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Colombia
Casualties and Victim Assistance
Casualties[1]
Casualties in 2009
|
Casualties in 2009 |
674 (2008: 798) |
|
Casualties by outcome |
117 killed; 557 injured (2008: 157 killed; 641 injured) |
|
Casualties by device type |
674 unknown device type |
In 2009, Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor identified 674 casualties from explosive devices, all of which were recorded by the Presidential Program for Mine Action (Programa Presidencial para la Acción Integral contra Minas Antipersonal, PAICMA) as having been caused by antipersonnel mines.[2] This represented a 16% decrease in annual casualties as compared with the 798 casualties recorded in 2008, a continuation of the trend of declining casualty rates since the peak of close to 1,200 casualties recorded annually in 2005 and 2006.[3] Suspected reasons given for the declining casualty rate included a reduction in overall violence in the country, an increase in emergency demining, and more effective risk education programs.[4]
Civilian casualties (232) made up 34% of the total, similar to the 35% in 2008. There were 442 military casualties.[5] Of civilian casualties, 21% (49) were children (41 boys and 8 girls), up from 17% in 2008.[6] Men made up 93%, or 170, of the 183 adult civilian casualties, and 97% (653) of all casualties were male.
Nearly one-third (52 of 183) of the adult civilian casualties were manual coca eradicators, employed by the Program for the Eradication of Illicit Cultivation (Programa para la Erradicación de Cultivos Ilícitos, PCI).[7] While this is a reduction from the 76 coca eradicator casualties registered in 2008, this was an increase as a proportion of total casualties.[8] Since 2008, coca eradicator casualties have occurred in 12 municipalities and in seven of these, they made up between 75% and 100% of all recorded civilian casualties.[9]
In 2009, casualties were recorded in 23 of Colombia’s 32 departments; however, 57% of all casualties occurred in just four departments: Antioquia (166), Caquetá (78), Nariño (73), and Meta (69).
As of 28 February 2010, PAICMA had recorded 8,305 casualties (1,827 killed and 6,478 injured) since 1990. Civilians accounted for 35% (2,940) of the total and children accounted for 27% (786 casualties) of civilian casualties. The departments of Antioquia, Meta, Caquetá, and Norte de Santander registered the highest numbers of casualties and accounted for 47% of the total.[10] Improvements in casualty data sharing and collection in 2009 were believed to have increased the number of registered casualties, resulting in a more accurate representation of the overall situation.[11] However, as of April 2010, there were still 680 suspected casualties from prior to 2005 that had not been verified by PAICMA and thus not included in total figures[12] and the ICRC had information on 22 casualties that were not in the PAICMA database because of requests of confidentiality.[13] Despite improvements, it was still likely that incidents occurring in remote locations, particularly within indigenous communities, and some incidents resulting either in very minor injuries or in death went unreported.[14]
Victim Assistance
There were at least 6,478 mine/ERW survivors in Colombia as of 28 February 2010.[15]
In 2009, no comprehensive efforts were identified to determine the needs of mine/ERW survivors. At the national level, PAICMA carried out a mapping of available victim assistance services and disseminated results to all victim assistance stakeholders.[16] In early 2010, the Office of the Vice President investigated the assistance received by coca eradicators who had been injured by landmines; a commitment was made to register all those outside existing benefits systems so that they could receive compensation, healthcare, and physical rehabilitation.[17] In the department of Antioquia, a pilot project was carried out in three municipalities to register victim assistance services provided to survivors within the national Epidemiological Monitoring System (Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica, SIVIGILA).[18] The questionnaire was developed with input from governmental and non-governmental representatives.[19] Participation by all health care professionals in SIVIGILA was obligatory. Following the successful pilot, implementation was extended to the entire department by the end of 2009.[20]
Victim assistance coordination[21]
|
Government coordinating body/ focal point |
PAICMA |
|
Coordinating mechanism |
National victim assistance committees on information management, socio-economic reintegration, and psychosocial support with governmental and non-governmental representatives; Ottawa Working Group (Grupo de Trabajo de Ottawa, GTO-14), forum for coordination among NGOs working in mine action |
|
Plan |
None: victim assistance is included in the National Mine Action Plan 2009–2019 |
In 2009, there was increased coordination between government and civil society victim assistance stakeholders at the national level, and among civil society, mostly related to preparations for the Second Review Conference, held in Cartagena in November–December 2009.[22] During the year, just one general, national victim assistance meeting was held with government and civil society representatives, to introduce a human rights framework for victim assistance.[23] Additional meetings were held through thematic victim assistance committees. Two new victim assistance committees were formed to bring together government and civil society actors. One focused on socio-economic reintegration and one on psychosocial support.[24] In 2009 the National Committee for Information Management—established in 2008—met three times, began to implement a common workplan,[25] and was seen as a “great advance” in the coordination of attention for survivors.[26]
