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Iraq

Last Updated: 28 August 2013

Casualties and Victim Assistance

Summary action points based on 2012 findings

·         Develop a sustainable mechanism to collect information on ongoing mine/explosive remnants of war (ERW) casualties in southern and central regions of the Republic of Iraq. It is certain that there were many more casualties in Iraq in 2012 than those that were identified.

·         Increase participation of survivors and their representative organizations in the planning and coordination of victim assistance and disability issues throughout all of Iraq.

·         Increase awareness about disability and survivors’ rights and needs among medical practitioners, rehabilitation staff and services providers throughout Iraq to improve referral services and quality of care.

Victim assistance commitments

Iraq is responsible for significant numbers of landmine survivors, cluster munition victims and survivors of other ERW who are in need. Iraq has made commitments to provide victim assistance through the Mine Ban Treaty and has victim assistance obligations under the Convention on Cluster Munitions.

Casualties

Casualties Overview

All known casualties by end 2012

Many thousands; 29,184 confirmed

Casualties in 2012

84 (2011: 141)

2012 casualties by outcome

42 killed; 38 injured; 4 unknown (2011: 63 killed; 78 injured)

2012 casualties by device type

25 antipersonnel mine; 4 victim-activated improvised explosive devices (IEDs); 14 unknown mines; 20 other ERW; 21 unknown explosive item

Details and trends

In 2012, the Monitor identified 84 mine/ERW casualties in Iraq.[1] Of these, 52 occurred in the Iraqi Kurdistan region in northern Iraq (Kurdistan) with the remaining 32 in central and southern Iraq. The Directorate of Mine Action (DMA) established a casualty data collection mechanism for the first time in 2011 but more than half (56%) of casualties identified in central and southern Iraq for 2012 were identified through media reports; no casualties from the DMA were included in Iraq’s annual Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report for 2012.[2] In 2012, information on just 14 casualties was collected through this system.[3]  

Civilians made up the majority of reported casualties (50) with just four casualties confirmed among security forces.[4] Children made up at least 48% of civilian casualties for which the age was known (21 of 44), similar to 50% of the casualties identified in 2011.[5] Of the total child casualties, most (17) were known to be boys; at least one was a girl.[6] Nearly two thirds of child casualties (13) were caused by ERW. As in previous years, men made up the single largest casualty group, representing 48% of civilian casualties for which the age was known. No casualties were identified as women in 2012. There were seven casualties among deminers,[7] a decrease from the 20 casualties in 2011 and similar to the five casualties identified in 2010. All seven casualties among deminers occurred in Kurdistan; six were caused by accidents with antipersonnel mines and one by an accident with ERW.[8]

It is certain that there were many more casualties in Iraq that were not identified. This is due to a combination of factors, including the limited capacity of the DMA’s casualty data collection mechanism; according to the DMA, “there is no accurate data for mine and ERW casualties in Iraq.”[9] Media coverage of casualties is far from comprehensive, and the available casualty data for central and southern Iraq does not include military casualties.[10]

The 84 casualties identified in 2012 represented a significant decrease in the number of reported annual casualties as compared with the 141 casualties identified in 2011, but was similar to the 82 casualties reported by the Monitor for 2010.[11] The greatest decline was in the number of casualties identified in central and southern Iraq through media sources (from 81 in 2010 to 18 in 2011). The spike in 2011 was attributed to an improved security situation which temporarily enabled increased media access to larger areas of the country, rather than an actual change in the number of casualties occurring.[12] Both Iraq Body Count (IBC) and the UN Assistance Mission in Iraq (UNAMI) found the number of conflict-related casualties in 2012 to be similar to numbers in 2011.[13] The number of mine/ERW casualties recorded in Kurdistan declined slightly, from 56 in 2011 to 52 in 2012.

The total number of casualties in Iraq remained unknown, though it was known that there were many thousands. By the end of 2012, 29,184 casualties were confirmed, including 14,546 casualties registered in Kurdistan (6,014 killed, 8,532 injured).[14] In central and southern Iraq, 14,638 casualties (2,167 killed, 12,471 injured) were identified in the first three provinces that were completed through the Iraqi mine and ERW victim needs assessment launched in 2011.[15] Most of the casualties (92%) registered through the survey were men.

