mine action in 25 countries.[71] The fund contributed $21.5 million in funds to 23 countries in 2006.

The UNDG Iraq Trust Fund received $1 million in mine action funding from South Korea in 2007. The fund received $2.4 million in 2006.[72]

The UN Trust Fund for Human Security (UNTFHS) contributed $947,913 to mine action in Lebanon in 2007, compared to $3.6 million in 2006.[73] The trust fund has a single donor, Japan.

The Asian Development Bank (ADB) reported some linkage between mine action and ADB-supported projects, in particular disability programs in Afghanistan and Cambodia, but did not report specific contributions to mine action in 2007.[74]

Implementing agencies, organizations and institutions

International funds were directed to mine action in 2007 through more than 100 agencies, organizations and institutions identified by donor states as responsible for allocation of funds to operating partners or for direct implementation of programs. Identification by donors of implementing agencies varied. Some reported the operators responsible at the local level for project implementation, others identified an international mine action operator, which may or may not have undertaken projects with local partners, and others identified the UN or another agency through which funds were dedicated to projects at the national level.[75]

Implementing and coordinating agencies were identified for $338.6 million of the $430.6 million in total mine action funding. Landmine Monitor identified at least 43 agencies receiving more than $1 million in international funds in 2007. These included partnerships where the specific allocation of funds between agencies was not identified: for instance, $1,832,605 was received jointly for mine action in Lao PDR by MAG and UXO Lao, each of which also received direct funding to its own programs. The $338.6 million also included contributions identified only generally by donors, where allocations through specific agencies can be assumed but were not reported.

Overall, the UN, its agencies and trust funds acted as implementers for at least $115.6 million in funds, or approximately 27% of total reported funding worldwide. Given that donor states often report mine action operators as funding recipients where support is directed through UN agencies or UN funds, the actual role of the UN in receiving, managing and implementing international mine action funds is likely to be greater than reported.

Research and development

Landmine Monitor identified $19,980,298 (€14,572,459) in international funding by five donor states for research and development (R&D) in 2007, a decrease of approximately 21% compared to 2006.

The US Department of Defense spent $14.4 million on humanitarian demining R&D projects in fiscal year 2007, compared to $13.81 million in fiscal year 2006.

Japan contributed $4,155,713 (¥488,907,424) including contributions to the Japan Mine Action Service for research on explosive ordnance disposal (EOD) and mine clearance, and to the government of Cambodia for development of mine clearance equipment.[76]

Norway contributed $649,040 (NOK3.8 million), consisting of contributions to the Nordic Demining Research Forum and to the GICHD for R&D and operational support.

Canada contributed $339,536 (C$364,465) to the GICHD for unspecified R&D.[77]

Belgium contributed $436,010 (€318,000), consisting of contributions to the Belgium Royal Military Academy for EOD research, as well as contributions for unspecified R&D.[78]

Switzerland continued to provide general support to GICHD programs, including research and development, but R&D amounts are not consistently differentiated.

Mine Action Funding Requirements

There is not enough data on mine action funding requirements among mine/ERW-affected states to measure the funds required for Mine Ban Treaty implementation on a global scale, or to project future costs of maintaining mine action programs in line with treaty obligations. Reporting by mine/ERW-affected states on mine action budgets and funding requirements remains incomplete and inconsistent.

Funding requirements for the Article 5 deadline extensions

As of August 2008, 15 countries had submitted requests to extend Article 5 deadlines: BiH, Chad, Croatia, Denmark, Ecuador, Jordan, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Peru, Senegal, Thailand, the UK, Venezuela, Yemen, and Zimbabwe. Thirteen of the extension requests included cost estimates for meeting mine clearance obligations within the requested extension terms. (The exceptions are Denmark, which has not yet developed a cost estimate for the final stage of its clearance initiative, but which cites $21.7 million in funding allocated to clearance so far, and the UK, which has not yet established cost estimates for demining the Falkland Islands/Malvinas.)