Coordination within the government itself was mainly focused around facilitating survivors’ access to reparations through the Ministry of Social Protection and the Presidential Agency for Social Action and International Cooperation (Agencia Presidencial para la Acción Social y la Cooperación Internacional, Acción Social).[27] There were few concrete activities to integrate victim assistance within a broader disability framework.[28] However, at the end of 2009, PAICMA was invited to participate in the National Disability Council (Consejo Nacional de Discapacidad, CND), due to be operational starting in 2010, which was expected to improve this integration.[29] Coordination at the local and departmental level varied throughout the country, depending on the interest and capacity of local government officials.[30] The department of Antioquia, with the highest number of casualties, was seen as the most active in coordinating victim assistance activities, though the working group of the Departmental Mine Action Committee (Comité Departamental de Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal) met less regularly compared with previous years.[31] In the lead up to the Second Review Conference, NGOs working in mine action formed the GTO-14 “to unify [their] efforts and achieve more concrete benefits for the victims” of antipersonnel landmines.[32]
Colombia provided updates on progress and challenges for victim assistance at the Second Review Conference in November–December 2009, at the Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration in June 2010 and through Form J of its Article 7 transparency report submitted in 2010, with considerable detail on coordination activities and service provision.[33]
Survivor inclusion
Survivors’ associations were represented at national victim assistance meetings. Survivors and other persons with disabilities contributed to the implementation of victim assistance activities but this was not widespread and was mostly limited to peer support, survivors’ associations and some limited NGO participation.[34] Numerous Colombian mine/ERW survivors participated in the Second Review Conference as part of the Colombian Campaign against Mines (Campaña Colombiana contra Minas, CCCM) delegation.
Service accessibility and effectiveness
Victim assistance activities in 2009[35]
|
Name of organization |
Type of organization |
Type of activity |
Changes in quality/coverage of service in 2009 |
|
PAICMA |
National government |
Coordination, data management, and awareness-raising for governmental and non-governmental actors on available victim assistance efforts and how to access them |
Established new agreement with coca eradication program to track casualties among, and attention to, coca eradicators |
|
Ministry of Social Protection |
National government |
Administration of the Solidarity and Guarantee Fund (Fondo de Solidaridad y Garantía, FOSYGA) to cover rehabilitative care for victims of “terrorism,” including mine/ERW survivors |
Stricter application of regulations regarding access to FOSYGA funds created gaps in rehabilitation coverage for survivors |
|
Acción Social |
National government |
Administration of one-time compensation to mine/ERW survivors as victims of conflict |
No change, deadline to apply for compensation was April 2010 |
|
Ministry of Health |
National government |
Emergency and continuing medical care; physical rehabilitation |
No change |
|
Council of Medellín |
City government |
Psychosocial support to survivors as part of its Program of Attention for Victims of Conflict (Programa de Atención a Víctimas del Conflicto Armado) |
Resolution to include survivors passed in 2009; implementation of program delayed to 2010 |
|
CCCM |
National NGO |
Assistance (transportation and accommodation) to access services; legal advice; and awareness-raising on survivors’ rights and advocacy |
No change |
|
Integral Center for Rehabilitation of Colombia (Centro Integral de Rehabilitación de Colombia, CIREC) |
National NGO |
Physical rehabilitation, including mobile outreach to remote regions; social and economic inclusion through formation of survivors associations, peer support, income-generating projects and capacity-building |
New program, with Fundación Mi Sangre, income-generation projects for female heads of households (survivors or families of survivors and those killed) |
|
Pastoral Social |
National NGO with link to international organization |
Psychosocial support, income-generating projects |
Increased inclusion of psychosocial support alongside economic inclusion initiatives |
|
Tierra de Paz |
National NGO |
Assistance (transportation and accommodation) to access services, and legal advice for survivors in Cauca department |
New project launched during the year |
|
Fundación Restrepo Barco |
National NGO |
Information collection, assistance to access medical attention, support to access rights |
No change |
|
Fundación Mi Sangre |
National NGO |
Support for psychosocial care, educational inclusion, socio-economic inclusion and local capacity-building |
Launching of the National Committee for Psychosocial Support; child survivors prioritized as beneficiaries at the end of 2009 |