By the end of 2012, 3,011 casualties from cluster munitions were recorded in Iraq. At least 1,165 people were killed from cluster munition remnants and submunitions and 1,437 people were injured. Of these casualties, 388 occurred during strikes (128 killed; 260 injured).[16] However, due to the level of contamination, it has been estimated that there have been between 5,500 and 8,000 casualties from cluster munitions since 1991, including casualties that occurred during cluster munition strikes, and that one quarter of these casualties were children.[17]

Victim Assistance

The total number of mine/ERW survivors in Iraq is estimated to be 48,000–68,000.[18] There were 21,003 survivors identified as of March 2013; 12,471 in central and southern Iraq and 8,532 in Kurdistan.[19]

Victim assistance since 1999

Decades of armed conflict devastated the formerly well-functioning medical system in Iraq. The 10 major hospitals and 15 primary health care centers renovated and supplied by the ICRC between 1999 and the start of the Iraq war in March 2003 were damaged again during the related period of civil unrest. Continued armed violence prevented the rebuilding of critical victim assistance services and contributed to the emigration of some 75% of qualified medical personnel; by 2008, healthcare had deteriorated to being in “worse shape than ever.”[20] The situation worsened as the growing number of mine/ERW survivors and other war-wounded increased the use of the deteriorating services available.

Starting in 2009, a slowly improving security situation allowed for some renovations to medical facilities and the building of one new physical rehabilitation center. Survivors were more able to access available services, and some survivors in central and southern Iraq that had the means to cover transportation costs could access free victim assistance services in Kurdistan. However, through to the end of 2012, the volatile security situation in many areas continued to prevent many survivors from having access to needed services.

In 2006, the national Directorate for Mine Action (DMA) appointed a Victim Assistance Director to address the absence of national victim assistance coordination, but harmonization with relevant ministries remained essentially nonexistent until 2010 when the first national victim assistance meeting was held. Iraq had no victim assistance plan throughout the period. In 2011, the second annual national victim assistance meeting resulted in a set of recommendations for improving victim assistance, but no further steps were taken to develop the recommendations into a plan or to monitor their implementation through the end of 2012.

The situation for survivors in Kurdistan was significantly better than in the rest of Iraq throughout the period. Numerous NGOs operated in the region providing medical services, physical rehabilitation, and social and economic inclusion programs including several funded through the UN Oil-for-Food program up to 2010. Victim assistance services were coordinated by the two mine action authorities previously operating in the Kurdistan region, together with the regional Ministry of Health: the Iraqi Kurdistan Mine Action Authority (IKMAA) and the General Directorate for Mine Action (GDMA), which had merged into the IKMAA by 2012. Nevertheless, available services were not fully able to address the needs of the large number of survivors in the Kurdistan region, a situation worsened by the arrival of survivors from the south starting in 2009.

Victim assistance in 2012

In 2012, efforts to improve the collection of victim assistance data continued from the previous year. The mine/ERW victim needs assessment was ongoing, the DMA maintained its casualty data collection system for central and southern Iraq, and a pilot injury survey by the Ministry of Health was expanded. However, steps taken in 2011 to develop a national victim assistance plan stopped making progress in 2012.

In 2012, high levels of violence prevented any significant improvements in access to or availability of services in southern and central Iraq. Persistent efforts by international organizations, international and national NGOs and government ministries (especially the Ministry of Health) sustained the limited advances achieved in previous years in regards to medical care and physical rehabilitation. The ratification of the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (CRPD) led to advances in laws, policies, and coordination concerning the rights of persons with disabilities in both central and southern Iraq and in Kurdistan.