Four states—Denmark, Jordan, the UK, and Venezuela—have reported the capacity to fund their own clearance initiatives or to raise all required funds. The total projected cost for the remaining extension requests is approximately $2.3 billion. Of this total, Croatia’s cost estimate accounts for approximately $937 million and BiH’s estimate accounts for $550 million, each for the full ten-year extension term. Thailand’s estimate accounts for $575 million for 9.5 years. Given that the requested extension periods and projected spending vary among states, the annual funding required for implementation of the extensions ranges from a low of $163.8 million in 2018 to a high of $256 million in 2014.

Some states requesting extensions have reported national funding targets to support meeting their proposed extension deadlines. However, using reported 2007 national and international funding as a benchmark, there appears to be a large shortfall between current funding and required future funding. The 11 states in need of international support all reported national funding for mine action in 2007, totaling approximately $72.8 million, while reported international funding to these states totaled $42.1 million. (This takes into account all 2007 funding, including RE and VA, which are often difficult to differentiate from other mine action sectors, but which overall remain a small portion of mine action funding.)

The total combined national and international funding allocation of $114.9 million represents a shortfall of roughly $49 million against the least annual amount required during the extension period and of $141 million against the greatest annual amount required. Given that implementing the 11 Article 5 extension requests will cost between $163.8 million and $256 million per year—or between 30% and 47% of the combined national and international funding for mine action in 2007—the Article 5 extension process will evidently impose a considerable strain on overall mine action funding.

It is clear that significant support for mine action from both donor states and, increasingly, from affected states will continue to be needed for many years if the Mine Ban Treaty is to be fully implemented—especially for demining as well as for assistance to survivors, their families, and affected communities. Landmine Monitor hopes that future support for the obligations resulting from the Convention on Cluster Munitions will be in addition to, not instead of, support for the work that remains to be achieved under the Mine Ban Treaty.


[1] US$ value of international contributions is based on the following average exchange rates for 2007: A$1=US$0.8391, C$1=US$0.9316, RMB1=US$ 0.1315, 1DKK=US$0.1838, €1=US$1.3711, ¥1=US$0.0085, NZ$1=US$0.7365, NOK1=US$0.1708, SEK1=US$0.148, SKK1=$US0.04070, £1=US$2.002, CHF1=US$0.8334, and LTL1=US$0.3981. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 2 January 2008; and Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com. All annual averages in this overview use the relevant US Federal Reserve annual exchange rate, unless otherwise stated.

[2] Because of the strength of the Swedish Kronor against the US dollar in 2007, Sweden contributed more in US dollar terms in 2007 than in any previous year, in spite of funds being less than previous years in SEK terms.

[3] 2006 national funding revised from $84.3 million reported in Landmine Monitor Report 2007.

[4] In its Article 5 deadline extension request, Jordan reported providing $3.5 million in funds in both 2006 and 2007. However, Jordan reported to Landmine Monitor providing $4.3 million in 2006.

[5] Includes monetary and in-kind contributions. Colombia’s national funding is reported from June 2007 to June 2008. Figures are rounded to the nearest $100,000. Average exchange rates for 2007 vary; see list of exchange rates in this edition of Landmine Monitor for further details.

[6] The 1992–2007 total and 1998 annual figure include contributions by some states for which the exact amounts are not known, and contributions by some states for which amounts for specific years are not known, including $50 million from the UAE to Lebanon during 2002–2004.

[7] The total of EC and EU member states’ funding in 2007 has been calculated by adding Landmine Monitor’s estimate of EC funding in 2007 (€68,417,090) to EU member states’ mine action funding provided bilaterally or otherwise than through the EC. EU member states as of August 2008 are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, and the UK.

[8] World Bank, “Total GNI 2007, Atlas method,” World Development Indicators Database, 1 July 2008, www.worldbank.org. For EU member states, the calculation of mine action funding as a percentage of GNI is based solely on their reported contributions bilaterally or otherwise than through the EC; individual EU member states’ contributions to mine action through the EC has not been reported.

[9] Figures add to $430.67 million as they are rounded to the nearest $100,000.