|
Colombian Association of Antipersonnel Mine Survivors |
Local survivor association |
Peer support, referrals, and assistance to access services |
No change |
|
Mercy Corps |
International NGO |
Capacity-building for rehabilitation services for mine/ERW survivors in southwestern Colombia (Nariño, Cauca, and Putumayo departments), in cooperation with CCCM |
Opening of Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center in Nariño |
|
Handicap International (HI) |
International NGO |
Training for health professionals on attending mine/ERW survivors; raising-awareness of survivors’ rights and available benefits; formation of peer support groups; psychosocial assistance; facilitating access to services; income-generating projects; and inclusion of survivors in local government committees |
No change |
|
Organization of American States (OAS) |
International organization |
Assistance (transportation and accommodations) to access services; support for services not covered through government support or for people unable to register; and economic inclusion activities |
Inclusion of seven survivors in the Iberoamerican Special Olympics |
|
ICRC |
International organization |
Materials and training support to five physical rehabilitation centers; accommodation, transportation, and food for survivors and family members to support access to services |
No change |
The most significant overall change in the accessibility of victim assistance services in 2009 was the increased regulation of benefits available to survivors through FOSYGA, administered by the Ministry of Social Protection. These regulations narrowed coverage, preventing service providers from administering needed medical and rehabilitation care since FOSYGA would no longer reimburse for this care.[36] Gaps in coverage included devices for auditory/visual impairments, regular replacement of mobility devices, and follow-up care. Many NGOs assisting survivors identified their role as one of filling these gaps in government services.[37] By the end of 2009, reforms to the FOSYGA regulations to address these gaps were under government consideration.[38] As in previous years, the greatest obstacles to accessing services more generally remained a lack emergency assistance in remote locations, limited support for transportation and accommodation, complicated bureaucratic procedures to register for benefits, and an unwillingness of some service providers to assist survivors because of slow and incomplete reimbursements by FOSYGA for this care.[39]
Access to physical rehabilitation services in southwestern Colombia, an area with a high number of mine/ERW survivors, increased in 2009 with the opening of the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center at the Nariño University Hospital in February.[40] The quality of services in the five ICRC-supported centers improved with the arrival of an additional ICRC surgeon, a prosthetic/orthotic technician and a physiotherapist.[41]
Some efforts were identified to improve both the availability and quality of psychosocial care for survivors, though most efforts lacked the inclusion of survivors themselves in the provision of care.[42] In 2009, the City Council of Medellín approved a resolution requiring the provision of psychological care to survivors.[43] Victim assistance and risk education projects implemented by Pastoral Social and the Colombian Red Cross both prioritized psychological support to survivors in 2009; in the case of Pastoral Social, psychologists were newly employed in two project sites.[44] Fundación Mi Sangre supported the development of a model of intervention in psychosocial care, published as a manual for practitioners in February 2010.[45]
For 2009, survivors, including military survivors, identified economic inclusion as the greatest gap in victim assistance services.[46] However, income-generating projects increasingly were accompanied by vocational counseling and capacity-building to improve business success rates.[47]
Throughout 2009, various victim assistance service providers worked to identify survivors and assist them in applying for compensation under Decree 1290, before the expiration of the statute of limitations in April 2010. As an indirect result of these efforts, many previously unregistered survivors were identified and made aware of other benefits available to them.[48] As of February 2010, 65% of registered survivors injured prior to February 2009 had applied and/or received compensation as victims of conflict.[49]
In 2009, one of PAICMA’s central focuses was the promotion of a human rights framework for victim assistance, providing trainings to local authorities and NGOs on the legal instruments designed to protect the rights of mine/ERW survivors both as victims of conflict and as persons with disabilities.[50] Colombia has legislation to protect the rights of persons with disabilities but the law does not mandate access to public buildings.[51]
Colombia signed the UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities on 30 March 2007. The convention was approved by Congress (Law 1346, issued on 31 July 2009) and ratified by the Constitutional Court on 22 April 2010, but as of September 2010 Colombia had not deposited its instrument of ratification with the UN.[52]
[1] Unless otherwise noted, all casualty data based on Landmine and Cluster Munition Monitor analysis of PAICMA, “Situación Nacional 1990–Febrero 2010” (“National Stuation 1990–February 2010”), undated, www.accioncontraminas.gov.co.