Assessing victim assistance needs

As of March 2013, the DMA had completed the ongoing mine victim needs assessment survey in three provinces: Maysan, Wasit and Dhi Qar, identifying 14,638 victims.[21] The survey, launched in 2011, planned to cover the 15 provinces of central and southern Iraq by February 2015 and was being carried out in cooperation with local governments, relevant ministries (including the ministries of health, labor and social affairs, and education), and NGOs such as the Iraqi Red Crescent Society.[22] The needs assessment was designed to identify victims (both survivors and family members of persons killed by mines and ERW), determine their needs, and connect victims to available assistance, including medical and rehabilitation services and disability pensions.[23] Complete results of the survey were to be distributed to relevant government ministries and NGOs and also to be shared internationally.[24]

In 2012, the Ministry of Health continued to operate the national injury surveillance system, which recorded injuries caused by mine/ERW among other causes. The system registered survivors who sought emergency or ongoing medical care through a health clinic.[25] No figures were available for 2012.

In 2012, the Ministry of Health continued the national disability registry, launched in 2011, which collected data from rehabilitation centers and all relevant ministries and was to be used to develop a plan for improving services for persons with disabilities.[26]

No specific needs assessment for mine/ERW survivors was undertaken in Kurdistan during 2012, although service providers, especially rehabilitation centers, collected data on an ongoing basis when survivors accessed services.[27] IKMAA made casualty data available upon request from relevant government ministries and service providers.[28]

Victim assistance coordination[29]

Government coordinating body/focal point

DMA at the national level, with limited capacity; IKMAA and the GDMA in Iraqi Kurdistan (until they merged, as IKMAA, in May 2012); all supported by UNDP

Coordinating mechanism

None at the national level; regular coordination in Iraqi Kurdistan among victim assistance providers; facilitated by UNDP

Plan

No national plan; victim assistance was included in the Iraq Mine Action Strategy 2010–2012

In 2012, no national victim assistance meetings were held and no progress was made towards the development of a victim assistance plan for Iraq as a whole and not for Kurdistan or central and southern Iraq.[30] In May 2012, the merger of GDMA and IKMAA, underway since 2009, was completed to form a single mine action authority for the region of Iraqi Kurdistan. The merged mine action authority retained the name Iraqi Kurdistan Mine Action Agency (IKMAA).[31]

In central and southern Iraq, DMA coordinated with the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs (MoLSA) and NGOs, including survivors and their representative organizations, on an ad hoc basis and especiallyregarding the mine victim survey.[32] DMA also organized a training workshop on community based rehabilitation for all relevant victim assistance stakeholders.[33] IKMAA maintained regular coordination and communications with relevant victim assistance service providers in Kurdistan.[34]

Into 2012, there remained a lack of clarity on the roles and responsibilities of different ministries to address the needs of mine/ERW survivors. The DMA developed a proposed coordination mechanism to clarify roles of all relevant actors, including ministries, service providers and NGOs. The proposed mechanism was “in the final stages of approval” in May 2012.[35]

In February 2012, the Iraqi parliament introduced a law to establish a national disability commission to include all relevant stakeholders such as victim assistance coordinators from the mine action authorities.[36] As of June 2013, the law had not been approved.[37] Within the Ministry of the Environment, an interministerial committee on human rights was formed in 2012 to promote the rights of mine victims, as well as the rights of persons with disabilities, within the framework of the CRPD. A representative of the DMA, responsible for victim assistance, was nominated as a member.[38] In Kurdistan, the interMinisterial Council of Monitoring and Developing People of Special Needs was established in July of 2012, with responsibility for the implementation of the CRPD in the region. [39]

Physical rehabilitation in central and southern Iraq was coordinated by the Higher Committee for Physical Rehabilitation and Prosthetics & Orthotics (HCPRPO), a committee of the Ministry of Health, working closely with the ICRC. A similar committee was formed in Kurdistan in 2012, with the support of the ICRC. In 2012, Iraq convened a national meeting on physical rehabilitation policies and strategies that included NGOs and the ICRC.[40]

Iraq provided updates on progress and challenges for victim assistance at the Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty in Geneva in December 2012.[41] It did not provide updates at the Cluster Munition Convention or Mine Ban Treaty intersessional meetings in Geneva in April and May 2013.[42] Iraq also provided casualty data and information about victim assistance services provided in Kurdistan, through form J of its Article 7 report.[43]