[10] Total US funding and recipients based on official US data; some variation in actual expenditure occurred. For further details, see reports on individual countries and other areas in this edition of Landmine Monitor. Figures do not include VA funding; funding for war victims programs totaled an additional $10 million in fiscal year 2007, compared to $14.75 million in fiscal year 2006.

[11] For details, see report on the US in this edition of Landmine Monitor.

[12] 2007 figures provided by email from Yngvild Berggrav, Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 16 May 2008. Funding figure for 1998 is converted from US$ to NOK using the average exchange rate for 1998: NOK1=US$0.1324. Original NOK figures are not available.

[13] Email from Yngvild Berggrav, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 August 2008.

[14] Statement of Norway, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 3 June 2008.

[15] 2007 figures provided by email from Carly Volkes, Program Officer, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 20 May 2008. Funding figure for 1998 is converted from US$ to C$ using the average exchange rate for 1998: C$1=US$0.674. Prior to 2005 R&D figures are converted from US$ to C$ using the average exchange rate for 2004: C$1=US$0.7682. Original C$ figures are not available.

[16] Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, “Canada’s Support for Mine Action,” www.international.gc.ca.

[17] Statement of Canada, Standing Committee on Mine Clearance, Mine Risk Education and Mine Action Technologies, Geneva, 26 April 2007.

[18] Statement of Canada, Standing Committee on the General Status and Operation of the Convention, Geneva, 2 June 2008.

[19] Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, “Canada’s Support for Mine Action,” www.international.gc.ca.

[20] Email from Carly Volkes, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 28 August 2008.

[21] 2007 figures by email from Laura Liguori, Desk Officer, Directorate-General for External Relations, 19 March 2008. US$ currency calculated for total R&D funding according to 2007 average € to US$ exchange rate.

[22] As noted in previous years, neither the EC nor EU member states were able to provide a breakdown of how much of EC funding should be ascribed to individual member states in 2007. Therefore, it is not possible for Landmine Monitor to provide a complete picture of EU members’ mine action funding.

[23] Funds decreased from Austria, Slovakia, Luxembourg, France, Italy, Finland, Denmark, the Netherlands, Czech Republic, Slovenia, and Germany. Funding increased on the part of the UK, Sweden, Ireland, and Belgium.

[24] Interview with Laura Liguori, Directorate-General for External Relations, Brussels, 17 March 2008.

[25] European Parliament, “Resolution on the 10th anniversary of the 1997 Ottawa Convention,” Session document, p. 4–6, 12 December 2007.

[26] Email from Mari Cruz Cristóbal, Directorate-General for External Relations, 28 August 2008.

[27] 2007 figures provided by email from Yasuhiro Kitagawa, Japan Campaign to Ban Landmines (JCBL), 22 May 2008, with translated information received by JCBL from the Humanitarian Assistance Division, Multilateral Cooperation Department, and Conventional Arms Division, Non-proliferation and Science Department. Total funding prior to 1998 is converted from US$ to ¥ using the average exchange rate for 1998: ¥1=US$0.0076. Original ¥ figures are not available.

[28] 2007–2008 figures by email from Tayo Nwaubani, Program Officer, Conflict, Humanitarian and Security Department, DfID, 29 April 2008. Figures do not include VA funding. Prior to 2005 figures include funding for fiscal year 2004–2005. Total funding for 1993–1997 is converted from US$ to £ using the average exchange rate for 1997: £1=US$1.6376. Original £ figures are not available.

[29] 2007 figures provided by email from Niek de Regt, Humanitarian Aid Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 8 May 2008. Figures for 1996–2000 and 2002–2003 are converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 2003: €1=US$1.1321. Original € figures are not available.

[30] 2007 figures provided by email from Johannes Dirscherl, Desk Officer, Federal Foreign Office, 1 February 2008. Figures for 1999–2000 are converted from DM to € using the average exchange rate for 2000: DM1=€0.5113. Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com. Total funding for 1993–1998 is converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 1998: €1=US$1.1224. Prior to 2005 R&D figures are converted using the average exchange rate for 2004: €1=US$1.2438. Original € figures are not available.