[2] In previous years, PAICMA recorded casualties caused by ERW though, since 1990, most device types have been recorded as antipersonnel mines. This can be explained by the fact that all explosives that are victim-activated and can be triggered by an individual are referred to as antipersonnel mines in Colombia. Many of these could also be considered improvised explosive devices that are designed to act as antipersonnel mines. Most sources that collect casualty data are not trained to distinguish antipersonnel mines from ERW. Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, Director, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010; and interview with Ana María Hernández Montoya, Deputy, Department Against Arms Contamination, and Stéphane Jacquier, Deputy Head of Delegation, ICRC, Bogotá, 13 April 2010.
[3] Casualty data for 1982–2008 provided by email from Mariany Monroy Torres, Data Management Advisor, PAICMA, 5 June 2009; and from Ulrich Tietze, EC Technical Advisor to PAICMA, 17 June 2009; and see the Colombia chapter in previous editions of Landmine Monitor.
[4] Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010.
[5] There were 442 military casualties, 67 of whom were killed and 375 injured. PAICMA did not identify any casualties among non-state armed groups.
[6] Ulrich Tietze, “Anti Landmine Action Concept–Data Analysis, IMSMA 2008–2009 to identify ideas for focusing PAICMA’s work in 2010–2014,” Bogotá, 22February 2010.
[7] Email from Alejandro Espitia, Advisor, PAICMA, 22 February 2010.
[8] Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010.
[9] Ulrich Tietze, “Anti Landmine Action Concept–Data Analysis, IMSMA 2008–2009 to identify ideas for focusing PAICMA’s work in 2010–2014,” Bogotá, 22February 2010. The six municipalities with the highest rates were: Puerto Asís, Valle de Guamez, Tarazá, Anorí, Puerto Libertador, and Tibú.
[10] PAICMA, “National Antipersonnel Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Situation 1990 to 28 February 2010” (“Situación Nacional Por Minas Antipersonal y Municiones Sin Explotar 1990 a 28 Febrero del 2010”), 12 March 2010.
[11] Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010; interview with Ana María Hernández Montoya and Stéphane Jacquier, ICRC, Bogotá, 13 April 2010; and interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, National Mine Action Coordinator, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[12] It was suspected that this figure would be reduced following verification because of the elimination of duplicate data. Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010.
[13] Interview with Ana María Hernández Montoya and Stéphane Jacquier, ICRC, Bogotá, 13 April 2010.
[14] Interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010; and interview with Ana María Hernández Montoya and Stéphane Jacquier, ICRC, Bogotá, 13 April 2010.
[15] PAICMA, “National Antipersonnel Mine and Unexploded Ordnance Situation 1990 to 28 February 2010” (“Situación Nacional Por Minas Antipersonal y Municiones Sin Explotar 1990 a 28 Febrero del 2010”), 12 March 2010.
[16] PAICMA, “Manual for Good Practices in Assistance to APM, UXO and IED Victims: Colombia 2007–2009,” Bogotá, November 2009.