Inclusion and participation in victim assistance

Mine survivors and other persons with disabilities participated in the ongoing implementation of the mine/ERW victim survey.[44] No survivors participated in planning the victim assistance activities of the DMA.[45] Survivors and their representative organizations participated in a national conference regarding the national development plan post-2015. The need to develop services for persons with disabilities, including survivors, was discussed in the conference.[46]

For Kurdistan, the UN Human Rights Office recommended the establishment of an Inter-Ministerial Council for Monitoring and Developing People with Special Needs that would include representatives of disabled persons’ organizations (DPOs).[47] DPOs and survivors in Kurdistan implemented physical rehabilitation programs, peer support and vocational training.[48] No information was available regarding the involvement of mine/ERW survivors in the implementation of victim assistance in central and southern Iraq.

Service accessibility and effectiveness

Victim assistance activities[49]

Name of organization

Type of organization

Type of activity

Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2012

Ministry of Health

Government

Emergency and continuing medical care; management of 15 physical rehabilitation centers; one other rehabilitation center under construction; training of rehabilitation technicians

Two new rehabilitation centers opened; construction of one new rehabilitation center in mine-affected province; provided medical consultations to survivors newly identified in victim survey

Ministry of Defense

Government

Management of one physical rehabilitation center in Baghdad

Ongoing

Ministry of Labor and Social Affairs MoLSA

Government

Job training and placement for persons with disabilities

Ongoing

Ministry of Health, Kurdistan Regional Government

Government

Emergency and continuing medical care; management of five physical rehabilitation centers

Ongoing

Center for Rehabilitation and Prosthetic Limbs in Dohuk

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation, psychosocial support, and economic inclusion

Ongoing

Diana Orthopedic Rehabilitation and Vocational Training Center

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation, psychosocial support, and economic inclusion

Ongoing

Kurdistan Organization for Rehabilitation of the Disabled (KORD)

National NGO

Physical rehabilitation through two rehabilitation centers, psychosocial support, economic inclusion, and advocacy

Ongoing

Iraqi Association of the Disabled

National disability association

Advocacy and material support for persons with disabilities

Ongoing

Iraqi Red Crescent Society (IRCS)

National society

Emergency medical care; physical rehabilitation through management of center in Mosul; psychological support and economic inclusion program

Ongoing

Emergency

International NGO

Physical rehabilitation and socio-economic reintegration, including vocational training; renovations to homes for accessibility in Sulaymaniyah

Ongoing

Handicap International (HI)

International NGO

Support access to rehabilitation for persons with disabilities in Kurdistan region

Training on patient-centered approach at three rehabilitation centers

ICRC

International organization

Emergency medical services; support and renovation of health centers; support through training and materials at 13 rehabilitation centers; management of rehabilitation center in Erbil; transport support to most vulnerable patients; income-generating projects in Erbil and Baghdad, focus on female breadwinners

Nearly doubled the number of mine/ERW getting prosthetics in ICRC-supported centers; expanded income-generating program to include Baghdad

UNDP

International organization

Operational capacity building for KORD, PLCD and DPLC and support for rehabilitation, vocational training and house modifications through the three centers institutional capacity building and technical advisory for Government counterparts and NGOs; advocacy

Ongoing, increase in number of beneficiaries receiving support for income generating projects through NGO partners

World Health Organization (WHO)

International organization

Strengthen emergency medical response, including psychological, physical and social rehabilitation in Erbil, Sulaymaniyah and Dohuk

Ongoing support

Emergency and continuing medical care

Despite some increased capacity by the Ministry of Health[50] and support from international NGOs to rebuild Iraq’s healthcare infrastructure,  many Iraqis still lacked access to essential healthcare through the end of 2012. The care that was available was of poor quality. Efforts to improve emergency and ongoing health care were hindered by the poor security situation and infrastructural challenges such as intermittent water and electricity supply.[51] The WHO continued to provide training in emergency medical response to medical professionals in Kurdistan.[52] The ICRC organized first aid workshops and trained doctors and medical students in war surgery and emergency room management.[53]