[31] Email from Katrin Ködel, Desk Officer, Federal Foreign Office, 28 August 2008.

[32] 2007 figures provided by email from Sven Malmberg, Minister, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 12 March 2008. All figures are for funds disbursed, with the exception of 1990–1996 (funds allocated). Figures do not include VA funding. Total funding for 1990–1997 is converted from US$ to SEK using the average exchange rate for 1997: SEK1=US$0.1308. Prior to 2005 R&D funding is converted using the average exchange rate for 2005: SEK1=US$0.1361. Original SEK figures are not available.

[33] Email from Sven Malmberg, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 10 June 2008.

[34] 2007–2008 figures by emails from Leisa Gibson, Mine Action Coordinator, AUSAID, 29 April and 8 May 2008. Australia has funded R&D programs in the past, but the total value is not known. Prior to 2005 figures include funding for fiscal year 2004–2005.

[35] Email from Clemency Oliphant, Mine Action Coordinator, AUSAID, 15 September 2008.

[36] Ibid, 29 August 2008.

[37] Emails from Leisa Gibson, AUSAID, 29 April and 8 May 2008.

[38] Email from Clemency Oliphant, AUSAID, 15 September 2008.

[39] 2007 figures provided by email from Hanne B. Elmelund Gam, Head of Humanitarian Section, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 21 May 2008. Figures for 1992–1995 do not include bilateral contributions. Denmark has funded R&D programs in the past, but the value is not known. Total funding for 1992–1997 is converted from US$ to DKK using the average exchange rate for 1997: DKK1=US$0.1513. Original DKK figures are not available.

[40] Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark, DANIDA, “Denmark’s Support to Mine Action,” October 2006, p. 8.

[41] Email from Mads Hove, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 August 2008.

[42] 2007 figures by email from Rémy Friedmann, Political Division IV, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 29 April 2008. Total funding for 1999–2003 is converted from US$ to CHF using the average exchange rate for 2003: CHF1=US$0.7435. Original CHF figures are not available.

[43] Email from Rémy Friedmann, Political Division IV, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 August 2008.

[44] 2007 figures from Spain Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2008. Prior to 2005 figures are converted using the average exchange rate for 2004: €1=US$1.2438. Original € figures are not available.

[45] Email from Luis Gómez Nogueira, Head of Disarmament Unit, Sub-department for International Disarmament, Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Co-operation, 27 August 2008.

[46] 2007 figures provided by email from Michel Peetermans, Head of Non-Proliferation and Disarmament, Federal Public Service for Foreign Affairs, 17 March 2008. Total funding for 1999–2000 is converted from BEF to € using the average exchange rate for 2000: BEF1=€0.0248. Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.comwww.oanda.com. Total funding for 1994–1998 is converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 1998: €1=US$1.1224. Prior to 2005 R&D funding was converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 2004: €1=US$1.2438. Original € figures are not available.

[47] 2007 figures provided by email from Capt. Ing. Zsolt Pastorek, Slovak Verification Centre, Ministry of Defense, 27 May 2008. Total funding for 1996–2002 is converted from US$ to SKK using the average exchange rate for 2002: SKK1=US$0.0222. Original SKK figures are not available.

[48] 2007 figures provided by email from Michael Keaveney, Third Secretary, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Department of Foreign Affairs, 13 March 2008. Total funding for 1994–2000 is converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 2000: €1=US$0.9232.

[49] Email from Nicholas Twist, Deputy Director, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Department of Foreign Affairs, 28 August 2008.

[50] 2007 figures provided by email from Sirpa Loikkanen, Secretary, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 February 2008. Total funding for 1991–2000 is converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 2000: €1=US$0.9232. Original ITL figures are not available.

[51] 2007 figures provided by email from Manfredo Capozza, Humanitarian Demining Advisor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 February 2008. Total funding for 1995–1998 is converted from ITL to € using the average exchange rate for December 1998: ITL1=€0.0005. Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com.

[52] Email from Manfredo Capozza, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 August 2008.