[17] A special emphasis was placed on this employment group because of the known risk for mines/ERW and high rate of incidents. Those eradicators who were injured prior to 2007 were found to have received the least assistance, since eradicators went from being independent contractors to government employees in that year. “PAICMA, “Ayuda de Memoria” (“Aide-Mémoire”), minutes of meeting with Vice-President Calderón on assistance provided to coca eradicators injured by landmines, Bogotá, 13 April 2010.
[18] Letter from Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, 6 April 2010; and interview with Magda Yolima Portilla Ferrer, Victim Assistance Coordinator, CCCM, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[19] Interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[20] Interview with Lilibet Arismendy Flórez, Coordinator, Mine Action Program, Departmental Government of Antioquia, Medellín, 16 April 2010.
[21] PAICMA, “Informe De Gestión Programa Presidencial De Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal (PAICMA) Enero–Diciembre de 2009” (“Presidential Program for Mine Action (PAICMA) Management Report January–December 2009”), 2010; GTO-14, “What is the GTO-14,” gto14.org; and PAICMA, “Política Nacional de Acción Integral contra Minas Antipersonal 2009–2019” (“National Policy for Comprehensive Action against Antipersonnel Mines 2009–2019”), v. 7.0, Bogotá, 9 October 2008.
[22] Interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010; and interview with Catalina Cock Duque, Director, Fundación Mi Sangre, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[23] The national meeting, held in April 2009, was officially called an international meeting because of the participation of international experts. Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2010, p. 30.
[24] The National Committee on Psychosocial Support was established in March 2009 by Fundación Mi Sangre. By the end of 2009, PAICMA had expressed its interest and willingness in assuming responsibility for the coordination of the committee. Interview with Catalina Cock Duque, Fundación Mi Sangre, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[25] PAICMA, “Informe De Gestión Programa Presidencial De Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal (PAICMA) Enero–Diciembre de 2009” (“Presidential Program for Mine Action (PAICMA) Management Report January–December 2009”), 2010, p. 44.
[26] Interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010; and interview with Magda Yolima Portilla Ferrer, CCCM, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[27] Observation during Monitor field mission, 11–17 April 2010; and Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2010.
[28] Letter from Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, 6 April 2010.
[29] Ibid; and interview with Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, Bogotá, 12 April 2010.
[30] Interview with Sharon Ball, Mine Action Advisor, UNDP, Bogotá, 13 April 2010; interview with David Alejandro Ardilla, Coordinator, Pastoral Social, Villavicencio, 14 April 2010; and interview with Jorge Enrique Quesada Ortega, Coordinator, CIREC, in Villavicencio, 14 April 2010.
[31] Interview with Olga Lucía Jimenez, Director, Corporación Paz y Democracia, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[32] GTO-14, “What is the GTO-14,” gto14.org.
[33] Statement of Colombia, Second Review Conference, Cartagena, 30 November 2009; statement of Colombia, Standing Committee on Victim Assistance and Socio-Economic Reintegration, Geneva, 24 June 2010; and Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2010.
[34] Observation during Monitor field mission, 11–17 April 2010; and interview with Luz Adriana Zapata, Director, Colombian Association of Antipersonnel Mine Survivors, Medellín, 16 April 2010.
[35] There are numerous service providers, both public and private, throughout Colombia that provided assistance to persons with disabilities, including mine survivors, during 2009. Only those that had some focus on mine/ERW survivors and provided updated information have been included here. PAICMA, “Informe De Gestión Programa Presidencial De Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal (PAICMA) Enero–Diciembre de 2009” (“Presidential Program for Mine Action (PAICMA) Management Report January–December 2009”), 2010; letter from Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, 6 April 2010; PAICMA, “Manual for Good Practices in Assistance to APM, UXO and IED Victims: Colombia 2007–2009,” Bogotá, November 2009; presentations by Luis Fernando Correa Serna, General Director of Quality of Services, Ministry of Social Protection and by Marlén Mesa, Deputy Director of Victim Assistance, Acción Social, Preparatory Meeting to the National Committee on Victim Assistance, Bogotá, 13 April 2010; interview with David Alejandro Ardilla, Pastoral Social, Villavicencio, 14 April 2010; interview with Catalina Cock Duque, Fundación Mi Sangre, Medellín, 15 April 2010; Fundacion Mi Sangre, “Management Report 2009,” Medellín, 2010, p. 8; interview with Ginna Andrea Lozano, Victim Assistance Officer, OAS, Bogotá, 12 April 2010; response to Monitor questionnaire by Jorge Enrique Quesada Ortega, CIREC, 2 April 2010; HI, “Informe de Handicap International Acción Contra Minas” (“Handicap International Report: Action Against Mines”), undated but 2009; Fundación Restrepo Barco, “Intervención de corto y mediano plazo frente a la afectación por Minas Antipersonal (MAP) y Artefactos Explosivos Improvisados (AEI) en el municipio de Samaniego, Nariño” (“Short and Medium term interventions in response to Mine and IED contamination in Samaniego, Nariño”), presented by Margarita Martinez at the meeting of the GTO14, 11 March 2010; and ICRC, “Annual Report 2009,” Geneva, May 2010, p. 312.