Physical rehabilitation, including prosthetics

Access to physical rehabilitation services remained difficult for people living in remote locations for several reasons, including the cost, time and distance of transportation and a lack of information regarding services available. In addition, due to the lack of qualified rehabilitation professionals, patients at all centers outside Baghdad faced waiting lists of one to three months.[54] Within Kurdistan, access to appropriate rehabilitation services was significantly better than in the rest of Iraq[55] but still hindered by a lack of information about available services and limited knowledge about disability by medical professionals. Poor referral and coordination mechanisms also limited access.[56] The ICRC continued working to increase access to rehabilitation by supporting the costs of transport and by providing raw materials to centers. The ICRC lobbied to increase the number of students receiving technical training in rehabilitation so that there would be an increase in the supply of trained professionals; it also established links with NGOs to help identify persons with disabilities in need of attention.[57] The ICRC reported that the Ministry of Health progressively assumed more financial and management responsibilities in ICRC-supported rehabilitation centers.[58]

Rehabilitation services and income-generating projects in Kurdistan continued to receive support from UNDP and the WHO.[59] As part of its four-year project (2010–2014) to improve access to rehabilitation services, HI provided training to rehabilitation providers at three centers in Kurdistan to improve the quality of care and promote a patient-centered approach. Disability Information Points, managed by local DPOs in each of the three governorates of the region, continued to provide information about available services with the support of HI.[60]

Economic and social inclusion and psychological support

Economic inclusion activities continued to be carried out on a limited basis in Iraqi Kurdistan by NGOs[61] and by the ICRC through the rehabilitation center in Erbil.[62] The ICRC expanded these activities to Baghdad in 2012.[63] Also, as part of its program to support income-generating activities, thousands of female heads-of-households whose spouses were victims of conflict (including victims of landmines and ERW) received assistance to register for benefits and grants to start small businesses through the ICRC.[64]

In southern and central Iraq, MoLSA began a new program in 2012 to find job placements for persons with disabilities; the Iraqi Red Crescent Society continued to provide seed support to mine survivors to start small businesses and to provide psychological support through door-to-door outreach.[65] As with medical care and physical rehabilitation services, Iraq lacked sufficiently trained professionals to provide appropriate psychological support to mine survivors during and after their medical treatment.[66]

In November, DPOs organized a hunger strike in front of the offices of the Kurdistan government in Erbil and Sulaymaniyah to protest inadequate government benefits for persons with disabilities. The main demand was to increase the amount of the monthly pension received by persons with disabilities and expand coverage to persons with disabilities who were not receiving any pension.[67]

Laws and policies

Central and southern Iraq had no legislation prohibiting discrimination against persons with disabilities.[68] In 2012, the Council of Ministers issued a decree that all public buildings should be made accessible for persons with disabilities but implementation was slow; at the end of the year, access remained very limited.[69] In January 2012, in Kurdistan, a law was approved to ensure the inclusion and full participation of persons with disabilities in public life.[70]

Iraq acceded to the CRPD on 20 March 2013.



[1] Of these, 14 were recorded by the Directorate for Mine Action (DMA), and 46 by Iraqi Kurdistan Mine Action Agency (IKMAA). The other 24 casualties were identified through media monitoring, including by the NGO Iraq Body Count (IBC). Responses to Monitor questionnaires from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, Mine Risk Education/Mine Victim Assistance Director, IKMAA, 3 April 2013; and from Maythem Obead, Head of Community Liaison Department, DMA, 31 March 2013; IBC, Incidents and Individuals Databases, www.iraqbodycount.org; and Monitor media scanning for calendar year 2012.

[2] Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 report (for calendar year 2012), Form J.

[3] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[4] “Civilian” excludes deminers and military personnel. The civil status of 23 casualties was unknown.

[5] There were six civilian casualties for which the age was unknown.

[6] The sex of three child casualties was unknown.

[7] Here, “deminer” refers to individuals involved in clearance operations as well as explosive ordnance disposal.

[8] All demining casualties while conducting clearance.