[53] 2007 figures provided by email from Anne Villeneuve, Advocacy Officer, Handicap International, 6 June 2008; with information from Béatrice Ravanel, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and Henry Zipper de Fabiani, National Commission for the Elimination of the Anti-personnel Mines (Commission nationale pour l’élimination des mines antipersonnel, CNEMA). Total funding for 1995–2000 is converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 2000: €1=€0.9232. Original € figures not available.

[54] Interview with Henry Zipper de Fabiani, CNEMA, in Geneva, 6 June 2008.

[55] 2007–2008 figures from New Zealand Article 7 Report, Form J, 24 April 2008. Prior to 2005 figures include funding for fiscal year 2004–2005. New Zealand has funded R&D programs previously, but annual totals are not available.

[56] 2007 figures provided by email from Alexander Benedict, Minister, Arms Control, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 25 February 2008. Total funding for 1999–2001 is converted from ATS to € using the average exchange rate for 2001: ATS1=€0.0727. Landmine Monitor estimate based on www.oanda.com. Total funding for 1994–1998 converted from US$ to € using the average exchange rate for 1998: €1=US$1.1224.

[57] Email from Alexander Benedict, Disarmament and Non-Proliferation, Ministry for Foreign Affairs, 20 June 2008.

[58] Email from Marie-Anne Menier, Programme Officer for South Lebanon, UNMAS, 22 June 2008.

[59] UNMACC, “Funding Mechanisms and Partnerships within UN Mine Action South Lebanon,” www.maccsl.org. For details of the OES project, see Landmine Monitor Report 2006, p. 1100.

[60] Email from Marie-Anne Menier, UNMAS, 22 June 2008.

[61] Email from Zhang Zhi Zhong, Second Secretary, Department of Arms Control and Disarmament, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 23 March 2008.

[62] Email from Jiri Svoboda, UN Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 28 March 2008

[63] UNDG Iraq Trust Fund, “Breakdown of Earmarked and Unearmarked Donor Deposits as of 31 March 2008,” www.worldbank.org.

[64] Email from Tessy Seidenthal, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1 April 2008.

[65] Email from Irina Gorsic, Counsellor, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 27 February 2008.

[66] Poland voluntary Article 7 Report, Form J, 14 April 2008.

[67] By US$ value of contributions, where a recipient country is specified (not including global or regional funding), except in the case of Americas, which includes general funding to Organization of American States, and Europe/Central Asia, which includes general funding to ITF.

[68] Email from Julia Goehsing, Program Officer, UNMAS, 10 September 2008.

[69] ITF, “Annual Report 2007,” Ljubljana, pp. 11, 21–23.

[70] ITF, “Annual Report 2006,” Ljubljana, p. 8.

[71] Email from Lydia Good, Mine Action Program Specialist, Conflict Prevention and Recovery Team, Bureau for Crisis Prevention and Recovery, UNDP, 5 September 2008.

[72] Email from Dawn Del Rio, Senior Portfolio Manager, UNDG ITF, 27 August 2008.

[73] Email from Jennifer Serunjogi, Financial Management Officer, UNTFHS, 3 September 2008.

[74] Email from Robert Schoellhammer, Deputy Resident Director, ADB, 5 March 2008.

[75] In its initial submission of data to Landmine Monitor, the US reported allocation of funds without identifying the implementing agency, with the exception of funds contributed to the ITF, which were earmarked by the US Department of State. In some cases the US Department of State later identified implementing agencies for specific funding items.

[76] Email from Yasuhiro Kitagawa, JCBLs, 22 May 2008, with translated information received by JCBL from the Humanitarian Assistance Division, Multilateral Cooperation Department, and Conventional Arms Division, Non-proliferation and Science Department. Japan’s bilateral contribution to Cambodia for mine-clearance equipment R&D was included in Cambodia’s 2007 recipient funding total.

[77] Email from Carly Volkes, Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, 20 May 2008.

[78] Email from Michel Peetermans, Federal Public Service for Foreign Affairs, 17 March 2008.