[36] Interview with Adriana Velasquez, Social Worker, Hospital San Vicente de Paul, Medellín, 16 April 2010; and interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[37] Observations during Monitor field mission, 11–17 April 2010; and interview with Ginna Andrea Lozano, OAS, Bogotá, 12 April 2010.
[38] Presentation by the Luis Fernando Correa Serna, Ministry of Social Protection, Preparatory Meeting to the National Committee on Victim Assistance, Bogotá, 13 April 2010.
[39] Interview with Olga Lucía Jimenez, Corporación Paz y Democracia, Medellín, 15 April 2010; and interviews with survivors during Monitor field mission to Meta (14 April 2010) and Antioquia (16 April 2010) departments.
[40] The opening of the Comprehensive Rehabilitation Center was a component of the joint project implemented by Mercy Corps, CCCM, and the Nariño University Hospital.
[41] ICRC, “Annual Report 2009,” Geneva, May 2010, p. 312.
[42] Interviews with survivors during Monitor field mission to Meta (14 April 2010) and Antioquia (16 April 2010) departments.
[43] Letter from Andrés Dávila Ladrón de Guevara, PAICMA, 6 April 2010; and interview with Lilibet Arismendy Flórez, Departmental Government of Antioquia, Medellín, 16 April 2010.
[44] Interview with Camilo Serna Villegas, Operations Coordinator, CCCM, Bogotá, 15 April 2010; and interview with David Alejandro Ardilla, Pastoral Social, Villavicencio, 14 April 2010.
[45] Interview with Catalina Cock Duque, Fundación Mi Sangre, Medellín, 15 April 2010; and Jorge Ospina Duque, et al., “Manual de Intervención Psicosocial para Víctimas de Minas Antipersonal y Municiones Sin Explotar en Colombia: Teoría y Práctica a Partir de la Evidencia Clínica” (“Manual of Psychosocial International for Victims of Antipersonnel Mines and Unexploded Ordnance in Colombia: Theory and Practice Based on Clinical Evidence”), February 2010.
[46] Military survivors receive comprehensive care, including a pension. However, military survivors who wanted to return to work complained that there was no assistance for economic inclusion initiatives. Interviews with survivors during Monitor field mission to Meta (14 April 2010) and Antioquia (16 April 2010) departments.
[47] Interview with Luz Adriana Zapata, Colombian Association of Antipersonnel Mine Survivors, Medellín, 16 April 2010; and interview with Gustavo Alberto Hincapié, Director General, Corporación Discapacidad Colombia, 16 April 2010.
[48] Interview with Camilo Serna Villegas, CCCM, Bogotá, 15 April 2010; and interview with Johana Huertas Reyes, HI, Medellín, 15 April 2010.
[49] Article 7 Report, Form J, 30 April 2010, p. 39.
[50] PAICMA, “Informe De Gestión Programa Presidencial De Acción Integral Contra Minas Antipersonal (PAICMA) Enero–Diciembre de 2009” (“Presidential Program for Mine Action (PAICMA) Management Report January–December 2009”), 2010.
[51] United States Department of State, “2009 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Colombia,” Washington, DC, 11 March 2010.
[52] Email from Jorge Enrique Rojas Vanegas, Advisor to Director, PAICMA, 24 August 2010.
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