[9] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[10] Interview with Maythem Obead, DMA, in Geneva, 21 May 2012.

[11] 2011 casualty data provided in emails from Soran Majeed, Mine Victim Assistance Officer, General Directorate of Mine Action (GDMA) for Iraqi Kurdistan, 15 April 2012; from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 17 April 2012; IBC, Incidents and Individuals Databases, www.iraqbodycount.org; Mine Ban Treaty Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2011), Form J; and Monitor media scanning for calendar year 2011.

[12] Interview with Maythem Obead, DMA, in Geneva, 21 May 2012.

[13] UNAMI, “Civilian Casualties: Latest Figures,” undated, www.unami.unmissions.org/Default.aspx?tabid=5397&language=en-US; UNAMI, “Report on Human Rights in Iraq: January to June 2012,” Bagdad, October 2012, www.unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=vzOhTQpHHF4%3d&tabid=3174&language=en-US; and IBC, “Iraqi deaths from violence in 2012: Analysis of the year’s death toll recorded by Iraq Body Count (IBC),” 1 January 2013, www.iraqbodycount.org/analysis/numbers/2012/.

[14] Questionnaire response from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[15] Questionnaire response from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[16] 2,989 to April 2007; four in 2008; one in 2009; one in 2010; 16 in 2011; and none in 2012. Handicap International (HI), Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities, (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 104; Monitor analysis of casualty data provided by email from Mohammed Rasoul, KORD, 2 August 2010; Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2009), Form J, casualties for Erbil and Dohuk governorates only; Monitor media monitoring for calendar year 2009; and email from Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 14 June 2011.

[17] HI, Circle of Impact: The Fatal Footprint of Cluster Munitions on People and Communities (Brussels: HI, May 2007), p. 104; and UNDP, “Cluster Munitions Maim and Kill Iraqis – Every Day,” 9 November 2010, www.iq.undp.org.

[18] UN Inter-Agency Information and Analysis Unit (IAU), “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances Fact Sheet,” April 2011, www.iauiraq.org.

[19] Responses to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013; and from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[20] ICRC, “Iraq: no let up in the humanitarian crisis,” Geneva, March 2008, p. 8.

[21] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[22] Statement of Iraq, Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 6 December 2012.

[23] Statements of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012; and Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 6 December 2012.

[24] Statement of Iraq, Twelfth Meeting of States Parties to the Mine Ban Treaty, Geneva, 6 December 2012.

[25] Interview with Bakshan Asaad, Head of Rehabilitation Department, Kurdistan Ministry of Health, in Geneva, 21 May 2012; and questionnaire response from Maythem Obead, Head of Community Liaison Department, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[26] Interview with Bakshan Asaad, Head of Rehabilitation Department, Kurdistan Ministry of Health, in Geneva, 21 May 2012.

[27] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[28] Ibid.

[29] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013; and email from Ibrahim Baba Ali, Programme Specialist Mine Action, UNDP, 31 May 2012.

[30] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013; and from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[31] Email from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 31 May 2012.

[32] Statement of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 6 December 2012.

[33] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[34] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[35] Statement of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012.

[36] United States (US) Department of State, “2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq,” Washington, DC, 17 April 2013; and email from Moaffak Alkhfaji, Director, Iraqi Alliance for Disability (IADO), 29 June 2013.

[37] Email from Moaffak Alkhfaji, IADO, 29 June 2013.

[38] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[39] UNAMI, “Report on Human Rights in Iraq: January to June 2012,” Bagdad, October 2012, unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=vzOhTQpHHF4%3d&tabid=3174&language=en-US; and US Department of State, “2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq,” Washington, DC, 17 April 2013.

[40] ICRC Physical Rehabilitation Programme (PRP), “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, 2013, (to be published) draft by email from Didier Cooreman, Head of Physical Rehabilitation Project, ICRC, 19 March 2013.

[41] Statement of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Twelfth Meeting of States Parties, Geneva, 6 December 2012.

[42] Statement of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Eleventh Meeting of States Parties, Phnom Penh, 29 November 2011; statement of Iraq, Convention on Conventional Weapons (CCW) Amended Protocol II Group of Experts Meeting, Geneva, 24 April 2012; and statement of Iraq, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Reintegration, Geneva, 23 May 2012.

