Sudan
Support for Mine Action
Support for Mine Action
In 2011, five donors and the Common Humanitarian Fund contributed US$6 million for clearance operations in Sudan.[1]
Since 2007, the UN General Assembly has authorized the appropriation of annual mine action budgets for the UN Mission in Sudan (UNMIS) operating in Sudan and the African Union/UN Hybrid operation in Darfur (UNAMID). From 2007 until July 2011, the assessed budgets for UNMIS and UNAMID mine action were more than $190 million, including some 80% of the Sudan Mine Action Program over the five-year period. In 2011, the UN General Assembly authorized $25.1 million for UNMIS and $10.3 million for UNAMID, representing 82% of the total mine action budget in Sudan.[2]
Some of the funds from the assessed peacekeeping budgets were used to contract commercial companies for landmine clearance and battle area clearance. With the end of the UNMIS mission in July 2011, funds were no longer available to contract commercial companies in the northern states in Sudan, excluding Darfur. The contracting of commercial companies has continued in South Sudan under the UN Mission in South Sudan (UNMISS).[3]
UNAMID is the sole source of funding for mine action in Darfur. In 2011, UNAMID received $10.3 million through assessed peacekeeping funds for mine action.[4] Since 2007, it has received $54 million for mine action.
In June 2011, the UN Security Council approved a third UN peacekeeping mission in Sudan, the United Nations Interim Security Force for Abyei (UNISFA), for which the UN General Assembly assessed $6.3 million for mine action. However, a mine action team was not established until December and by the end of 2011 was able to conduct only one road clearance operation resulting in only $263,000 of expenditures in 2011.[5]
In 2011, the government of Sudan contributed $1.2 million to mine action, the same amount as in 2010.[6]
Until July 2011 when South Sudan became an independent country, all international assistance had been reported for Sudan, though most of the assistance was used in the states now comprising South Sudan. As a result comparing funding levels in Sudan to previous years is challenging. Still, as can be seen in the table below that summarizes contributions in 2007–2011, Sudan, including the states comprising South Sudan and Darfur, received $373 million in international assistance through donors and assessed peacekeeping funds for mine action. Additionally, the government of Sudan in Khartoum has reported contributing almost $20 million to mine action during the same period.
International contributions in 2011[7]
Donor |
Sector |
Amount (national currency) |
Amount ($) |
Japan |
Clearance |
¥134,356,268 |
1,685,775 |
Common Humanitarian Fund |
Clearance |
US$1,682,682 |
1,682,682 |
US |
Clearance |
$1,100,000 |
1,100,000 |
Italy |
Clearance |
€400,000 |
557,240 |
Netherlands |
Clearance |
€400,000 |
557,240 |
Denmark |
Clearance |
DKK2,500,000 |
466,984 |
Total |
|
|
6,049,921 |
Summary of contributions (assessed peacekeeping funds for mine action) in 2007–2011 (US$)[8]
Year |
UNMIS assessed mine action budget |
UNAMID assessed mine action budget |
2011 |
25,134,669 |
10,286,950 |
2010 |
44,865,600 |
9,855,600 |
2009 |
43,015,032 |
10,806,650 |
2008 |
40,328,600 |
11,761,000 |
2007 |
39,122,908 |
11,263,328 |
Totals |
192,466,809 |
53,973,528 |
Summary of contributions (includes South Sudan) in 2007–2011 (US$)[9]
Year |
National Contributions |
International contributions |
Total contributions |
2011 |
1,200,000 |
6,049,921 |
7,249,921 |
2010 |
1,200,000 |
27,021,318 |
28,221,318 |
2009 |
5,000,000 |
25,250,222 |
30,250,222 |
2008 |
4,927,019 |
39,077,807 |
44,004,826 |
2007 |
6,792,139 |
29,201,406 |
35,993,545 |
Totals |
19,119,158 |
126,600,674 |
145,719,832 |
[1] Responses to Monitor questionnaire by Katrine Joensen, Head of Section, Security Policy Department, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Denmark, 1 May 2012; by Alessandro Pirrone, Emergency Response Desk Officer, Demining Advisor, MoFA – Emergency Office, Italy, 21 March 2012; and by Douwe Buzeman, Policy Officer Security and Development, Peace Building and Stabilisation Unit, Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Netherlands, 16 April 2012; Japan Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report, Form J, 12 May 2012; US Department of State, “To Walk the Earth in Safety 2011,” Washington, DC, July 2012; and UNMAS, “UNMAS Annual Report 2011,” September 2012, New York, p. 24.
[2] UNMAS, “Annual Report 2010,” New York, September 2011, p. 98.
[3] Interview with Lance Malin, Program Manager, UNMACC, in Geneva, 22 March 2012.
[4] UNMAS, “UNMAS Annual Report 2011,” New York, September 2012.
[5] Ibid, p. 36.
[6] Article 7 Report, Form A, April 2012.
[7] Average exchange rates for 2011: DKK5.3535 = US$1; €1= US$1.3931; ¥79.7 = US$1. US Federal Reserve, “List of Exchange Rates (Annual),” 3 January 2012.
[8] UNMAS Annual Reports 2007-2011. www.mineaction.org.
[9] See ICBL-CMC, “Country Profile: Sudan: Support for Mine Action,” 15 September 2011.
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