[43] Mine Ban Treaty, Article 7 Report (for calendar year 2012), Form J.

[44] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Maythem Obead, DMA, 31 March 2013.

[45] Email from Moaffak Alkhfaji, IADO, 29 June 2013.

[46] Ibid., 27 March 2013.

[47] UNAMI, “Report on Human Rights in Iraq: July to December 2012,” Bagdad, June 2013, p. v, www.ohchr.org/Documents/Countries/IQ/HRO_July-December2012Report.pdf.

[48] Response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[49] ICRC, “Annual Report 2012: Iraq,” Geneva, May 2013, p. 426; ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, 2013; Emergency, “What we do/Iraq,” 31 March 2013, www.emergency.it/iraq/en-index.html, accessed 26 June 2013; UN, “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances Fact Sheet in Iraq,” April 2013; response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013; and HI, “Handicap International is looking for: Prosthetics-Orthotics trainer,” August 2012.

[50] ICRC, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, pp. 379–383.

[51] “Iraq 10 years on: War leaves lasting impact on healthcare,” Irinnews, 2 May 2013, www.irinnews.org/printreport.aspx?reportid=97964; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2012: Iraq,” Geneva, May 2013, p. 425.

[52] UN, “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances Fact Sheet in Iraq,” April 2013.

[53] ICRC, “Annual Report 2012: Iraq,” Geneva, May 2013, p. 426.

[54] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, 2013, (to be published) draft by email from Didier Cooreman, ICRC, 19 March 2013.

[55] HI, “Handicap International is looking for: Prosthetics-Orthotics trainer,” August 2012; and response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[56] HI, “Handicap International is looking for: Prosthetics-Orthotics trainer,” August 2012.

[57] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, 2013, (to be published) draft by email from Didier Cooreman, ICRC, 19 March 2013.

[58] ICRC, “Annual Report 2012: Iraq,” Geneva, May 2013, p. 426.

[59] UN, “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances Fact Sheet in Iraq,” April 2013.

[60] HI, “Handicap International is looking for: Prosthetics-Orthotics trainer,” August 2012; and response to Monitor questionnaire from Alexey Kruk, Head of Mission, HI Iraq, 9 June 2012.

[61] Emergency, “What we do/Iraq,” 31 March 2013, www.emergency.it/iraq/en-index.html, accessed 26 June 2013; UN, “Landmines and Unexploded Ordnances Fact Sheet in Iraq,” April 2013; and response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[62] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2011,” Geneva, May 2012, p. 75.

[63] ICRC PRP, “Annual Report 2012,” Geneva, 2013, (to be published) draft by email from Didier Cooreman, ICRC, 19 March 2013.

[64] ICRC, “Iraq: Population racked by heavy burden of decades of conflict,” 15 March 2013, www.icrc.org/eng/resources/documents/update/2013/03-15-iraq-2012.htm.

[65] Statement of IRCS, Mine Ban Treaty Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 May 2012; and statement of Iraq, CCW Amended Protocol II Group of Experts Meeting, Geneva, 24 April 2012.

[66] Statement of Iraq, CCW Amended Protocol II Group of Experts Meeting, Geneva, 24 April 2012.

[67] US Department of State, “2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq,” Washington, DC, 17 April 2013; and response to Monitor questionnaire from Mudhafar Aziz Hamad, IKMAA, 3 April 2013.

[68] US Department of State, “2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq,” Washington, DC, 17 April 2013.

[69] UNAMI, “Report on Human Rights in Iraq: January to June 2012,” Bagdad, October 2012, www.unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=vzOhTQpHHF4%3d&tabid=3174&language=en-US; and US Department of State, “2012 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Iraq,” Washington, DC, 17 April 2013.

[70] UNAMI, “Report on Human Rights in Iraq: January to June 2012,” Bagdad, October 2012, www.unami.unmissions.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=vzOhTQpHHF4%3d&tabid=3174&language=en-US.